The degree to which biotic interactions influence invasion success may partly depend on the evolutionary relationship between invaders and native species. In particular, since host-use by enemies such as invertebrate herbivores and fungal pathogens tends to be phylogenetically conserved, exotic plants that have close native relatives in the invaded range should be more likely to interact with enemies. In this thesis, I explore this idea using a series of experiments and field surveys at nested taxonomic levels. My results indicate that exotics from multiple plant families experience lower damage if their average phylogenetic distance from locally co-occurring native family members is higher. I then demonstrate that within the Asteraceae, foliar and capitular damage are lower on exotic compared to native species. Both damage types had a relatively large phylogenetic component, but did not decline with phylogenetic distance to native or exotic confamilials. Finally, I show that communities with versus without close relatives are unlikely to differ in resistance to the novel invader, Solidago virgaurea: biotic resistance imposed by competitors, generalist vertebrates, and specialist invertebrates resulted in similar patterns of damage and mortality regardless of the presence of congeneric natives. In some cases, effects of biota were positive: growth of S. virgaurea seedlings in soils collected near congeneric natives was enhanced more than in soils from communities where congenerics were absent. Overall, these results suggest that biotic interactions between exotic and native species can be phylogenetically structured, although trends based on distance measures tend to be weak. In some cases, damage does decline with phylogenetic distance to native species; however this trend is unlikely to be a strong force limiting invasion or structuring plant communities. These results have significant implications for current theories of invasion biology including the "Enemy Release Hypothesis" and "Darwin's Naturalization Hypothesis", as well as for community phylogenetics.

Alvars are globally rare rock barren ecosystems on limestone pavement. This thesis focused on the quantitative classification of vegetation of Manitoba alvars, the relationships between vegetation patterns and environmental factors and the effects of grazing on vegetation. Vegetation plots were completed across twenty sites. Cluster analysis, indicator species analysis and PCA were used to describe eight vegetation types. A RDA revealed moisture regime, soil depth, bare rock cover and disturbance (grazing and browsing) are the most important factors affecting floristic composition. Grazing effects were studied at two sites using paired plots on either side of a fenceline dividing grazed and ungrazed areas. PCA and RDA showed significant difference between vegetation compositions based on grazing. A partitioning of species richness and diversity by introduced and native species revealed that both sites experienced significant replacement by introduced species. Current grazing levels on Manitoba alvars are severely impacting the vegetation of this ecosystem. / October 2016

I investigated the origin of western Amazonian white-sand vegetation and the evolution of plant habitat specialization to different edaphic conditions in Neotropical lowland forests. In order to address these goals I used complementary ecological as well as molecular phylogenetic approaches. Amazonian white-sand forests harbour a flora specialized to nutrient-poor sandy soils, which is distributed as habitat-islands across the Amazon and Guiana Shield regions. This flora has been suggested to have many local and regional endemics, therefore making an important contribution to overall Neotropical plant diversity. The role of habitat specialization in the origin of this flora and its relationships with other floras within the Amazon- Guiana regions is not well understood. To shed light onto these questions, this thesis studies the floristic composition of these forests as well as molecular phylogenetic patterns of selected plant lineages containing white-sand species. The floristic study focused on the white-sand forests of the western Amazon region, which contained 1180 species of vascular plants whereas the non-white-sand Amazon and Guiana Shield dataset consisted of 26,887 vascular plant species. 77% of these species occurred outside white-sand habitats, in other habitat types of the Amazon region, while 23% were white-sand specialists. This demonstrates lower endemism in western Amazonian white-sand forests than previously estimated. 88% of the total westen Amazon white-sand specialist occur within the limits of the Guiana Shield region with the remaining 12% being endemics to the white-sand forests of the western Amazon. Within the Guiana-Shield region, Caquetá Moist Forests (56%), Guayanan Highlands (55%), and Negro-Branco Moist Forests (53%) were the biogeographic regions with the highest proportions of western Amazonian whitesand specialists. Cluster analysis of province level floristic checklists across the Amazon and Guiana regions showed that western Amazonian white-sand forests are nested within floras of the western Guiana-Shield region compared to other floras in the Amazon. Molecular phylogenetic analyses were carried out for the widespread and species-rich families Sapotaceae and Chrysobalanaceae, which display an uneven number of white-sand specialists. Sapotaceae had only three white-sand specialists but Chrysobalanaceae had a larger number of white-sand specialists (14 species). Phylogenetic analysis showed that white-sand specialist species in both studied families were scattered across the phylogenies. Both families show a marked absence of edaphic niche conservatism, suggesting that evolutionary switching amongst habitat types has been frequent. Ancestral state reconstruction of habitat specialization under a maximum likelihood approach suggests that preference for poor soils may be ancestral in these clades, especially in Chrysobalanaceae, but that the evolution of species entirely restricted to white-sand soils is in general much more recent and has multiple origins. For the white-sand flora of the western Amazon in particular, there is little evidence that it comprises ancient lineages as previously hypothesized. The historical construction of the Amazonian white sand flora is more likely to be the result of a gradual accumulation of species with different degrees of edaphic specialization, both by on-going speciation driven via habitat switching from non-white-sand specialists and via regional dispersal events after these habitats became available in regions such as the western Amazon. Edaphic transitions between different habitat types were not evolutionary constrained, which may have favoured edaphic niche evolution and the accumulation of plant species diversity in Neotropical lowland forests.

Orientador: Marco Antonio de Assis / Banca: Natalia Macedo Ivanauskas / Banca: Maíra de Campos Gorgulho Padgurschi / Banca: Sergius Gandolfi / Banca: Alessandra Tomaselli Fidelis / Resumo: Nas florestas tropicais os complexos fatores ambientais responsáveis pelos padrões de distribuição espacial da vegetação são de grande interesse de pesquisas em ecologia vegetal. O objetivo principal desta tese foi estudar a estrutura e a composição florística da comunidade arbórea da Floresta Pluvial Atlântica (Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana) em um gradiente de altitude, e as possíveis correlações com fatores topográficos e edáficos no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleos de Picinguaba, Santa Virgínia e Cunha, no sudeste do Brasil. Para tanto, esta tese foi dividida em três capítulos. No primeiro analisamos as variações na estrutura, composição e a riqueza em escala local e as relações com as variáveis topográficas e edáficas. No segundo verificamos a similaridade florística, e variações na riqueza e estrutura da comunidade arbórea entre as altitudes de 600 e 1.100 m, e verificamos as relações dos padrões florísticos e de riqueza com os fatores topográficos e edáficos. Por fim, no terceiro capítulo analisamos as variações na estrutura, composição e riqueza de espécies da comunidade arbórea relacionadas as condições edáficas, e a contribuição na diversidade beta no gradiente de altitude (600, 800, 1.000 e 1.100 m). Em cada altitude foram implantadas 4 parcelas de 50 x 50 m, subdividas em 10 x 10 m. Realizamos os levantamentos florísco-fitossociológicos aos 600 e 1.100 m de altitude, e as medições das variáveis topográficas e amostragem do solo aos 600, 1.000 e 1.100 m. ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In tropical forests, the complex environmental factors responsible for the spatial distribution patterns of vegetation are of great interest for research in plant ecology. The main objective of this research was to analyze the structure and floristic composition of the tree community of the Atlantic Rain Forest (Montana Rain Forest) in a gradient of altitude, and possible correlations with topographic and soil factors in the Atlantic Rain Forest in the State Park Serra do Mar, Núclo of Picinguaba, Santa Virgínia and Cunha, in Southeastern Brazil. To this purpose, we divided this research into three chapters. At first we examined the changes in the structure, composition and richness at the local level and relations with topographic and edaphic variables. In the second, we evaluated the floristic similarity and variations in richness and structure of the tree community between the altitudes of 600 and 1.100 m, and verify the relations of floristic patterns and richness with topographic and edaphic factors. Finally, in the third chapter we examined the changes in the structure, composition and species richness of tree community related to soil conditions, and the contribution in the beta diversity in altitude gradient (600, 800, 1.000 and 1.100 m). At each altitude, we implanted four plots of 50 x 50 m, subdivided into 10 x 10 m. We conducted flora-Phytosociological surveys at the 600 and 1.100 m a.s.l, took measurements of the environmental variables and soil sampling of the 6... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Marina Corrêa Côrtes / Coorientador: Milton Cezar Ribeiro / Banca: Karina Martins / Banca: Rodolfo Jaffé Ribbi / Resumo: Florestas secundárias são produtos da degradação de vegetação primária e subsequente regeneração natural e se destacam como um componente florestal dominante em paisagens tropicais, contribuindo para o restabelecimento das funções ecológicas e com o fornecimento de serviços ecossistêmicos. Porém, a capacidade de restauração depende primariamente da chegada e estabelecimento de plantas pioneiras, enquanto a manutenção das populações florestais depende de condições ambientais propícias, como a ocorrência de dispersão de sementes e fluxo gênico entre os fragmentos florestais e regenerantes. Com o intuito de avaliar como espécies vegetais pioneiras abundantes respondem à composição da paisagem o presente estudo analisou a variação espacial genética de Cecropia hololeuca Miq. (Urticaceae) ao longo de uma região heterogênea e com diferentes graus de fragmentação. O estudo foi realizado em 18 paisagens ao longo de um gradiente de cobertura florestal de 21% a 90% dentro da região do Corredor Cantareira-Mantiqueira. A partir de oito marcadores microssatélites, foi possível identificar três grandes agrupamentos genéticos, indicando fraca estruturação genética de C. hololeuca ao longo da região estudada. Os atributos da paisagem que mais contribuíram à diferenciação genética entre os grupos de indivíduos (populações espaciais) foram distância geográfica, proporção de área urbana e presença de rodovias e, também contribuindo de forma positiva, mas em menor intensidade, o eucalipto. Embor... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Secondary forests are products of primary vegetation degradation and subsequent natural regeneration and stand out as a dominant forest component in tropical landscapes, contributing to the restoration of ecological functions and the provision of ecosystem services. Restauration depends first on the arrival and establishment of pioneer trees and second on favorable environmental conditions and maintenance of ecological processes such as pollen and seed dispersal from within and across forest patches. In order to evaluate how abundant pioneer species respond to the landscape composition, the present study analyzed the genetic spatial variation of Cecropia hololeuca Miq. (Urticaceae) along the heterogeneous region of the Cantareira-Mantiqueira Corridor, in Northeast São Paulo. The study was conducted in 18 landscapes, with forest cover varying from 21% to 90%. Using data on eight microsatellites markers we identified three genetic clusters, indicating weak genetic structure of C. hololeuca throughout the studied region. The landscape attributes that had the greatest contribution to genetic differentiation between groups of individuals (spatial populations) were geographic distance, proportion of urban area and presence of highways and, with a positive but with weaker effect, proportion of eucalyptus plantations. Contrary to our expectations, forest cover was considered less important to both genetic diversity and genetic differentiation between spatial populations. Recent anthr... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (MTech (Horticulture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Deteriorating living and environmental conditions have contributed to the increasing prevalence of diseases in plants and animals. In humans, accumulation of abnormally high levels of free radicals in the tissues has been implicated in many non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, arthritis, ischemia, gastritis, obesity and asthma. Worldwide, there is recognition of need to improve plant and animal health. Tulbaghia violacea (Alliaceae) is a medicinal plant that is extensively harvested by traditional healers in the wild for its medicinal uses and if this practice continues, it may result in an unsolicited decline of the species in situ. Therefore, there is a need for cultivation of this species. Plant cultivation in a controlled environment for conservation purposes as well as the enhancement of yield and quality is gaining favour among farmers and consumers. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of altering the growing conditions by applying environmental stresses on the plant growth, antifungal and antioxidant activities of T. violacea, with the view of enhancing the future cultivation of this species for pharmaceutical companies, traditional healers and the horticulture industry. This study was divided into two parts, and the first part, which was further sub-divided into two separate preliminary experiments, is presented in chapter three. Simultaneous assessments of the effects of i) varied pH levels (pH 4, pH 6, pH 8) and ii) light intensity on plant growth, antioxidant-content and -capacity of extracts of T. violacea were carried out. The second part of the thesis consisted of a more detailed assessment of the above-mentioned independent variables and interactions thereof on plant growth, and antifungal activity of extracts of T. violacea. Results obtained from the first part of the study, showed that plants exposed to pH 6 showed a marked increase in plant height (from 25-37 cm) after 2 months of treatment although, generally, the variations of the different growth parameters among the pH treatments were not significant (p > 0.05). Antioxidant-contents and -capacity were not significantly different (p > 0.05) when pH treatments were compared. However, a high polyphenol content value (of 3 mg/g) occurred in leaves of plants exposed to pH 8. Overall, comparatively, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in antioxidant-content and -capacity when pH treatments. In the light experiment, decreasing light intensity led to the elongation of plant height. A higher mean shoot length of 34.6 cm was obtained under low light compared to normal light (26.5 cm) two months post-treatment. The results obtained in this study indicated that light had a significant affect (p < 0.05) on the vegetative growth of this species. In contrast, normal light intensity yielded higher antioxidant-content and -capacity. The polyphenol and flavanol content were fluctuating between the averages of 5.8 mg/g to 8.5 mg/g. Overall, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the antioxidant-content and -capacity when low and normal light intensity treatments compared. In conclusion, both normal light intensity and at pH 8 induced better antioxidant results. In the second part of the study, chapter four, one-month old T. violacea plantlets were grown under two light intensities (low light and normal light) in a greenhouse and concurrently exposed to varying pH levels: pH 4, pH 6 and pH 8. Plants exposed to normal light received natural sunlight through the roof of the greenhouse, while low light intensity (40% reduction) was achieved using shade nets. Plants were drip irrigated with Nutrifeed fertilizer. Plant growth parameters such as height and fresh and dry weights were determined. Leaf samples were analysed for macro-and micro-nutrients contents. Antifungal tests were carried out on the plant extracts from the various treatments in an antifungal bioassay (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]). The experimental data collected were analysed using one and two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey HSD was used to separate the means at p < 0.05 level of significance. Varied effects of different pH levels (4, 6 and 8) and light intensities (low and normal) on plant height, and fresh and dry weights were recorded in the current study. A significant interactive (df, 2; F = 0.001; p < 0.001) effect between pH and light on fresh weight was observed. The results revealed that there was a significant difference (df, 2, 57; F = 12.63; p < 0.001) in dry weights with plants under normal light intensity and pH 4 treatment (8.285 ± 0.802 g) producing the highest dry weight. There was a significant interaction (df, 2; F = 6.4; p < 0.001) between pH and light intensity on plant dry weight. Extracts from plants grown under normal light intensity showed stronger antifungal activity at pH level 4, and MIC values ranged from 0.18 ± 0 to 0.375 ± 0.04 mg/ml at 6h and 1.5 ± 0 to 0.97 ± 0.18 mg/ml at 18h. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the interactive effects of pH and light intensity on the growth of T. violacea. These findings also confirmed that it is possible to enhance the cultivation of T. violacea under greenhouse conditions. Chapter 5 focused on the interactive effects of pH and watering regime on plant growth, nutrient uptake and antifungal activity of T. violacea plant extracts, grown hydroponically. The results showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) on plant growth parameters amongst the different watering regimes under normal light intensity. Broadly, two trends occurred in the results: firstly, more macro-nutrients were taken up by plants in the higher frequency watering intervals as opposed to higher tissue micronutrient nutrient values for plants grown under the lower light intensity conditions. The levels of N, P, K, Mg nutrient uptake differed significantly in plants (p < 0.001) among watering interval periods. On the other hand, plants simultaneously exposed to extended watering intervals of 21-day and low light intensity showed more bioactivity of the crude extracts against F. oxysporum in the MIC bioassay. Based on the current results, a combination of shorter watering interval and normal light intensity favoured plant growth and development, while plants grown under low light intensity with longer watering interval showed good bioactivity. Broadly, these results demonstrated that varying pH, light intensity, and watering regime can influence plant growth, secondary metabolite contents and antifungal activity of crude extracts of T. violacea. These findings will contribute to the current body of knowledge around cultivation of indigenous medicinal plants. The study will further benefit the conservation of medicinal plant initiatives, increased income of small-scale farmers and potentially promote indigenous knowledge by increasing the availability of South African medicinal plants.

Orientador: Marco Antonio de Assis / Banca: Luis Carlos Bernacci / Banca: Flaviana Maluf de Souza / Resumo: Esta investigação foi parte do projeto temático ECOFOR: "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Degraded and Recovering Amazonian and Atlantic Forests" (NERC/FAPESP), projeto no qual se pretende compreender de maneira mais apropriada o papel das florestas tropicais alteradas pelo homem, sobretudo entender a contribuição que essas florestas possuem para a diversidade, a ciclagem de nutrientes e estoques de carbono. A Mata Atlântica é considerada um dos biomas mais diversos do mundo, posicionada entre os 25 hotspots de diversidade mundial, destacada pelo elevado grau de endemismo, a alta diversidade florística e papel importantíssimo no estoque de carbono. A intensa ocupação humana levou esse domínio fitogeográfico a um avançado processo de fragmentação com a consequente transformação da paisagem e um contínuo declínio nos serviços ambientais. Poucos estudos integram métricas da paisagem a parâmetros fitossociológicos para tentar responder qual o papel dos remanescentes florestais para a manutenção da diversidade da flora. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento da estrutura e da composição florística em comunidades arbóreas de seis fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana e verificar se a estrutura e a composição possuem relação com o tamanho, a conectividade e o tempo de recuperação dos fragmentos. O estudo foi desenvolvido na região de São Luís do Paraitinga, Leste do Estado de São Paulo. Os fragmentos estudados possuem tamanhos variados entre 12,2 ha até 94,6 ha sendo três deles com alta conectividade e três, baixa conectividade. Para o levantamento florístico e fitossociológico, no interior de cada fragmento foi alocado um transecto (10x250 m), com 25 sub parcelas de 10x10 m, sendo amostrada a comunidade arbórea (PAP > 15 cm), incluindo palmeiras, samambaiaçus ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research was part of the thematic project ECOFOR: "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Degraded and Recovering Amazonian and Atlantic Forests" (NERC/FAPESP), in which the aim is to comprehend the role of the human-modified tropical forests (HMTFs) more appropriately, especially understanding the contribution of HMTFs to the diversity, nutrient cycling and stocks of carbon.The Atlantic Rain Forest is one of the most diverse biomes in the world, among the 25 hotspots of world diversity, highlighted by its high level of endemism, high floristic diversity and its very important role in the carbon stock. The intense human occupation took this biome to an advanced fragmentation process with the consequent landscape transformation and a continuous decline of environmental services. Few studies integrate landscape metrics to phytosociological parameters to try to find out what is the role of forest remnants to the diversity and flora maintenance. The aim of this study was to conduct a survey of the floristc structure and composition in tree communities of six fragments of Dense Ombrophilous Forest, and assess whether the structure and composition are influenced by the fragment size, connectivity and recovery time. The study was developed in the region of São Luís do Paraitinga, East of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The studied fragments have sizes ranging from 12.2 ha to 94.6 ha, three of them with high connectivity and three with low connectivity. A transect (10x250 m) ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: José Carlos Casagrande / Banca: Márcio Roberto Soares / Banca: Rose Mary Reis Duarte / Banca: João Antonio Galbiatti / Banca: Reinaldo Monteiro / Resumo: Este trabalho abrangeu o Litoral do Estado de São Paulo, desde Ubatuba - litoral norte (Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar - Núcleo de Picinguaba e Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta) até a Ilha do Cardoso - litoral sul (Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins, Vila de Pedrinhas no município de Ilha Comprida e Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso). Os objetivos foram: correlacionar a floresta baixa e alta de restinga com os parâmetros químicos e físicos do solo, caracterizar o estrato arbóreo de florestas de restinga alta e baixa do litoral do estado de São Paulo, verificar se há similaridade florística entre as áreas e analisar se a similaridade está associada ao solo. A amostragem do solo foi realizada nas profundidades 0 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20, 0 - 20, 20 - 40 e 40 - 60 cm. Para cada profundidade foram analisados pH, M.O., P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, H+Al, m, SB, CTC e V e análises granulométricas. A amostragem das espécies arbóreas foi feita por meio do "método de quadrantes". O critério para inclusão amostral considerou todos os indivíduos arbóreos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) maior ou igual a 1,6 cm, inclusive aqueles que apresentavam duas ou mais ramificações do caule abaixo de 1,30 m, cuja soma dos DAPs fosse igual ou maior do que 1,6 cm. Para as análises multivariadas, foram utilizadas amostras de solo na profundidade 0 - 10 cm. Os resultados foram: Independentemente dos processos geológicos, os solos de restinga são semelhantes entre si, quanto a sua fertilidade e textura; Nas áreas em que ocorreram solos espódicos (floresta alta e baixa de restinga da Ilha Anchieta e floresta alta da Juréia - Itatins), ocorre valores mais elevados, em profundidade, de matéria orgânica, CTC e alumínio; Os solos de floresta de restinga alta... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work covered the coast of São Paulo, from Ubatuba - north coast (Serra do Mar State Park - Picinguaba core and Ilha Anchieta State Park) to Ilha do Cardoso - south coast (Juréia Ecological Station - Itatins, Vila de Pedrinhas in the city of Ilha Comprida and the Cardoso Island State Park). The objectives were: to correlate low and high restinga forest with the soil's chemical and physical parameters, characterize the tree layer of high and low restinga forest of São Paulo Coast, verify if there is any vegetation similarity among the areas and to analyze if similarity is associated to the soil. Soil sampling was made at 0 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20, 0 - 20, 20 - 40 e 40 - 60 cm depth. For each depth pH, M.O., P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Al, H+Al, Na, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, m, SB, CTC e V and granulometric analysis were carried. Tree species sampling was done through the "quarter method". For multivariate analysis, soil samples used were of 0 - 10 cm depth. The criterion for inclusion in the sample considered all trees with diameter at chest height (DCH) greater than or equal to 1.6 cm, including those who had two or more branches below 1.30 m, whose sum of DCHs were equal to or greater than 1.6 cm. The results showed that regardless of the geological processes, the resting soils are similar to each other about their fertility and texture; In areas where spodic soils occurred (high and low restinga forest at Ilha Anchieta and high forest at Juréia - Itatins) higher values in depth, organic matter, CTC and aluminum are presented; high and low resting forest soils are naturally low in nutrients, with the largest reserves concentrated in the depths 0 - 5, 5 - 10 and 0 - 20 cm; Sand fraction is dominant for all high and low restinga forest areas studied, always... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Julio Antonio Lombardi / Banca: Natália Macedo Ivanauskas / Banca: Reinaldo Monteiro / Resumo: (Florística vascular não arbórea de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual no município de Analândia - SP). O Parque Rawistcher localiza-se na Fazenda Pedra Vermelha, no município de Analândia, região centro-leste do Estado de São Paulo, entre as coordenadas 22°06'53''- 05'35''S e 47°46'06''- 45'14''W. Trata-se de um fragmento de cerca de 80 ha de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual que ocorre sobre cuestas basálticas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal realizar inventário da flora vascular (incluindo pteridófitas s.l.) não arbórea (arbustos, ervas terrestres, epífitas, trepadeiras) da área. Foram realizadas coletas de abril de 2012 a dezembro de 2013, utilizando-se o método de caminhamento em trilhas. A flora não arbórea do Parque Rawistcher é constituída por 230 espécies, distribuídas em 74 famílias, sendo 89% angiospermas e 11% pteridófitas s.l. Asteraceae foi a família fanerogâmica com maior número de espécies (17), seguida de Piperaceae (13), Malvaceae (12), Rubiaceae (11), Cyperaceae (10) Solanaceae, Fabaceae e Poaceae (9), Bignoniaceae (8) e Orchidaceae (7). Polypodiaceae foi a família de pteridófita s.l. mais representativa (5). A flora não arbórea constitui cerca de 53% da flora amostrada total do Parque Rawistcher. Em relação à forma de vida, a maioria são ervas terrestres (48%), seguidas de arbustos (23%), trepadeiras (22%) e epífitas (7%). Do total de espécies, 19 são endêmicas da Mata Atlântica e nove não são nativas da flora brasileira. Seis espécies do presente levantamento são consideradas ameaçadas ou quase ameaçadas de extinção, segundo o Livro Vermelho das espécies vegetais ameaçadas do Estado de São Paulo. Em comparação com outros levantamentos florísticos, os resultados mostram uma elevada riqueza florística local e ressaltam a heterogeneidade e particularidade de cada fragmento florestal do Estado, confirmando a importância.. / Abstract: (Nontrees Vascular Floristic of a fragment of Semideciduous Seasonal Forest in the municipality of Analândia - SP). The Rawistcher Park is located in Pedra Vermelha farm, in the city of Analândia, central-eastern region of São Paulo state, between the coordinates 22°06'53''- 05'35''S and 47°46'06''- 45'14''W. It is a Semideciduous Seasonal Forest fragment of about 80 ha that occurs on basaltic cuestas. This study aimed to conduct inventory of the nontrees (shrubs, ground herbs, epiphytes, climbers) vascular flora (including pteridophytes s.l.) of the area. Samplings were conducted from April 2012 to December 2013 using the method of traversal on trails. The nontrees flora of Rawistcher Park consists of 230 species belonging to 74 families, 89% angiosperms and 11% pteridophytes s.l. Asteraceae was the fanerogamic family with the highest number of species (17), followed by Piperaceae (13), Malvaceae (12), Rubiaceae (11), Cyperaceae (10) Solanaceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae (9), Bignoniaceae (8) and Orchidaceae (7). Polypodiaceae was the more representative family of Pteridophytes s.l. (5). Nontree flora represents above 53% of total know flora of Rawistcher Park. Regarding the life form, most are herbs (48%), followed by shrubs (23%), climbers (22%) and epiphytes (7%). Among all species, 19 are endemic to the Atlantic Forest and nine are non-native from brazilian flora. Six species of this survey are considered threatened or near threatened with extinction, according to the Red List of endangered species in the state of São Paulo. Compared with other floristic surveys, the results show a high local floristic richness and emphasize the heterogeneity and particularity of each forest fragment of São Paulo state, confirming the importance of its preservation / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:01:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ma_dr_rcla.pdf: 3890411 bytes, checksum: fbd6e70908c01dedd5565bce63248722 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As restingas são um dos ecossistemas mais ameaçados atualmente, principalmente pelas atividades de especulação imobiliária e mineração. Por estarem localizadas nas planícies litorâneas, sobre solos extremamente arenosos, pobres em nutrientes e fortemente condicionadas pela influencia flúvio-marinha, as restingas apresentam uma vegetação complexa, distribuída em mosaicos vegetacionais com grande heterogeneidade estrutural interna, o que dificulta o processo de restauração. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de comparar alguns aspectos da ecofisiologia, fenologia e morfologia de frutos, sementes e plântulas de Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) M. Arg (Euphorbiaceae) e Eugenia umbelliflora Berg. (Myrtaceae), em dois locais do litoral do estado de São Paulo. As análises das dimensões dos frutos de A. triplinervia, nos níveis inter e intrapopulacionais mostraram diferenças significativas entre áreas e as diferentes matrizes. Os frutos e as sementes de E. umbelliflora, nos níveis inter e intrapopulacionais, evidenciam clara distinção entre as diferentes matrizes avaliadas, apresentando maiores dimensões na região da Juréia. A melhor condição para promover a germinação de sementes de A. triplinervia foi obtida utilizando-se substrato vermiculita na temperatura de 30°C. Para sementes de E. umbelliflora, os valores mais elevados de porcentagem de germinação e IVG foram obtidos nas temperaturas de 25°C e 30°C, apresentando altas porcentagens de germinação em todos os substratos avaliados; além disso, constatou-se uma correlação positiva entre o tamanho dos frutos e das sementes e as porcentagens de germinação e IVG. Com relação aos estudos fenológicos, em A. triplinervia verificou-se uma variação nas diferentes fenofases entre as duas localidades, com os eventos fenológicos ocorrendo adiantados e com maior duração... 9Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Restingas is one of ecosystems more threatened currently, mainly for the activities of building speculation and mining. For being located in littoral plains, on arenaceous ground extremely, poor in nutrients and strong conditional for it influences flúvio-navy, restingas present a complex vegetation, distributed in vegetacionais mosaics with great internal structural heterogeneidade, hindering the restoration process. The objective of this study was to compare some aspects of ecophysiology, phenology and morphology of fruits, seeds and seedlings of Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) M. Arg (Euphorbiaceae) and Eugenia umbelliflora Berg. (Myrtaceae), in two places on the coast of São Paulo. The analysis of the size of the fruit of A. triplinervia, inter and intrapopulation levels showed significant differences between areas and the different matrices. The fruits and seeds from E. umbelliflora, inter and intrapopulation levels, show a clear distinction between the different matrices evaluated, being larger in Juréia. The best condition for promoting the germination of A. triplinervia was obtained using vermiculite at 30 °C. To seeds of E. umbelliflora, the highest values of germination percentage and speed germination index (IVG) were obtained at temperatures of 25°C and 30°C, with high percentages of germination in all tested substrates, in addition, we found a positive correlation between fruit and seeds sizes and germination and. Considering the phenological studies, A. triplinervia there was a variation in different phenophases between the two locations, with phenological events occurring early and last longer in Picinguaba, showing strong seasonality in the occurrence of reproductive phenophases, evidencing significant correlations with climatic variables. This same pattern was observed for E. umbelliflora... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)