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Water is considered to be one of the most limited and precious resources on Earth. Due to this scarcity, water conservation has become essential in order to preserve water resources. Landscape plant material brings quality to urban and suburban lifestyles and increases value to home properties. Yet it has been shown that an excess amount of water is often applied to landscapes when the plant material does not in fact need the supplemental irrigation. A researcher based survey, the Landscape Water Conservation Survey, was sent to 799 single family homes in the College Station, TX. Data collection occurred from November 2005 through August 2006 with a 27% return. The survey asked the recipients 14 questions on water use and home consumers? perceptions. Historical landscape water usage was compiled from 2000-2002 which included actual water use, taxable value, of the residence, heated area, and the water meter identification number for these selected households supplied by The City of College Station Water Utilities. The survey indicates a strong disconnect between the amount of irrigation landscape plant materials need and the quantity of water that is actually applied. Surveyed home consumer perceptions demonstrate excessive amounts of irrigation were normally applied to landscape plant material when no irrigation was needed due to rainfall. Many respondents to The Landscape Water Management Survey indicated that they believed to have efficient irrigation practices in place when in actuality they do not. Educational resources are needed to teach the public on the amounts of irrigation landscape plant materials actually need, how to apply measured home irrigation practices, the principles of water conservation, and meeting the water requirements of varied landscape plant material. If these could be established and implemented, there would be a higher rate of conserving water and providing plant material with the sufficient amount of irrigation required.

The need for elemental analysis of biological matrices such as bone, teeth, and plant matter for sourcing purposes has emerged within the forensic and geochemical laboratories. Trace elemental analyses for the comparison of aterials such as glass by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and laser ablation ICP-MS has been shown to offer a high degree of discrimination between different manufacturing sources. Unit resolution ICP-MS instruments may suffer from some polyatomic interferences including 40Ar16O+, 40Ar16O1H+, and 40Ca16O+ that affect iron measurement at trace levels. Iron is an important element in the analysis of glass and also of interest for the analysis of several biological matrices. A comparison of the nalytical performance of two different ICP-MS systems for iron analysis in glass for determining the method detection limits (MDLs), accuracy, and precision of the measurement is presented. Acid digestion and laser ablation methods are also compared. Iron polyatomic interferences were reduced or resolved by using dynamic reaction cell and high resolution ICP-MS. MDLs as low as 0.03 ìg g-1 and 0.14 ìg g-1 for laser ablation and solution based analyses respectively were achieved. The use of helium as a carrier gas demonstrated improvement in the detection limits of both iron isotopes (56Fe and 57Fe) in medium resolution for the HR-ICP-MS and with a dynamic reaction cell (DRC) coupled to a quadrupole ICP-MS system. The development and application of robust analytical methods for the quantification of trace elements in biological matrices has lead to a better understanding of the potential utility of these measurements in forensic chemical analyses. Standard reference materials (SRMs) were used in the development of an analytical method using HR-ICP-MS and LA-HR-ICP-MS that was subsequently applied on the analysis of real samples. Bone, teeth and ashed marijuana samples were analyzed with the developed method. Elemental analysis of bone samples from 12 different individuals provided discrimination between individuals, when femur and humerus bones were considered separately. Discrimination of 14 teeth samples based on elemental composition was achieved with the exception of one case where samples from the same individual were not associated with each other. The discrimination of 49 different ashed plant (cannabis)samples was achieved using the developed method.

L’utilisation de technologies d’extraction est cruciale dans l’industrie cosmétique. Cette étape de procédé consomme beaucoup d’énergie et de grandes quantités de matières premières. De plus, les solvants utilisés ne sont pas tous anodins, et certains sont issus de produits pétroliers. Afin de mieux préserver l’environnement et la santé humaine, il faut trouver des alternatives aux solvants et aux méthodes d’extractions conventionnelles. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé l’eau comme solvant et des technologies innovantes pour créer de nouvelles méthodes. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse font tout d’abord un état de l’art des méthodes d’extractions utilisant l’eau comme solvant. L’ensemble de ces méthodes très anciennes, comme récentes, ont toutes leurs spécificités en termes de matrices et de molécules extraites. Puis nous nous sommes intéressés à une méthode ancienne qu’est l’hydrodistillation. L’extraction et la séparation simultanée des composés hydrosolubles et volatiles des feuilles de boldo (Peumus boldus, Mol.) est ensuite effectuée à l’aide des micro-ondes. L’optimisation des paramètres ont ensuite aboutis sur un scale-up à l’échelle pilote. L’intensification et la mise en continu de l’extraction des feuilles de boldo assisté par ultrasons sont ensuite explorés. Puis, nous étudions une méthode en cours de maturation avec l’assistance des tensioactifs pour l’extraction de composés hydrophiles et hydrophobes du romarin (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) dans l’eau. Enfin, nous avons exploré une méthode d’extraction encore en R&D. Elle utilise uniquement l’eau pour obtenir des composés hydrophobes de l’écorce d’orange douce ( Citrus sinensis L.) à l’aide d’un appareil micro-ondes pour atteindre un état subcritique. / The use of innovative extraction technologies is of outmost importance in the cosmetic industry. This process step is consuming large amounts of energy and materials. Furthermore, some solvents used are not benign. Some of them are from oil products. In order to better preserve the environment and human health, we must find alternatives to solvents and conventional extraction methods. To pursue this goal, we will use water as solvent and innovative technologies to create new extraction methods of natural products. The work presented in this thesis first establishes a review of extraction methods. All those methods, old as well as new ones, are specific in terms of target matrix or extracted molecules. Then, we focused on a mature extraction method: hydrodistillation. The simultaneous extraction and separation of water soluble compounds as well as volatile compounds from boldo leaves (Peumus boldus, Mol.), is undertaken with the help of microwaves. The parameters optimization leads to a pilot scale-up. The intensification and continuous mode transition of the ultrasound assisted extraction of boldo leaves is then studied. Afterwards, we studied the maturing method of surfactant addition to water. This is in order to extract hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Finally, we explored an extraction method still in R&D. This method use only water in order to extract hydrophobic compounds of sweet orange peels ( Citrus sinensis L.) with a microwave device.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 basseto_ma_dr_botfca.pdf: 601741 bytes, checksum: 682ae120d3b404d74fd6cd7839640f84 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A incorporação de culturas específicas associadas à solarização do solo tem sido apresentada como um avanço muito promissor para o controle de fungos fitopatogênicos habitantes do solo. Além das brássicaceas, comumente utilizadas, novos materiais vegetais como a mandioca e a mamona têm apresentado potencial para controle desses fitopatógenos. Vários fatores são apontados como responsáveis pelo controle, entre eles os voláteis oriundos da decomposição dos vegetais. Assim, este trabalho foi idealizado com dois objetivos divididos em duas etapas complementares: biológica - avaliar o efeito ocasionado pela incorporação e decomposição de parte aérea de brócolis, mamona e mandioca brava e mandioca mansa, associadas à simulação da solarização, sobre diferentes estruturas dos fungos Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Raça 2, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI e Sclerotium rolfsii; química - identificar e apontar dentro de cada material vegetal qual(is) é(são) o(s) volátil(eis) potencial(ais) pelo controle das estruturas dos fungos. Na primeira etapa, quatro ensaios idênticos foram instalados em conjuntos de microcosmos, com quatro períodos de exposição diferentes e independentes (7, 14, 21 e 28 dias), avaliando efeitos no crescimento micelial (inócuo, fungistático e fungicida) e na sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência dos fungos de solo. Verificou-se efeito fungistático e fungicida no crescimento micelial de F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Raça 2, R. solani AG-4 HGI e de S. rolfsii. O efeito fungicida apenas ocorreu aos 21 dias de incubação para F. oxysporum e R. solani e aos 28 dias para S. rolfsii. Para M. phaseolina, observou-se apenas efeito inócuo. Os tratamentos solo+materiais vegetais, ao longo dos períodos testados, reduziram, significativamente, a sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência de todos os fungos... / The incorporation of specific cultures associated with solarization has been a highly promising advance to control phytopathogenic fungi inhabiting the soil. In addition to the commonly used Brassicaceae, new plant materials such as cassava and castor plants have shown potential to control these phytopathogens. Several factors are considered responsible for this control, including volatile compounds from plant decomposition. Thus, the present work was divided into two complementary steps according to its two major aims: biological step – to evaluate the effect of the incorporation and decomposition of broccoli, castor and cassava (bitter and sweet) shoot, associated with simulated solarization, on different structures of the fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 2, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI and Sclerotium rolfsii; chemical step – to identify for each plant material which volatile compound(s) present(s) potential to control fungal structures. In the first step, four identical assays were established in groups of microcosms, with four different and independent exposure periods (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), to evaluate the effects on mycelial growth (innocuous, fungistatic and fungicide) and survival of resistance structures of soil fungi. Fungistatic and fungicide effects were detected on the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 2, R. solani AG-4 HGI and S. rolfsii. Fungicidal effect occurred only at 21 days of incubation for F. oxysporum and R. solani and at 28 days for S. rolfsii. As regards M. phaseolina, only an innocuous effect was observed. The treatments soil+plant material, over the tested periods, significantly reduced the survival of resistance structures for all fungi. In general, broccoli and bitter and sweet cassava had expressive... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by DIÊGO VICTOR DE BABOS null (diegobabos@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-08T23:38:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Diêgo Babos.pdf: 1989792 bytes, checksum: 30376a94b5f5cac12b35744978cd6cc7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-11T14:14:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 babos_dv_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1035449 bytes, checksum: 4a4c8a9a99f92024681ea27985b94b19 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-11T14:14:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 babos_dv_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1035449 bytes, checksum: 4a4c8a9a99f92024681ea27985b94b19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Avaliou-se a amostragem direta de sólidos como base de métodos analíticos simples, rápidos e mais limpos para determinar Co, Mo, Ni e V em tecido vegetal e solo empregando a espectrometria de absorção atômica de alta resolução com fonte contínua. Esta técnica foi escolhida devido as suas características peculiares, especialmente a elevada capacidade de correção de fundo. Na determinação de cobalto em material vegetal, a sobreposição espectral de SiO(g) na linha 240,725 nm do Co foi corrigida pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. Curvas de calibração (0–540 pg) com bons coeficientes de correlação lineares (R 0,9993) foram obtidas com padrões sólidos. O limite de detecção (LOD) foi 3 pg Co. Na determinação simultânea de Mo e Ni em material vegetal, empregou-se Co como padrão interno para Ni. Curvas de calibração (0,8-50 ng Ni; 0-0,33 ng Mo) lineares (R 0,9937) foram obtidas com padrões aquosos sem modificador químico. Os LODs foram 0,018 ng Mo e 0,025 ng Ni. A padronização interna aumentou a precisão das medidas para Ni de 62-135% para 94-105%. Vanádio e Co foram determinados em solos empregando NH4F como modificador. As calibrações, com padrões aquosos para V (0-40 ng), e por compatibilização de matriz para Co (0-5,0 ng), forneceram R 0,9979. Os LODs foram 0,044 ng Co e 0,43 ng V. Na determinação de Mo e Ni em solo, o modificador Mg(NO3)2 foi utilizado apenas para Ni. As curvas de calibração aquosas (0-500 ng Ni; 0-0,54 ng Mo) forneceram R 0,9953. Na determinação do Ni foi monitorado o tripleto em 341,377 nm, 341,347 nm e 341,394 nm, permitindo determinar Ni em ampla faixa de concentração. Os LODs foram 0,0082 ng Mo (313,259 nm), 0,021 ng Ni (341,477 nm),1,8 ng Ni (341,347 nm). A exatidão dos métodos foi avaliada via análise de materiais de referência certificados de solos e plantas. De uma forma geral, os resultados obtidos foram concordantes com os valores certificados ao nível de confiança de 95%. / High-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with direct solid sampling was employed for the development of simple, fast and clean analytical methods for Co, Mo, Ni and V determination in soil and plant materials. The technique has as main advantages the efficiency to correct background absorption. For cobalt determination in plant material, a spectral overlap of SiO molecular absorption in Co line was corrected by using least squares background correction method. Calibration curves (0-540 pg) with correlation coefficients higher of 0.9993 were obtained with solid standards. The limit of detection was of 3 pg Co. For simultaneous determination of Mo and Ni in plant material Co was employed as internal standard for Ni. Calibration curves (0.8-50 ng Ni; 0-0.33 ng Mo) with correlation coefficients higher of 0.9937 were obtained with aqueous standards without chemical modifier. The LODs were 0.025 and 0.018 ng for Mo and Ni, respectively. The internal standardization increased the accuracy of Ni determinations from 62-135% to 94-105%. For V and Co determinations in soils the NH4F was used as chemical modifier. The calibration with aqueous standards for V (0-40 ng), and compatibility matrix for Co (0-5.0 ng), provided linear correlation coefficients better of 0.9979. The LODs were 0.044 and 0.43 ng for Co and V, respectively. For Mo and Ni determination in soil the Mg(NO3)2 was used as chemical modifier for Ni. The aqueous calibration curves (0-500 ng Ni; 0-0.54 ng Mo) provided linear correlation coefficients higher of 0.9953. For Ni determination were used the triplet lines at 341.377 nm, 341.347 nm and 341.394 nm, allowing the determination of Ni in wide concentration range. The calculated LODs were 0.0082 ng Mo (313.259 nm), 0.021 ng Ni (341.477 nm), 1.8 ng Ni (341.347 nm). The accuracy of the proposed methods was assessed by analysis of certified reference materials of soils and plants. In general, the results were in agreement with the certified values at 95% confidence level (t-test).

Since the 20th century, the distribution of European heathlands rapidly decreased due to agricultural intensification, heavy use of artificial fertilizers or acidification. Therefore, various attempts of heathland restoration are under way in these days. Analysis of nematode community composition can be one of the tools suitable for succession evaluation. In 2011, 2013 and 2014, soil samples were collected from heathland restoration experiment (launched in 2011) where different restoration methods were applied in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment; existing heathlands were also sampled to identify the target community both in dry and wet heathland. A total of 60 samples of extracted nematodes were analysed for absolute abundance, trophic groups, and genera dominance. Various indices were calculated to describe the nematode community. We were able to proove faster development of wet heathlands towards the target community. However, because of large data variability, there was no significant difference between treatments. Development of wet and dry heathlands differed also in increased proportion of omniphagous nematodes in 2013 and predators in 2014 in dry heathlands. After three years of heathland restoration, nematode community has not yet reached parameters of the target community. Key words: Nematoda,...

Resumo: A incorporação de culturas específicas associadas à solarização do solo tem sido apresentada como um avanço muito promissor para o controle de fungos fitopatogênicos habitantes do solo. Além das brássicaceas, comumente utilizadas, novos materiais vegetais como a mandioca e a mamona têm apresentado potencial para controle desses fitopatógenos. Vários fatores são apontados como responsáveis pelo controle, entre eles os voláteis oriundos da decomposição dos vegetais. Assim, este trabalho foi idealizado com dois objetivos divididos em duas etapas complementares: biológica - avaliar o efeito ocasionado pela incorporação e decomposição de parte aérea de brócolis, mamona e mandioca brava e mandioca mansa, associadas à simulação da solarização, sobre diferentes estruturas dos fungos Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Raça 2, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI e Sclerotium rolfsii; química - identificar e apontar dentro de cada material vegetal qual(is) é(são) o(s) volátil(eis) potencial(ais) pelo controle das estruturas dos fungos. Na primeira etapa, quatro ensaios idênticos foram instalados em conjuntos de microcosmos, com quatro períodos de exposição diferentes e independentes (7, 14, 21 e 28 dias), avaliando efeitos no crescimento micelial (inócuo, fungistático e fungicida) e na sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência dos fungos de solo. Verificou-se efeito fungistático e fungicida no crescimento micelial de F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Raça 2, R. solani AG-4 HGI e de S. rolfsii. O efeito fungicida apenas ocorreu aos 21 dias de incubação para F. oxysporum e R. solani e aos 28 dias para S. rolfsii. Para M. phaseolina, observou-se apenas efeito inócuo. Os tratamentos solo+materiais vegetais, ao longo dos períodos testados, reduziram, significativamente, a sobrevivência das estruturas de resistência de todos os fungos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The incorporation of specific cultures associated with solarization has been a highly promising advance to control phytopathogenic fungi inhabiting the soil. In addition to the commonly used Brassicaceae, new plant materials such as cassava and castor plants have shown potential to control these phytopathogens. Several factors are considered responsible for this control, including volatile compounds from plant decomposition. Thus, the present work was divided into two complementary steps according to its two major aims: biological step - to evaluate the effect of the incorporation and decomposition of broccoli, castor and cassava (bitter and sweet) shoot, associated with simulated solarization, on different structures of the fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 2, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI and Sclerotium rolfsii; chemical step - to identify for each plant material which volatile compound(s) present(s) potential to control fungal structures. In the first step, four identical assays were established in groups of microcosms, with four different and independent exposure periods (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), to evaluate the effects on mycelial growth (innocuous, fungistatic and fungicide) and survival of resistance structures of soil fungi. Fungistatic and fungicide effects were detected on the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 2, R. solani AG-4 HGI and S. rolfsii. Fungicidal effect occurred only at 21 days of incubation for F. oxysporum and R. solani and at 28 days for S. rolfsii. As regards M. phaseolina, only an innocuous effect was observed. The treatments soil+plant material, over the tested periods, significantly reduced the survival of resistance structures for all fungi. In general, broccoli and bitter and sweet cassava had expressive... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado / Coorientador: César Junior Bueno / Banca: Francisco Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Marli Teixeira de Almeida Minhoni / Banca: Flavia Rodrigues Alves Patricio / Banca: Fabio Augusto / Banca: Marcia Michelle de Queiroz Ambrósio / Doutor

The aim of this essay is to study the historical process of the academic gardens in Uppsala. Which works in different ways in relation to the university, Uppsala university. The history of the academic garden in Uppsala is varied, with the exemplified gardens individually expressing different garden contextual ideals. From the 17th century academy gardens and Sweden's first botanical garden created by Olof Rudbeck d.ä (1630-1702), through the world-renowned botanist Carl von Linné (1707-1778) to today's version of the academic garden at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. By studying general change processes of the university, a basis is provided for understanding its built environment and gardens in the long run. The essay also aims to shed light on important components of the academic garden and how they have changed over time. The essay shows that although the academic garden varies in terms of plant material, scale and purpose, it possesses similar elements throughout history. All gardens covered in the essay possess qualities important to the general Swedish garden history and indicate a number of foreign influences.

Access to fresh water is a human right, yet more than 780 million people, especially in rural areas, rely on unimproved sources and the need for finding ways of treating water is crucial. Although the use of natural coagulant protein in drinking water treatment has been discussed for a long time, the method is still not in practice, probably due to availability of material and limited knowledge. In this study, about hundred different crude extracts made from plant materials found in Southern India were screened for coagulation activity. Extracts of three Brassica species (Mustard, Cabbage and Cauliflower) were showing activity comparable to that of Moringa oleifera and were further investigated. Their protein content and profile were compared against each other and with coagulant protein from Moringa. Mustard (large) and Moringa seed proteins were also studied for their effect against clinically isolated bacterial strains. The protein profiles of Brassica extract showed predominant bands around 9kDa and 6.5kDa by SDS-PAGE. The peptide sequence analysis of Mustard large identified the 6.5kDa protein as Moringa coagulant protein (MO2.1) and the 9kDa protein band as seed storage protein napin3. Of thirteen clinical strains analysed, Moringa and Mustard large were proven effective in either aggregation activity or growth kinetic method or both in all thirteen and nine strains respectively. To my knowledge this is the first report on the presence of coagulant protein in Brassica seeds. Owing to the promising results Brassica species could possibly be used as a substitute to Moringa coagulating agent and chemicals in drinking water treatment. / <p>QC 20121214</p>