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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Détecteurs de radiation THz à base de silicium / Silicon based terahertz radiation detectors

But, Dmytro 24 September 2014 (has links)
Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des détecteurs de radiation THz basés sur des transistors à effet de champ qui ont été fabriqués en utilisant les technologies différentes. La photo-réponse de transistors à effet de champ a été étudiée dans une large gamme d'intensités de radiation: de 0,5 mW/cm2 à 500 kW/cm2, et pour des fréquences allant de 0,13 THz à 3,3 THz. Les détecteurs montrent la photo-réponse linéaire en fonction de l'intensité du rayonnement dans une large gamme d'intensités, jusqu'à plusieurs kW/cm2. Pour toutes les fréquences, nous avons observé que la région linéaire a été suivie par une partie non linéaire et ensuite par une saturation. Cet effet a conduit à un nouveau modèle de détecteurs FET à large bande qui est basé sur la connaissance phénoménologique de caractéristiques statiques de transistor. Le modèle prend en compte le comportement non linéaire du courant dans le canal dans toute une plage de fonctionnement du transistor, ce qui est particulièrement important à des intensités élevées de rayonnement THz. Les données expérimentales ont été interprétées avec succès dans le cadre du modèle développé. / This thesis is devoted to study of terahertz detectors based on field-effect transistors fabricated using silicon technology and they comparison to InGaAs/InP ones. The main research effort was devoted to the problem of detectors linearity at high radiation intensities. The photoresponse of field effect transistors to terahertz radiation in a wide range of intensities: from 0.5 mW/cm2 up to 500 kW/cm2 and for frequencies from 0.13 THz to 3.3 THz was studied. This work shows that the photoresponse of all studied detectors increases linearly with increasing radiation intensity up to a few kW/cm2 range and is followed by the nonlinear and saturation parts for higher radiation intensities. This effect has led to the new model of broadband field-effect transistor detectors. The model is based on the phenomenological knowledge of the transistor static transfer characteristic and explains the photoresponse nonlinearity as related to non-linearity and saturation of the transistor channel current. The developed model explains consistently experimental data both in linear and nonlinear regions of terahertz detection.
2

Ion Temperature Anisotropies in the Venus Plasma Environment

Bader, Alexander January 2017 (has links)
Velocity distributions are a key to understanding the interplay between particles and waves in a plasma. Any deviation from a Maxwellian distribution may be unstable and result in wave generation. Using data from the ion mass spectrometer IMA (Ion Mass Analyzer) and the magnetometer MAG on-board Venus Express,  ion distributions in the plasma environment of Venus are studied. The focus lies on temperature anisotropy, that is, the difference between the ion temperature parallel and perpendicular to the background magnetic field. This study presents spatial maps of the average ratio between the perpendicular temperature <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?T_%5Cperp" /> and parallel temperature <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?T_%5Cparallel" />, both for proton and heavy ions (atomic oxygen, molecularoxygen and carbon dioxide). Furthermore average values of <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?T_%5Cperp" /> and <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?T_%5Cparallel" /> are calculated for different spatial areas around Venus. The results show that proton <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?T_%5Cperp" /> and <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?T_%5Cparallel" /> are nearly equal in the solar wind. At the bow shock and in the magnetosheath, the ratio <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?T_%5Cperp/T_%5Cparallel" /> increases to provide conditions favoring mirror mode wave generation. An even higher anisotropy is found in the magnetotail with <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?T_%5Cperp/T_%5Cparallel%5Capprox%202" /> for both protons and heavy ions.
3

Study on Miniaturization of Plasma Wave Measurement Systems / プラズマ波動観測システムの小型化に関する研究

Zushi, Takahiro 25 March 2019 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21769号 / 工博第4586号 / 新制||工||1715(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小嶋 浩嗣, 准教授 海老原 祐輔, 准教授 三谷 友彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM
4

Electron acceleration and betatron radiation driven by laser wakefield inside dielectric capillary tubes / Accélération d’électrons et rayonnement betatron générés par sillage laser dans des tubes capillaires

Ju, Jinchuan 27 June 2013 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur le rayonnement X bêtatron généré par des électrons accélérés par sillage laser plasma dans des tubes capillaires diélectriques. En l’état actuel de la technologie des impulsions laser multi-térawatts, on peut produire des faisceaux ayant une intensité crête élevée, de l’ordre de 1018 W/cm2 dans le plan focal. Une telle impulsion laser se propageant au sein d’un gaz sous-dense conduit à des phénomènes d’interaction laser-plasma non-linéaires, tels que la création d’une bulle de plasma, i.e. une bulle ne contenant aucun électron, suivant le laser. La séparation spatiale des charges en résultant crée des champs électriques très élevés au sein de la bulle, de l'ordre de 100 GV/m, ce qui offre la possibilité d'accélérer des électrons jusqu'au GeV après seulement quelques centimètres d’interaction. En outre, un rayonnement synchrotron ultra-bref, appelé rayonnement bêtatron, est produit lors de l’accélération des électrons puisque ces derniers, soumis au champ électrique radial de la bulle plasma, ont une trajectoire oscillante. Cette thèse présente des résultats expérimentaux sur la génération et l'optimisation de faisceaux d'électrons et de leur rayonnement X, en particulier lorsque le tube capillaire est utilisé pour recueillir l'énergie du halo laser dans le plan focal facilitant l’autofocalisation du laser sur de longues distances. Des faisceaux d’électrons de quelques dizaines de picocoulomb, avec une énergie maximale allant jusqu’à 300 MeV, et dont le spectre est soit piqué à haute énergie soit exponentiellement décroissant, ont été produits dans des tubes capillaires de 10 mm de long avec l’installation laser du Lund Laser Center (LLC, en Suède) par une impulsion laser de 40 fs d’un 16 TW Ti: Saphir. Un rayonnement bêtatron a également été mesuré, il se compose de de photons X dont l’énergie est comprise entre 1 et 10 keV et atteint une luminosité maximale d’environ 1021 photons/s/mm²/mrad²/0.1%BW. Cela équivaut à environ 30 fois l’intensité des faisceaux générés dans le cas des jets de gaz de longueur 2 mm ne disposant pas de guidage optique externe. La compensation des fluctuations de pointé laser permet de minimiser les fluctuations des propriétés du faisceau d’électrons. On obtient des faisceaux d'électrons dont les fluctuations tir-a-tir sont de 1 mrad en pointé, de quelques pourcents en énergie et d’environ 20% RMS en charge. La fluctuation en charge du faisceau, qui peut être considérée comme relativement grande, s’avère être principalement corrélée à la fluctuation en puissance du laser. De plus, il a été montré que le rayonnement bêtatron pouvait être utilisé pour caractériser le processus d'accélération des électrons en caractérisant le nombre moyen d'oscillations bêtatron effectuées par les électrons à l'intérieur de la bulle plasma. La taille typique des sources de rayonnement X (dimension pour laquelle l’intensité gaussienne est égale à 1/e² de la valeur crête) est estimée à ~ 2.5 µm en utilisant un modèle de diffraction de Fresnel induite par une lame de rasoir. Cela correspond à une émittance RMS normalisée pour le faisceau d'électrons d’environ 0,83π mm.mrad. Des simulations tridimensionnelles particle-in-cell (PIC) ont été effectuées et confirment les résultats expérimentaux. Elles indiquent également que les paquets d'électrons générés ainsi que les flashs X directionnels sont ultra-brefs : ~ 10 fs. / This dissertation addresses electron acceleration and the associated betatron X-ray radiation generated by laser wakefield inside dielectric capillary tubes. Focusing the state-of-the-art multi-terawatt laser pulses, high peak intensity, of the order of 1018 W/cm2, can be achieved in the focal plane, where a plasma bubble free of electron is formed just behind the laser. Owing to space charge separation ultrahigh electric fields, of the order of 100 GV/m, occur inside the plasma bubble, providing the possibility to accelerate electrons up to GeV-class over merely a centimetre-scale distance. Furthermore, ultra-short synchrotron-like X-ray radiation, known as betatron radiation, is produced simultaneously when the accelerated electrons are transversely wiggled by the radial electric field inside the plasma bubble. This thesis reports experimental results on the generation and optimization of electron and X-ray beams, particularly when a capillary tube is used to collect the energy of laser halos in the focal plane to facilitate the laser keeping self-focused over a long distance. Employing the 40 fs, 16 TW Ti:sapphire laser at the Lund Laser Centre (LLC) in Sweden, either peaked or widely-spread accelerated electron spectra with a typical beam charge of tens of pC were measured with a maximum energy up to 300 MeV in 10 mm long capillary tubes. Meanwhile, betatron X-ray radiation consisting of 1-10 keV photons was measured with a peak brightness of the order of 1021 photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1%BW, which is around 30 times higher than that in the case of a 2 mm gas jet without external optical guiding. When the laser pointing fluctuation is compensated, exceptionally reproducible electron beams are obtained with fluctuations of only 1 mrad RMS in beam pointing, a few percent in electron energy, and around 20% RMS in beam charge. The relatively large instability of beam charge is found to be essentially correlated to laser power fluctuation. Moreover, betatron radiation is able to provide the diagnostics about electron acceleration process and average number of betatron oscillations fulfilled by electrons inside the plasma bubble. The typical X-ray source size (waist of Gaussian distribution at 1/e2 intensity) is quantified to be ~2.5 μm using Fresnel diffraction induced by a razor blade, which furthermore yields the corresponding normalized RMS emittance of electron beam 0.83π mm mrad. Three dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) modelings are in good agreement with the experimental findings. The PIC simulations also reveal the generated electron bunches (or X-ray bursts) have pulse durations as short as 10 fs.
5

Electron acceleration and betatron radiation driven by laser wakefield inside dielectric capillary tubes

Ju, Jinchuan 27 June 2013 (has links) (PDF)
This dissertation addresses electron acceleration and the associated betatron X-ray radiation generated by laser wakefield inside dielectric capillary tubes. Focusing the state-of-the-art multi-terawatt laser pulses, high peak intensity, of the order of 1018 W/cm2, can be achieved in the focal plane, where a plasma bubble free of electron is formed just behind the laser. Owing to space charge separation ultrahigh electric fields, of the order of 100 GV/m, occur inside the plasma bubble, providing the possibility to accelerate electrons up to GeV-class over merely a centimetre-scale distance. Furthermore, ultra-short synchrotron-like X-ray radiation, known as betatron radiation, is produced simultaneously when the accelerated electrons are transversely wiggled by the radial electric field inside the plasma bubble. This thesis reports experimental results on the generation and optimization of electron and X-ray beams, particularly when a capillary tube is used to collect the energy of laser halos in the focal plane to facilitate the laser keeping self-focused over a long distance. Employing the 40 fs, 16 TW Ti:sapphire laser at the Lund Laser Centre (LLC) in Sweden, either peaked or widely-spread accelerated electron spectra with a typical beam charge of tens of pC were measured with a maximum energy up to 300 MeV in 10 mm long capillary tubes. Meanwhile, betatron X-ray radiation consisting of 1-10 keV photons was measured with a peak brightness of the order of 1021 photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1%BW, which is around 30 times higher than that in the case of a 2 mm gas jet without external optical guiding. When the laser pointing fluctuation is compensated, exceptionally reproducible electron beams are obtained with fluctuations of only 1 mrad RMS in beam pointing, a few percent in electron energy, and around 20% RMS in beam charge. The relatively large instability of beam charge is found to be essentially correlated to laser power fluctuation. Moreover, betatron radiation is able to provide the diagnostics about electron acceleration process and average number of betatron oscillations fulfilled by electrons inside the plasma bubble. The typical X-ray source size (waist of Gaussian distribution at 1/e2 intensity) is quantified to be ~2.5 μm using Fresnel diffraction induced by a razor blade, which furthermore yields the corresponding normalized RMS emittance of electron beam 0.83π mm mrad. Three dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) modelings are in good agreement with the experimental findings. The PIC simulations also reveal the generated electron bunches (or X-ray bursts) have pulse durations as short as 10 fs.
6

Investigation of nanometer scale charge carrier density variations with scattering-type scanning near-field microscopy in the THz regime

Kuschewski, Frederik 31 January 2020 (has links)
Near-field microscopy is a versatile technique for non-destructive detection of optical properties on the nanometer scale. Contrary to conventional microscopy techniques, the resolution in near-field microscopy is not restricted by the diffraction limit, but by the size of the probe only. Typically, wavelength-independent resolution in the range of few ten nanometers can be achieved. Many fundamental phenomena in solid states occur at such small length scales and can be probed by infrared and THz radiation. In the present work, nanoscale charge carrier distributions were investigated with near-field microscopy in classic semiconductors and state-of-the-art graphene field-effect transistors. A CO2 laser, the free-electron laser FELBE at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf and a photoconductive antenna were applied as radiation sources for illumination of the samples. In the theoretical part of the work, the band model for charge carriers in semiconductors is briefly explained to derive typical charge carrier densities of such materials. The influence of the charge carriers to the light-matter interaction is introduced via the Drude model and evaluated for both infrared and THz radiation. In field-effect transistors, charge carrier density waves can occur when strong AC fields are coupled into the device. The phenomena in such transistors are introduced as a more complex material system. To describe the near-field coupling of the samples to the nanoscopic probe, the dipole model is introduced and extended for periodic charge carrier density, as elicited by low repetition-rate excitation lasers. Consequently, sidebands occur as new frequencies in the signal spectrum, allowing for a more sensitive probing of such transient processes. Experimental investigations of these sidebands were performed with a CO2 laser setup on a bulk germanium sample which was excited with femtosecond laser pulses. New frequencies up to the 8th sideband could be observed. The results show a characteristic near-field decay for all sidebands when the probe-sample distance is increased. A nanoscale material contrast in the sidebands signatures has been demonstrated via near-field scans on a gold / germanium heterostructure. Near-field signatures of graphene-field effect transistors have been examined utilizing FELBE. The results match the predicted behavior of charge carriers in such a device and in particular represent the first direct observations of the plasma waves. In collaboration with the group of Prof. Dr. Hartmut G. Roskos (Goethe-Universität Frankfurt), the plasma wave velocity in the graphene field-effect transistor has been derived via fitting to the model for two datasets on different devices from independent fabrications. The obtained velocity is in good agreement with literature values. The results promise the application of field-effect transistors as THz detectors and emitters and may lead to faster communication technology.:1 Introduction 2 Fundamentals 2.1 Semiconductors 2.2 Plasma Waves in Graphene Field-Effect Transistors 2.3 Near-Field Microscopy 2.3.1 Aperture-SNOM 2.3.2 Scattering-SNOM 2.4 THz Optics 3 SNOM-Theory 3.1 Dipole Model 3.2 Detection and Demodulation 3.3 Pump-induced Sidebands in SNOM 3.4 Field Enhancement by Resonant Probes 4 Near-Field Microscope Setups 4.1 FELBE THz SNOM 4.2 Pump-modulated s-SNOM 4.3 THz Time-Domain-Spectroscopy SNOM 5 Sideband Results 5.1 Pump-induced Sidebands in Germanium 5.2 Fluence Dependence 5.3 Higher-order sidebands 5.4 Oscillation Amplitude 5.5 Technical Aspects of the Sideband Demodulation 6 Field-Effect Transistors 6.1 Device Design 6.2 Data Analysis 6.3 Near-Field Overview Scans 6.4 Plasma Wave Examination 6.5 Conclusion 7 Discussion and Outlook A Appendix A.1 Scanning Probe Microscopy A.2 Atomic Force Microscope List of Figures Bibliography / Nahfeldmikroskopie ist eine vielseite Technik für das zerstörungsfreie Auslesen von optischen Eigenschaften auf der Nanoskala. Im Gegensatz zur konventionellen Mikroskopie ist die Auflösung nicht durch Beugungseffekte, sondern durch die Größe der genutzten Sonde begrenzt. Überlicherweise werden wellenlängenunabhängig Auflösungen von einigen zehn Nanometern erreicht. Viele fundamentale Prozesse in der Festkörperphysik treten auf Längenskalen dieser Größenordnung auf und können mit Infrarot- und THz-Strahlung untersucht werden. In dieser Arbeit wurden nanoskalige Ladungsträgerverteilungen mit Rasternahfeldmikroskopie untersucht, einerseits in klassischen Halbleitern, anderseits in state-of-the-art Graphen Feldeffekttransistoren. Zur Beleuchtung der Proben wurden ein CO2 Laser, der freie-Elektronen Laser FELBE am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf und eine photoleitende Antenne verwendet. Im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit wird das Bändermodell für Ladungsträger in Halbleitern erklärt, um daraus typische Ladungsträgerdichten in diesen Materialien abzuleiten. Der Einfluss der Ladungsträger auf die Interaktion mit Strahlung wird durch das Drude-Modell eingeführt und für Infrarot- und THz-Strahlung abgeschätzt. In Graphen Feldeffekttransistoren können Ladungsträgerdichtewellen auftreten, wenn starke Wechselfelder in das Bauelement eingekoppelt werden. Die Prozesse in solchen Transistoren werden als komplexeres Materialsystem eingeführt. Um die Nahfeldkopplung der Proben an die Sonde zu beschreiben, wird das Dipol-Modell eingeführt und für periodische Ladungsträgerdichten erweitert, wie sie bspw. durch Pumplaser mit niedrigen Repetitionsraten erzeugt werden können. In der Folge entstehen Seitenbänder als neue Frequenzen im Signalspektrum, welche eine sensitivere Messung solcher transienten Prozesse ermöglichen. Experimentelle Untersuchungen des erweiterten Dipol-Modells wurden mit einem CO2 Laser Aufbau an einem Germaniumkristall durchgeführt, welcher mit Femtosekunden Laserpulsen angeregt wird. Neue Frequenzen im Spektrum konnten bis zu dem achten Seitenband beobachtet werden. Die Resultate zeigen den typischen Abfall des Nahfeldes, wenn der Abstand zwischen Sonde und Probe vergrößert wird. Ein Materialkontrast auf der Nanoskale im Seitenband-Signal konnte durch laterale Rasternahfeld-Scans auf einer Gold/Germanium Heterostruktur gezeigt werden. Die Nahfeldsignaturen der Graphen Feldeffekttransistoren wurden mit FELBE untersucht. Die Resultate stimmen mit dem vorausgesagtem Verhalten der Ladungsträger in einem solchen Bauteil überein und sind die erste direkte Beobachtung solcher Plasmawellen. In Kooperation mit der Gruppe um Prof. Dr. Hartmut G. Roskos (Goethe-Universität Frankfurt) wurde die Geschwindigkeit der Plasmawelle durch Regression der Daten berechnet. Dabei wurden zwei Datensätzen an Bauteilen von unabhängigen Fabrikationsprozessen genutzt. Die berechnete Geschwindigkeit ist in guter Übereinstimmung mit Literaturwerten. Die Resultate verheißen die Anwendung von Feldeffekttransistoren als THz Sender und Detektoren und könnten zu schnellerer Kommunikationstechnologie führen.:1 Introduction 2 Fundamentals 2.1 Semiconductors 2.2 Plasma Waves in Graphene Field-Effect Transistors 2.3 Near-Field Microscopy 2.3.1 Aperture-SNOM 2.3.2 Scattering-SNOM 2.4 THz Optics 3 SNOM-Theory 3.1 Dipole Model 3.2 Detection and Demodulation 3.3 Pump-induced Sidebands in SNOM 3.4 Field Enhancement by Resonant Probes 4 Near-Field Microscope Setups 4.1 FELBE THz SNOM 4.2 Pump-modulated s-SNOM 4.3 THz Time-Domain-Spectroscopy SNOM 5 Sideband Results 5.1 Pump-induced Sidebands in Germanium 5.2 Fluence Dependence 5.3 Higher-order sidebands 5.4 Oscillation Amplitude 5.5 Technical Aspects of the Sideband Demodulation 6 Field-Effect Transistors 6.1 Device Design 6.2 Data Analysis 6.3 Near-Field Overview Scans 6.4 Plasma Wave Examination 6.5 Conclusion 7 Discussion and Outlook A Appendix A.1 Scanning Probe Microscopy A.2 Atomic Force Microscope List of Figures Bibliography
7

Hybrid Numerical Models for Fast Design of Terahertz Plasmonic Devices

Bhardwaj, Shubhendu 07 December 2017 (has links)
No description available.

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