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Modifications, alterations, and enhancements to the body have been a practice forvarious ethnic, religious, and cultural groups across the globe for centuries. Over recent years, augmentations to the buttocks have become increasingly popular amongst women in Black and Brown communities. It is necessary to examine the health concerns, medical neglect, and societal influences that have contributed to the alarming increase of health complications and fatalities within these communities as a result of the procedures. Specifically, the administration of illegal injectable substances to the buttocks and the “Brazilian Butt Lift” procedure are in need of serious ethical focus and concern. In addition to the harmful health effects that result from these procedures, it is also important to recognize relevant societal and structural factors that intersect this rising issue. To fully comprehend the magnitude of the ongoing concerns, the history of buttock augmenting will be thoroughly discussed, other serious contributing factors, accessibility to adequate healthcare, and health knowledge. Cosmetic enhancements should come from a place of both empowerment and wellbeing, however the current conditions in the industry as it pertains to marginalized communities reflect otherwise. There are several contextual aspects as to why the ramifications of these procedures are so detrimental and it is my intention to highlight these issues, discuss the ethical implications, implore further research efforts, and then provide possible solutions to help address this growing issue. / Urban Bioethics

Black women are most likely to receive mastectomies, yet the least likely to have receipt of breast reconstruction. This disparity in breast and plastic surgery care is unethical and has been documented in the literature and has been witnessed clinically, but far most importantly, it is continued to be lived by Black women all over the nation. The bioethical principles of agency and social justice are called into question as Black women are not given an adequate understanding of their reconstructive options and are not being treated equally or equitably by the healthcare system. As noted by literature, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic and insurance status as well as comorbidities are contributing to this gap in care. As far as solutions go, there must be a multifaceted approach to mitigating this disparity. I have adopted Dr. Butler’s categorization of solutions to understand the exact approach we need to have, which includes patient education, legislation and academic medical institution, to make the recovery from breast cancer ethical for all women. In this thesis, I will go through the literature and garner perspectives from surgeons as well as patients who received breast reconstruction to aid in the understanding of this disparity and what needs to be done to fix it. / Urban Bioethics

Purpose The purpose of this study was to quantify the number of surgical programs currently training osteopathic residents and to solicit advice for current osteopathic medical students who are interested in pursuing a surgical residency. Methods A questionnaire was sent to all listed Electronic Residency Application Service® (ERAS®) email contacts for the following specialties: General Surgery, Neurological Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery, Otolaryngology, Urology, Integrated Vascular Surgery, Integrated Plastic Surgery, and Integrated Thoracic Surgery. The questionnaire was sent a total of three times. Results Two hundred sixty-four of the 1,040 surgical residency programs responded to the questionnaire. Of these responses, 19% were formerly American Osteopathic Association (AOA) accredited programs. About 47.3% of responding programs indicated they are not currently training an osteopathic physician. One hundred thirteen programs provided additional comments on how osteopathic medical students may improve the competitiveness of their residency applications. These comments included increasing volumes of research activities, performing well on the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE), and completing a sub-internship in the desired field or at a specific institution. Conclusion Osteopathic students still face many barriers to matching into surgical residencies. This study provides concrete steps students may take to increase the competitiveness of their application.

Various silicone elastomers have been evaluated for use in the prosthetic reconstruction of facial defects. Their strength, texture, flexibility, hardness, ease of preparation, pigment receptivity and retention, and their resistance to cleaning were compared and the data consulted when an elastomer was chosen to restore defects, improve aesthetics and reestablish the confidence of a selection of patients. Detailed case reports are provided, together with information on the adhesives or mechanical methods available for retaining the facial prosetheses. Cyanoacrylate adhesives for use on skin surfaces and as tissue adhesives have been studied in detail. A novel n-butyl 413 cyanoacrylate has been developed with a viscosity, haemostatic property and stability to make it particularly suitable for use in skin grafting and tissue repair. It has already been used with good results on patients with severe burns. An improved formulation, containing a fluorescent dye, can be precisely applied through a specially constructed foot-controlled dispenser illuminated by a fibre-optic supplying UV-light. Cyanoacrylates are already being used as tissue adhesives in place of the conventional but potentially disfiguring suture. The availability of improved, imperceptible adhesives and a precision applicator, which can be used in a modern operating theatre, will extend their effectiveness and satisfy some of the needs of Plastic, and Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgeons. Portable applicators have potential use in battlefield and in veterinary surgery and overcome the imprecision characteristic of earlier methods. / Loctite UK

It has become increasingly common to reconstruct the body with plastic surgery, but despite the increased scope of practice and a more liberal attitude to it, many who have undergone plastic surgery are branded as immoral and false. The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of young women's driving forces to perform plastic surgery and whether plastic surgery is perceived to be normalized or stigmatized. Previous research shows that the progress of plastic surgery is based on technical and medical development but also on male expectations of the female ideal body. Plastic surgery contributes to the creation of an unattainable beauty ideal, and body dissatisfaction is one of the most common motives for wanting to perform plastic surgery. The empirical material for this study is based on qualitative interviews with young women who have undergone various types of beauty procedures. The study's theoretical framework consists of Anthony Giddens theory of modernity and the body as a reflexive project, the objectification theory of Barbara Fredrickson and Tomi-Ann Roberts, Pierre Bourdieu's theory of the construction of woman as a perceived being and Erving Goffman's concept of stigma. The results of the study show that the interviewees have undergone plastic surgery to meet the expectations of an attractive female appearance, at the same time the appearance should look natural as there is a stigma around plastic surgery. / Det har blivit allt vanligare att rekonstruera kroppen med hjälp av plastikkirurgiska ingrepp, men trots praktikens ökade omfattning och en mer liberal inställning till den blir många som har genomfört skönhetsingrepp stämplade som omoraliska och falska. Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för unga kvinnors drivkrafter till att genomföra skönhetsingrepp samt huruvida skönhetsingrepp upplevs vara normaliserat eller stigmatiserat. Tidigare forskning visar att plastikkirurgins framfart grundar sig i den tekniska och medicinska utvecklingen men också i manliga förväntningar på den kvinnliga idealkroppen. Skönhetsingrepp bidrar till skapandet av ett ouppnåeligt skönhetsideal och kroppsmissnöje är ett av det vanligaste motivet till att vilja genomföra plastikkirurgiska ingrepp. Det empiriska materialet för denna studie baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med unga kvinnor som har genomfört olika slags skönhetsingrepp. Studiens teoretiska ramverk består av Anthony Giddens teori om moderniteten och kroppen som reflexivt projekt, objektifieringsteorin av Barbara Fredrickson och Tomi-Ann Roberts, Pierre Bourdieus teori om konstruktionen av kvinnan som ett varseblivet vara och Erving Goffmans definition av begreppet stigma. Resultaten från studien visar att intervjupersonerna har genomfört skönhetsingrepp för att uppfylla förväntningarna på ett attraktivt kvinnligt utseende, samtidigt ska utseendet se naturligt ut då det finns ett stigma kring skönhetsingrepp.

Past studies evaluating the esthetics of orthodontic treatment have been done using 2-D images. New 3-D imaging offers an improved, real-life representation of a subject. The purpose of this study was to determine how laypeople perceived differences in lip position (flat versus ideal lip fullness) in 2-D compared to 3-D. 3dMD images of 8 Caucasian subjects were adjusted to an ideal and flat lip position in 3-D and then in 2-D from the profile view. 2 surveys were created with paired ideal and flat images on the screen, either in 2-D or 3-D, and evaluators were asked to choose which image they preferred and by how much. Evaluators were more likely to be neutral, and were less decisive of their preference in 3-D compared to 2-D. People might be less sensitive to small differences in facial soft tissue and esthetics than previous research in 2-D has led orthodontists to believe.

Summary: Title: Kinesiologic analysis of function of selected upper limb muscles after female breast augmentation Objectives: The aim of this research is to analyze the functionality and scope of involvement of the injured muscles due to plastic surgical augmentation procedure at pre-selected physical activities before and after surgery a few months later (specifically, three months - the time the patient left the recovery) using a noninvasive surface electromyography (EMG). Methods: A Case Study measuring method of noninvasive surface electromyography in combination with the method of temporal phase shifts involved in the activation of muscle movement, accompanied by a support method of integrated EMG. Results: There differences have been observed in the timing of individual muscles measured during performing selected testing exercises before and after completion of the augmentation plastic surgery operatios. Furthermore, the possibility of the loss of muscle strength has been detected by some measured muscles and this has the potential to take over functions of damaged muscles. Key words: plastic surgery, female breast augmentation, surface electromyography, upper limb muscles, musculus pectoralis major

Title: Kinesiologic analysis of function of selected upper limb muscles after female breast augmentation Objectives: The aim of this research is to analyze the functionality and scope of involvement of the injured muscles due to plastic surgical augmentation procedure at pre-selected physical activities before and after surgery a few months later (specifically, three months - the time the patient left the recovery) using a noninvasive surface electromyography (EMG). Methods: A Case Study measuring method of noninvasive surface electromyography in combination with the method of temporal phase shifts involved in the activation of muscle movement, accompanied by a support method of integrated EMG. Results: There differences have been observed in the timing of individual muscles measured during performing selected testing exercises before and after completion of the augmentation plastic surgery operatios. Furthermore, the possibility of the loss of muscle strength has been detected by some measured muscles and this has the potential to take over functions of damaged muscles. Key words: plastic surgery, female breast augmentation, surface electromyography, upper limb muscles, musculus pectoralis major

Avaliar a biocompatibilidade do fio lifting biológico - fio serrilhado de poliuretana de óleo de mamona - e sua eficácia no rejuvenescimento facial. Na primeira etapa deste trabalho implantamos os fios no dorso de camundongos, que foram sacrificados com 03, 07, 15 e 30 dias com posterior análise histológica por microscopia óptica. Na segunda fase implantamos os fios na face de pacientes com flacidez dérmica e analisamos, fotograficamente e através de uma modelagem numérico-computacional o resultado (rejuvenescimento), com intervalos entre 07 e 60 dias. As análises histológicas demonstraram uma rápida integração do fio ao tecido celular subcutâneo com formação abundante de colágeno e as fotografias dos pacientes revelaram uma maior firmeza da derme e um rejuvenescimento facial, comprovados pela análise computacional. Suas características químicas e físicas e os resultados iniciais nos permitem acreditar que o fio lifting biológico - fio serrilhado de poliuretana do óleo de mamona - apresenta elevada biocompatibilidade com uma rápida integração ao tecido subcutâneo sendo uma excelente opção no rejuvenescimento facial. / Evaluate the biological lifting thread - castor oil polyurethane serrulate thread - bio-compatibility and it´s eficacy on facial rejuvenation. At first we implanted the threads in subcutaneous tissues on mice backs that were sacrificed after 03, 07, 15 and 30 days, followed by histological analysis of material by using optical microscopy. Later, implants were carried out in patients with facial dermal flaccidity, and comparisons were made through photographs between 7 and 60 days, than we made a numerical-computational modelling comparision of this photographs. Histological analysis showed a quick thread integration with the celular subcutaneous tissue by a large amount of colagen syntesis and the patients photographs showed facial rejuvenation with improvement of the skin flaccidity comproved by numerical modelling. It`s chemical and physical characteristics and the initial results allow us belive that the biological lifting thread - castor oil polyurethane serrulate thread - has good bio-compatibility and fast integration with the celular subcutaneous tissue being an excellent option for the facial rejuvenation.