Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DiegoAMF_DISSERT.pdf: 1096063 bytes, checksum: 5fc2d5a69c06dbd0861b8cfebf12e262 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-10 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / This document proposes to describe a pilot plant for oil wells equipped with plunger lift. In addition to a small size (21,5 meters) and be on the surface, the plant s well has part of its structure in transparent acrylic, allowing easy visualization of phenomena inherent to the method. The rock formation where the well draws its pilot plant fluids (water and air) is simulated by a machine room where they are located the compressor and water pump for the production of air and water. To keep the flow of air and water with known and controlled values the lines that connect the machine room to the wellhole are equipped with flow sensors and valves. It s developed a supervisory system that allows the user a real-time monitoring of pressures and flow rates involved. From the supervisor is still allowed the user can choose how they will be controlled cycles of the process, whether by time, pressure or manually, and set the values of air flow to the water used in cycles. These values can be defined from a set point or from the percentage of valve opening. Results from tests performed on the plant using the most common forms of control by time and pressure in the coating are showed. Finally, they are confronted with results generated by a simulator configured with the the pilot plant s feature / Este trabalho se prop?e a descrever uma Planta Piloto para po?os de petr?leo equipados com eleva??o artificial do tipo plunger lift. Al?m de um tamanho reduzido (21,5 metros) e estar sobre a superf?cie, o po?o da planta possui parte de sua estrutura em acr?lico transparente, permitindo a f?cil visualiza??o de fen?menos inerentes ao m?todo. A forma??o rochosa donde o po?o da Planta Piloto extrai seus fluidos (?gua e ar) ? simulada por uma casa de m?quinas onde est?o localizados o compressor e a bomba centr?fuga respons?veis pela produ??o de ar e ?gua. Para manter as vaz?es desses fluidos com valores conhecidos e controlados as linhas que conectam a casa de m?quina ao fundo do po?o s?o equipadas com sensores de vaz?o e v?lvulas. ? desenvolvido um sistema supervis?rio que permite ao usu?rio uma monitora??o em tempo real das press?es e vaz?es envolvidas no processo. A partir do supervis?rio ? poss?vel ainda o usu?rio escolher a forma como ser?o controlados os ciclos do processo, se por tempo, por press?o ou manualmente, e definir os valores de vaz?o de ar a ?gua utilizados durantes os ciclos. Esses valores podem ser definidos a partir de um set point ou a partir da porcentagem de abertura das v?lvulas. S?o apresentados resultados de testes realizados na planta utilizando as formas de controle mais usuais: por tempo e por press?o no revestimento. Por fim, estes ser?o confrontados com resultdos gerados por um simulador configurados com as caracter?sticas da Planta Piloto

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JeffersonDF_DISSERT.pdf: 1592605 bytes, checksum: aa61d131dd2eadfff386030e41f5bd71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-22 / The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) methods applied to the lifting of oil present as an area with growing demand technical and scientific in view of the optimizations that can be carried forward with existing processes. This dissertation has as main objective to present the development of embedded systems dedicated to a wireless sensor network based on IEEE 802.15.4, which applies the ZigBee protocol, between sensors, actuators and the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), aiming to solve the present problems in the deployment and maintenance of the physical communication of current elevation oil units based on the method Plunger-Lift. Embedded systems developed for this application will be responsible for acquiring information from sensors and control actuators of the devices present at the well, and also, using the Modbus protocol to make this network becomes transparent to the PLC responsible for controlling the production and delivery information for supervisory SISAL / As Redes de Sensores Sem Fio (RSSF) aplicadas aos m?todos de eleva??o de petr?leo se apresentam como uma ?rea com crescente demanda t?cnico-cient?fica tendo em vista as otimiza??es que podem ser realizadas frente aos processos existentes. Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento de sistemas embarcados dedicados a uma rede de sensores sem fio baseada no padr?o IEEE 802.15.4, onde se aplica o protocolo ZigBee, entre os sensores, atuadores e o CLP (Controlador L?gico Program?vel), visando solucionar os problemas presentes nas fases de implanta??o e manuten??o da comunica??o f?sica atual das unidades de eleva??o de petr?leo baseadas no m?todo Plunger-Lift. Os sistemas embarcados desenvolvidos para essa aplica??o ser?o respons?veis por interpretar as informa??es dos sensores e comandar os atuadores dos dispositivos presentes no po?o, como tamb?m utilizar o protocolo Modbus para fazer com que essa rede se torne transparente para o CLP respons?vel pelo controle da produ??o e envio das informa??es para o supervis?rio SISAL

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LennedyCS_DISSERT.pdf: 3653783 bytes, checksum: 8a237d13a56a26f3a6ff1bf8c63bdede (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-22 / The several existing methods for oil artificial lifting and the variety of automation equipment for these methods many times lead the supervisory systems to be dedicated to a unique method and/or to a unique manufacturer. To avoid this problem, it has been developed the supervisory system named SISAL, conceived to supervise wells with different lifting methods and different automation equipments. The SISAL system is working in several Brazilian states but, nowadays, it is only supervising rod pump-based wells. The objective of this work is the development of a supervision module to the plunger lift artificial lift method. The module will have the same characteristics of working with automation hardware of many manufacturers. The module will be integrated to the SISAL system, incorporating the capacity to supervise the plunger lift artificial lift method. / Os v?rios m?todos de eleva??o artificial de petr?leo e os diferentes equipamentos de automa??o existentes muitas vezes levam a que os sistemas supervis?rios sejam dedicados a um ?nico m?todo e/ou a um ?nico fabricante de equipamentos. Para contornar este problema, foi desenvolvido o sistema SISAL, capaz de supervisionar po?os com diferentes m?todos de eleva??o e equipamentos de automa??o. Atualmente, o SISAL est? em opera??o em diversos po?os em v?rios estados do Brasil, supervisionando po?os de bombeio mec?nico. O objetivo deste trabalho ? desenvolver um m?dulo de supervis?o para o m?todo de eleva??o artificial plunger lift, com as mesmas caracter?sticas de poder trabalhar com hardwares de automa??o de diferentes fabricantes. O m?dulo desenvolvido ser? integrado ao SISAL, de forma a incorporar ao sistema a capacidade de supervisionar este novo m?todo de eleva??o.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SergioJGS.pdf: 1164807 bytes, checksum: 597fe8700a95271ecd0c0f3e0b460362 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-13 / This work intends to analyze the behavior of the gas flow of plunger lift wells producing to well testing separators in offshore production platforms to aim a technical procedure to estimate the gas flow during the slug production period. The motivation for this work appeared from the expectation of some wells equipped with plunger lift method by PETROBRAS in Ubarana sea field located at Rio Grande do Norte State coast where the produced fluids measurement is made in well testing separators at the platform. The oil artificial lift method called plunger lift is used when the available energy of the reservoir is not high enough to overcome all the necessary load losses to lift the oil from the bottom of the well to the surface continuously. This method consists, basically, in one free piston acting as a mechanical interface between the formation gas and the produced liquids, greatly increasing the well s lifting efficiency. A pneumatic control valve is mounted at the flow line to control the cycles. When this valve opens, the plunger starts to move from the bottom to the surface of the well lifting all the oil and gas that are above it until to reach the well test separator where the fluids are measured. The well test separator is used to measure all the volumes produced by the well during a certain period of time called production test. In most cases, the separators are designed to measure stabilized flow, in other words, reasonably constant flow by the use of level and pressure electronic controllers (PLC) and by assumption of a steady pressure inside the separator. With plunger lift wells the liquid and gas flow at the surface are cyclical and unstable what causes the appearance of slugs inside the separator, mainly in the gas phase, because introduce significant errors in the measurement system (e.g.: overrange error). The flow gas analysis proposed in this work is based on two mathematical models used together: i) a plunger lift well model proposed by Baruzzi [1] with later modifications made by Bolonhini [2] to built a plunger lift simulator; ii) a two-phase separator model (gas + liquid) based from a three-phase separator model (gas + oil + water) proposed by Nunes [3]. Based on the models above and with field data collected from the well test separator of PUB-02 platform (Ubarana sea field) it was possible to demonstrate that the output gas flow of the separator can be estimate, with a reasonable precision, from the control signal of the Pressure Control Valve (PCV). Several models of the System Identification Toolbox from MATLAB? were analyzed to evaluate which one better fit to the data collected from the field. For validation of the models, it was used the AIC criterion, as well as a variant of the cross validation criterion. The ARX model performance was the best one to fit to the data and, this way, we decided to evaluate a recursive algorithm (RARX) also with real time data. The results were quite promising that indicating the viability to estimate the output gas flow rate from a plunger lift well producing to a well test separator, with the built-in information of the control signal to the PCV / Este trabalho se prop?e a realizar uma an?lise do comportamento da vaz?o de g?s de po?os produzindo por plunger lift para vasos separadores de teste em plataformas de produ??o de petr?leo com o objetivo de propor uma t?cnica de estima??o da vaz?o durante os instantes de golfadas provocadas por estes tipos de po?os. A motiva??o para este trabalho surgiu diante da perspectiva de instala??o pela PETROBRAS de alguns po?os equipados com plunger lift no campo mar?timo de Ubarana situado na costa do Rio Grande do Norte onde a medi??o dos volumes produzidos ? feita em vaso separador na plataforma. O m?todo de eleva??o artificial de petr?leo denominado plunger lift ? utilizado quando a energia dispon?vel no reservat?rio n?o ? suficiente para vencer todas as perdas de carga necess?rias para elevar o petr?leo do fundo do po?o at? a superf?cie de forma cont?nua. O m?todo consiste, basicamente, de um pist?o livre (plunger) agindo como uma interface mec?nica entre o g?s da forma??o e os l?quidos produzidos, aumentando enormemente a efici?ncia de eleva??o. ? instalada, tamb?m, uma v?lvula de controle acionada pneumaticamente, na linha de produ??o do po?o para efetuar o controle dos ciclos. Ao ser aberta a v?lvula, o pist?o se desloca do fundo do po?o at? a superf?cie, elevando o ?leo e o g?s que se encontram acima do mesmo at? chegar no vaso separador de teste onde os fluidos ser?o medidos. O vaso separador de teste ? utilizado para fazer a aferi??o dos volumes produzidos pelo po?o durante um determinado per?odo de tempo denominado de teste de produ??o. Na maioria dos casos, os vasos separadores s?o projetados para medi??o de vaz?es estabilizadas, ou seja, razoavelmente constantes atrav?s do uso de controladores eletr?nicos de n?vel e de press?o. No caso de po?os produzindo por plunger lift, as vaz?es de l?quido e de g?s na superf?cie s?o c?clicas e de amplitude vari?vel, acarretando o surgimento de golfadas no interior do vaso separador provocando, principalmente para o caso do g?s, erros significativos no sistema de medi??o (ex.: erro de overrange ). A an?lise da vaz?o de g?s proposta neste trabalho se baseia na integra??o de dois modelos matem?ticos: i) modelagem de um po?o de plunger lift proposta por Baruzzi [1] com modifica??es efetuadas posteriormente por Bolonhini [2] na implementa??o de um simulador de plunger lift; ii) modelagem de um vaso separador bif?sico (g?s + l?quido) a partir de um modelo trif?sico (?leo + g?s + ?gua) proposto por Nunes [3]. Com base nos modelos acima e utilizando-se dados coletados no vaso separador de teste da plataforma PUB-02 (campo de Ubarana), foi poss?vel demonstrar que a vaz?o de sa?da de g?s do vaso de teste pode ser estimada, com razo?vel precis?o, a partir do sinal de controle da v?lvula controladora de press?o (PCV). Diversos modelos dispon?veis no toolbox de Identifica??o de Sistemas do MATLAB? foram analisados para se avaliar qual seria o que melhor se adaptava aos dados coletados no campo. Para a valida??o dos modelos foi usado o crit?rio de AIC, bem como uma variante do crit?rio de valida??o cruzada. O modelo ARX foi o que apresentou melhor desempenho com base nos dados coletados e, desta forma, decidiu-se avaliar tamb?m um algoritmo recursivo (RARX) com dados obtidos em tempo real. Os resultados foram bastante promissores, indicando a viabilidade de se poder estimar a vaz?o de sa?da de g?s de um po?o de plunger lift produzindo para um vaso separador de teste a partir da informa??o contida no sinal de controle da PCV

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PlinioACV.pdf: 2673165 bytes, checksum: 041961f375616fef1afc4244b3a44c02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-02 / The purpose of this study was to develop a pilot plant which the main goal is to emulate a flow peak pressure in a separation vessel. Effect similar that is caused by the production in a slug flow in production wells equipped with the artificial lift method plunger lift. The motivation for its development was the need to test in a plant on a smaller scale, a new technique developed to estimate the gas flow in production wells equipped with plunger lift. To develop it, studies about multiphase flow effects, operation methods of artificial lift in plunger lift wells, industrial instrumentation elements, control valves, vessel sizing separators and measurement systems were done. The methodology used was the definition of process flowcharts, its parameters and how the effects needed would be generated for the success of the experiments. Therefore, control valves, the design and construction of vessels and the acquisition of other equipment used were defined. One of the vessels works as a tank of compressed air that is connected to the separation vessel and generates pulses of gas controlled by a on/off valve. With the emulator system ready, several control experiments were made, being the control of peak flow pressure generation and the flow meter the main experiments, this way, it was confirmed the efficiency of the plant usage in the problem that motivated it. It was concluded that the system is capable of generate effects of flow with peak pressure in a primary separation vessel. Studies such as the estimation of gas flow at the exit of the vessel and several academic studies can be done and tested on a smaller scale and then applied in real plants, avoiding waste of time and money. / A proposta desse trabalho foi desenvolver uma planta-piloto com o objetivo principal de emular picos de press?o de escoamentos num vaso de separa??o. Efeito semelhante ao provocado pela produ??o em forma de golfadas em po?os de produ??o equipados com o m?todo de eleva??o artificial plunger lift. A motiva??o para o desenvolvimento do mesmo foi a necessidade de se testar, numa planta em escala menor, uma nova t?cnica desenvolvida para a estima??o da vaz?o de g?s em po?os produtores equipados com plunger lift. Para seu desenvolvimento foram realizados estudos sobre efeitos dos escoamentos multif?sicos, funcionamento de m?todos de eleva??o artificial em po?os de plunger lift, dos elementos de instrumenta??o industrial, v?lvulas de controle, dimensionamento de vasos separadores e sistemas de medi??o. A metodologia utilizada foi a defini??o dos fluxogramas do processo, seus par?metros e como seriam gerados os efeitos necess?rios para o sucesso dos experimentos. Assim, foram definidas as v?lvulas de controle, o dimensionamento e constru??o dos vasos e a aquisi??o dos demais equipamentos utilizados. Um dos vasos funciona como reservat?rio de ar comprimido que, conectado ao vaso de separa??o, gera pulsos de g?s controlados por uma v?lvula on/off. Com o sistema emulador pronto, foram realizadas diversas experi?ncias de controle, sendo o controle de press?o com gera??o de picos e medi??o de vaz?o a principal experi?ncia, onde se comprovou a efici?ncia da utiliza??o da planta no problema que a motivou. Concluiu-se que o sistema ? capaz de gerar efeitos de escoamentos com picos de press?o num vaso de separa??o prim?ria. Estudos como a estima??o de vaz?o de g?s na saida do vaso e diversos estudos acad?micos poder?o ser feitos e testados numa escala menor sendo aplicados em seguida nas plantas reais, evitando perda de tempo e dinheiro

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO RODRIGO SOARES SEMENTE.pdf: 1203856 bytes, checksum: 4eaca6c76cb5befb0c8681343579bc26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-22 / Wireless sensors and actuators Networks specified by IEEE 802.15.4, are becoming increasingly being applied to instrumentation, as in instrumentation of oil wells with completion Plunger Lift type. Due to specific characteristics of the environment being installed, it s find the risk of compromising network security, and presenting several attack scenarios and the potential damage from them. It`s found the need for a more detailed security study of these networks, which calls for use of encryption algorithms, like AES-128 bits and RC6. So then it was implement the algorithms RC6 and AES-128, in an 8 bits microcontroller, and study its performance characteristics, critical for embedded applications. From these results it was developed a Hybrid Algorithm Cryptographic, ACH, which showed intermediate characteristics between the AES and RC6, more appropriate for use in applications with limitations of power consumption and memory. Also was present a comparative study of quality of security among the three algorithms, proving ACH cryptographic capability. / As redes de sensores e atuadores sem-fio especificadas pelo padr?o IEEE 802.15.4, est?o cada vez mais sendo aplicadas ? instrumenta??o, como na instrumenta??o de po?os de petr?leo com completa??o do tipo Plunger Lift. Devido ?s caracter?sticas espec?ficas do ambiente que est?o sendo instaladas, foram observados riscos de comprometimento de seguran?a da rede, e estudados v?rios cen?rios de ataques e os danos potenciais dos mesmos. Verificou-se assim a necessidade de um estudo mais detalhado de seguran?a dessas redes, que preconiza o uso de algoritmos de criptografia, como o AES-128 bits e RC6. Assim foram implementados os algoritmos AES-128 e RC6, em um microcontrolador de apenas 8 bits, e realizados estudos detalhados de suas caracter?sticas de desempenho, crucial para aplica??es embarcadas. A partir desses resultados foi criado um Algoritmo Criptogr?fico H?brido, ACH, que apresentou caracter?sticas intermedi?rias entre o AES e o RC6, mais apropriadas para uso em aplica??es com limita??es de consumo de energia e mem?ria. Tamb?m foi realizado um estudo comparativo da qualidade de seguran?a entre os tr?s algoritmos, provando a capacidade criptogr?fica do ACH.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipePMA_DISSERT.pdf: 3715487 bytes, checksum: 630bbbaabad6ec787270701f99c61fb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-18 / A critical problem in mature gas wells is the liquid loading. As the reservoir pressure decreases, gas superficial velocities decreases and the drag exerted on the liquid phase may become insufficient to bring all the liquid to the surface. Liquid starts to drain downward, flooding the well and increasing the backpressure which decreases the gas superficial velocity and so on. A popular method to remedy this problem is the Plunger Lift. This method consists of dropping the "plunger"to the bottom of the tubing well with the main production valve closed. When the plunger reaches the well bottom the production valve is opened and the plunger carry the liquid to the surface. However, models presented in literature for predicting the behavior in plunger lift are simplistic, in many cases static (not considering the transient effects). Therefore work presents the development and validation of a numerical algorithm to solve one-dimensional compressible in gas wells using the Finite Volume Method and PRIME techniques for treating coupling of pressure and velocity fields. The code will be then used to develop a dynamic model for the plunger lift which includes the transient compressible flow within the well / Um problema cr?tico em po?os maduros de g?s ? a carga l?quida. Quando a press?o do reservat?rio diminui, a velocidade superficial diminui e o arrasto exercido na fase l?quida pode se tornar insuficiente para trazer todo o l?quido para a superf?cie. O l?quido come?a a drenar para baixo, afogando o po?o e aumentando a contrapress?o, a qual diminui a velocidade superficial, e assim por diante. Um m?todo popular para remediar esse problema ? o plunger lift. Esse m?todo consiste em derrubar um plunger na fundo coluna de produ??o com a v?lvula principal fechada. Quando o plunger alcan?a o fundo do po?o a v?lvula de produ??o ? aberta e o plunger carrega o l?quido para a superf?cie. Atualmente, os modelos presentes na literatura para prever o comportamento do plunger s?o simplistas, em muitos casos est?ticos (n?o consideram efeitos transientes). Assim, esse trabalho apresenta e valida um algor?timo num?rico para resolver escoamentos em po?os de g?s usando o M?todo dos Volumes Finitos e a t?cnica PRIME para tratar o acoplamento da press?o e velocidade. Esse modelo ser? usado para desenvolver modelos din?micos para plunger lift que incluem efeitos transientes e compress?veis nos escoamentos em po?os

This thesis provides an overall evaluation of the concept of inline injection pump for pressure 120 MPa. The name of this pump is "Mj" and it is a product of the Motorpal, a.s. company. This thesis also contains an analysis of the contact pressures between the cam lobe and the pumping element's roller tappet. This includes comparing three different shapes of the roller and their influence on the magnitude of contact pressures. Calculations of the plunger helix and of the fuel delivery's impact on the relative position of plunger are also present.

No description available.

Studying nuclei beyond the proton dripline can provide valuable information on the structure of nuclei at the limits of stability, where the strong nuclear force starts to be overcome by Coulomb repulsion between protons. Simple experimental observables, such as excitation energies and lifetimes of excited states in these proton-unbound nuclei can provide information on the nuclear wave function. Experimental data, such as that presented in this work, can then be used to improve models of nuclear structure at the proton dripline. This thesis presents data from a recoil-decay tagged differential plunger experiment undertaken at the University of Jyvaskyla in 2014. A fusion-evaporation reaction was used to populate excited states in the deformed ground-state proton emitter 113Cs. The JUROGAM-RITU-GREAT experimental setup was used to correlate gamma rays emitted from these excited states with protons emitted from 113Cs and the differential plunger for unbound nuclear states (DPUNS) was placed at the target position to measure the excited state lifetimes. The lifetime of the (11/2+) state in the most intense rotational band of 113Cs was measured to be tau = 24(6) ps, while a limit of tau is less than or equal to 5 ps was found for the lifetime of the higher energy (15/2+) state. The lifetime of proton emission was measured to be tau = 24.2(2) microseconds. The experimental data were used to test the predictions of a non adiabatic quasi-particle model for proton-emitting nuclei, which was employed to deduce the deformation of the states in 113Cs. Wave functions from the non adiabatic quasi-particle model were used to independently calculate proton-emission rates, gamma-ray transition rates and excited state energies as functions of deformation. The deformation of 113Cs could then be extracted from the intersection of the different theoretical values and experimental observables. A deformation of beta2 = 0.22(6)was extracted from the (11/2+) excitation energy and lifetime. The deformation values taken from the proton-emission rate and the lifetime limit of the (15/2+) state were also consistent with this value. The consistency of the different deformations calculated shows the effectiveness of the non adiabatic quasi-particle method when used to calculate the properties of deformed ground-state proton-emitters.