The IEEE 802.15.4 is defined as a Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network, which is also called ZigBee. The characteristics of ZigBee are low power consumption for battery life, extremely low cost, short-range operation. According to 915 MHz Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation part of IEEE 802.15.4 ¡V 2006, we designed transmitter and receiver in base band part. In the later article, we will introduce my algorithm design, the Quantization and the Architecture in hard- ware implementation, the simulations, and the final verifying work of the layout that we did. Finally, we make a conclusion of this thesis, and we bring up the possible improvement in this design. In my algorithm of the ZigBee receiver, I fined a new table to replace the original table of spec IEEE 802.15.4 to solve multi-sequence interference, which can improve the performance about 0.2 to 0.4dB. My algorithm is lower 1.5dB than the Ideal receiver, which simulate in none carrier frequency offset (CFO) and none sample time offset, but both of mine are biggest. Then, my architecture implementation in hardware is lower about 1.5dB than my algorithm. Completed the hardware circuit design and simulations, I applied for a layout in 0.18-um CMOS technology.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN’s) are becoming popular in military and civilian applications such as surveillance, monitoring, disaster recovery, home automation and many others. Prolonged network lifetime, scalability, node mobility and load balancing are important requirements for many WSN applications. This thesis work presents the investigation of scalability and power consumption in different wireless module such as Bluetooth, Zigbee to deploy in the large scale wireless sensor network application by simulation the network topologies, analysis and comparison of both the wireless module in OPNET and running the WSN application using Zigbee in Real environment. In order to increase the scalability and reduce the power consumption we use the Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN), we worked on the programming of the 6LoWPAN protocol stack and analysis of the results using the perytons network protocol analyzer.

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines the implementation of a Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). While the current version of the standard was ratified in 2006, there is still no readily available Medium Access Control (MAC) layer and/or Physical (PHY) layer for Altera Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) in the public domain. This research investigates the implementation of the standard using an Altera FPGA for the MAC layer and PHY layer drivers. The Freescale MC13192 transceiver was used for the physical portion of the PHY layer, which includes the RF front end of the system. The purpose of this research was to implement a basic full function device (FFD), which is capable of acting as a node in the network, as well as co-ordinating it. This allows a simple network to be tested by loading the same code on two FPGA boards, with one configured to act as a coordinator and the other as a device. The flexibility of the standard means that there are several implementation choices to be made, each of which limits the compatibility with devices using other implementation options. The implementation and design decisions made in producing a preliminary core are described in detail. The implementation of the MAC layer primitives is discussed at length as these were not available as source code. These primitives are the building blocks for the core functions of the system. Specifically, the functionality of the Energy Detection (ED) scan, stream transmit and stream receive functions are explored in detail. The code has been implemented using C and is run on the Altera Nios II soft-core processor. The work presented here is an initial implementation meant to serve as a foundation for further research. Additional functionality defined by the standard could be added, or optimization of individual functions could be explored. The current implementation also has the potential to serve as the foundation for research into various sensors which may be part of end devices in the network.

In recent years, the worldwide progress of wireless communication technology has bringing great benefit and convenience to our people¡¦s life. Nowadays, people can use appliances of wireless communication in many fields, such as family-monitoring, automatic system, and smart-type device¡Ketc. However, in order to dealing with the need of low cost and low power communication, the researcher spend many years on developing the specification of IEEE 802.15.4 Low Rate-Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) expected be applied in widespread use. In this thesis, we focus on the baseband signal processing for the physical layer specification of the 868/915MHz mode of the IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN. Our design blocks include packet detection, sampling point detection (energy detection), carrier frequency offset (CFO) compensation, carrier phase offset (CPO) compensation, and despreading algorithms. During the process of simulation, we¡¦ll examine whether our design match the criteria of standard such as sensitivity, packet format, and modulation. While our designs achieve the requirement of the standard, we start on quantization. Finally, we¡¦ll realize the algorithm in VHDL and examine it.

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines the implementation of a Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). While the current version of the standard was ratified in 2006, there is still no readily available Medium Access Control (MAC) layer and/or Physical (PHY) layer for Altera Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) in the public domain. This research investigates the implementation of the standard using an Altera FPGA for the MAC layer and PHY layer drivers. The Freescale MC13192 transceiver was used for the physical portion of the PHY layer, which includes the RF front end of the system. The purpose of this research was to implement a basic full function device (FFD), which is capable of acting as a node in the network, as well as co-ordinating it. This allows a simple network to be tested by loading the same code on two FPGA boards, with one configured to act as a coordinator and the other as a device. The flexibility of the standard means that there are several implementation choices to be made, each of which limits the compatibility with devices using other implementation options. The implementation and design decisions made in producing a preliminary core are described in detail. The implementation of the MAC layer primitives is discussed at length as these were not available as source code. These primitives are the building blocks for the core functions of the system. Specifically, the functionality of the Energy Detection (ED) scan, stream transmit and stream receive functions are explored in detail. The code has been implemented using C and is run on the Altera Nios II soft-core processor. The work presented here is an initial implementation meant to serve as a foundation for further research. Additional functionality defined by the standard could be added, or optimization of individual functions could be explored. The current implementation also has the potential to serve as the foundation for research into various sensors which may be part of end devices in the network.

Denna studie har undersökt möjligheten att implementera ett trådlöst kommunikationssystem i en ugnsmiljö. Den trådlösa kommunikationstekniken som har använts är av standarden IEEE 802.15.4. För denna undersökning har ett trådlöst mätsystem för temperatur konstruerats. För att hålla nere temperaturen på detta mätsystem har kapslingsmaterialen keramik och glasull använts. Resultatet av mätningarna visar att kvalitén på radiokommunikationen kan förväntas vara god för de testade förhållande med kapsling och en temperatur upp till 200 grader. För de testade förhållandena i ugnsmiljön visar mätresultat att positionering är av större betydelse än värmeutvecklingen och kapslingen. / This study has explored the possibility to implement a wireless communication system in an ovenenvironment. For this exploration a wireless measurement system for temperature have beenconstructed. The technology of use is a radio communication system with the standard IEEE 802.15.4. The high temperature in the oven environment is kept down at the electronic by using anenclosure. The enclosure material that have been examined is a ceramic layer and a fibreglasslayer. The result of this study shows that the quality of the radio communication for the tested enclosureis expected to be good for temperatures up to 200 degrees. For the test cases the relation betweenthe radio module’s positioning is more important than the increase of temperature and the use ofan enclosure.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Fabiano da Silva.pdf: 1657202 bytes, checksum: 723f6467468487e790c6953fa87da62b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-17 / The IEEE 802.15.4 network standard is being used as a suitable solution for wireless sensor networks in many environments and areas of expertise. This kind of network has specific characteristics that differ from others types of wireless network. This work intends to analyse the mobility impact on IEEE 802.15.4 elements. For this reason it was developed a simulation platform that contains specific requirements necessary to evaluate and compare environments with and without mobility. The results will show that the mobility of elements in the scenarios evaluated caused degradation of the signal at short distances, but for distances between 30 and 40 meters in mobility caused an improvement in the rate of transmission of elements, as well as at distances greater than 60 meters. / O padr?o de rede IEEE 802.15.4 vem sendo utilizado como solu??o adequada para redes de sensores sem fio em muitos ambientes e ?reas de atua??o. Este tipo de rede tem caracter?sticas espec?ficas que a diferem de outros tipos de rede sem fio. Este trabalho visa avaliar o impacto da mobilidade de elementos na rede IEEE 802.15.4. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma plataforma de simula??o que contem os requisitos espec?ficos necess?rios para avaliar e comparar ambientes com e sem mobilidade. Os resultados v?o mostrar que a mobilidade dos elementos nos cen?rios avaliados provocou degrada??o do sinal em pequenas dist?ncias, mas em dist?ncias entre 30 e 40 metros a mobilidade causou uma melhora na taxa de transmiss?o dos elementos, assim como em dist?ncias maiores que 60 metros.

Les médias et de nombreuses études scientifiques évoquent fréquemment la notion de vie privée en lien avec des exemples de cyber attaques. Le vol par des hackers de 12 millions d’identifiants d’utilisateurs Apple en 2012 illustre que les objets communicants sont des maillons vulnérables exploités par les hackers pour accéder aux données personnelles des usagers. Dans cette thèse, nous allons étendre la notion de vie privée aux objets eux-mêmes, au-delà des utilisateurs, en montrant que dans des réseaux de capteurs sans fil où les communications ont lieu de machine à machine, la connaissance des adresses fixes des différents appareils constituant le réseau représente une source d’information permettant de déduire beaucoup d’éléments de contexte et d’environnement.Actuellement, tous les standards de communication sans fil intègrent la capacité de sécuriser les données transportées, y compris les protocoles de communication dédiés aux réseaux de capteurs, conçus pour fonctionner en milieu contraint et à basse consommation. Cependant, l’en-tête des trames envoyées sur l’air comportant les informations nécessaires au routage et au bon fonctionnement du réseau, figure toujours en texte clair. La collecte de ces métadonnées par écoute passive représente un danger pour les environnements et les applications qui font usage de ces réseaux.Le travail mené dans cette thèse a pour objectif d’explorer comment de simples attaques passives sur des réseaux meshés basés sur le standard IEEE 802.15.4, visant à collecter et exploiter les métadonnées de ces trames échangées sur l’air, permettent d’inférer des informations critiques sur le réseau lui-même, l’environnement dans lequel il est déployé et les comportements des personnes qui en font usage. Plusieurs solutions visant à dissimuler les adresses des nœuds du réseau sont ensuite étudiées. Ces solutions sont de deux types : soit elles rendent anonymes les dispositifs empêchant de remonter à la source des messages, soit elles reposent sur l’utilisation de pseudonymes permettant de conserver la possibilité d’auditer le trafic.Afin d’évaluer les caractéristiques et les performances de ces solutions, un simulateur a été mis en œuvre afin de reproduire le comportement d’un réseau de capteurs meshés embarquant l’OS Contiki. Ce simulateur a permis d’évaluer la solution la plus prometteuse issue de l’état de l’art, nommée MT6D, en comparant ses performances avec un réseau de référence ne dissimulant pas les métadonnées. Cette analyse a fait ressortir certains inconvénients, en particulier l’augmentation importante des trames de contrôle nécessaires au routage, et a permis d’élaborer les spécifications d’une solution plus optimale pour l’embarqué.Nous avons ainsi introduit Ephemeral, qui présente la capacité de dissimuler les adresses des dispositifs dans les messages envoyés sur l’air, par l’usage de pseudonymes, sans augmenter la quantité de trames de contrôle indispensables au routage. Une fois mis en œuvre avec le simulateur afin de valider les performances théoriques attendues, Ephemeral est déployé en environnement réel sur un réseau de capteurs IEEE 802.15.4 équipant un bâtiment. Ce retour d’expérimentation permet de confirmer qu’Ephemeral constitue une solution économe du point de vue de la consommation d’énergie et de la bande passante du réseau, pour masquer les identifiants des dispositifs impliqués dans les communications. / Privacy notion is frequently linked with cyber attack examples by media and scientific researches. In 2012, the hacking of 12 millions Apple user identifiers demonstrates that connected objects represent leaks exploited by hackers to access to user personal data. In this thesis, we will extend the privacy notion to the objects. To do this, we will show that in wireless sensor networks where communications are carried out from machine-to-machine, the knowledge of the static addresses of the devices within the network discloses information allowing deduction about elements of context and environment.Nowadays, the wireless communication standards provide security mechanisms whatever the communication protocols used including the low power ones designed to run on constrained environment. However, the frame header that comprises necessary information for routing and for the proper functioning of the network is always sent in clear text. Collecting and gathering these metadata by eavesdropping is dangerous for the environments and applications based on these networks.The work carried out in this thesis aims to explore how simple passive attacks on meshed networks based on IEEE 802.15.4 used to collect and exploit metadata allow to infer critical information about the network, the environment where the network is deployed and the behavior of users. Two kinds of solutions to hide the node addresses are studied. The first one provides anonymity for the devices. In the second kind of solutions, pseudonyms are used by nodes enabling the capability to audit the traffic within the network.To evaluate the characteristics and the performances of the solutions, a simulator has been used to reproduce the behavior of a meshed wireless sensor network embedding Contiki OS. This simulator allows to compare the performances of MT6D the most promising solution of our state of the art with that of a reference network do not mask the metadata. With this analyze, we can highlight some drawbacks and more especially the control frames overhead needed for the routing. We give the necessary specifications to deploy the most optimal solution for the embedded devices.Thus we propose Ephemeral that allows hiding device addresses provided in the sent frames by using pseudonyms without overhead on the control frames. After deployment in the simulation environment to evaluate expected theoretical performances, Ephemeral has been tested in real environment. The network is made up of twenty IEEE 802.15.4 sensor nodes deployed on a building. The results show that Ephemeral is an efficient low power and bandwidth-saving solution to hide device identifiers used in wireless communications.

Le monde actuel connaît de profondes mutations démographiques étroitement liées au développement du domaine de la santé publique. L’accroissement de l’espérance de vie s’accompagne d’une augmentation du nombre des personnes âgées, en particulier celles atteintes de maladies chroniques. Plusieurs projets de recherche existants ont comme objectif d’assurer le maintien à domicile des personnes âgées, par un meilleur suivi en utilisant les nouvelles technologies. Parmi eux, nous trouvons le projet CANet qui propose l’utilisation de la canne comme un outil de surveillance non intrusif par l’intégration d’une multitude de capteurs. La canne utilise un système de communication sans fil qui lui permet d’échanger avec un centre de collecte ou de surveillance. Cette solution technologique permet le respect de la vie privée des personnes âgées, sans limiter leur liberté. Notre sujet de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de ce projet CANet. Les travaux de thèse sont principalement organisés autour de la conception d’une architecture topologique protocolaire, et des méthodes d’accès aux réseaux sans fil qui permettent la surveillance des personnes âgées à travers un réseau de capteurs embarqués dans une canne. L’objectif principal de la thèse est l’étude des architectures et des protocoles mis en œuvre au niveau communication sans fil pour offrir une infrastructure réseau fiable pour divers services de surveillance, de mesures, d'acheminement de données vers un centre de contrôle distant (cabinet médical, membres de la famille, etc.). Ces propositions ont fait l’objet d’une étude théorique et d’analyses de performances par simulation. / The world is undergoing profound demographic changes closely linked with the development of the field of public health. The increase in life expectancy is accompanied by an increase in the number of elderly people, in particular those with chronic diseases. Several existing research projects have as objective to ensure the maintenance to homes of the elderly, by a better follow-up by using new technologies. Among them, we find the proposed CANet who proposed the use of sugar cane as a tool for monitoring non-intrusive by the integration of a multitude of sensors. The cane used a wireless communication system, which allows him to exchange with a collection center or surveillance. This technological solution allows the respect of the private life of older persons, without limiting their freedom. Our thesis subject is inscribed in the framework of this project CANet. The work of this thesis is organized primarily around the design of an architecture protocol topology, and access methods for wireless networks, which allow monitoring of older persons through a network of sensors embedded in a cane. The main objective of the thesis is the study of architectures and protocols implemented at the level wireless communication to provide a reliable network infrastructure for various services for monitoring, measures, routing of data to a control center remote (medical office, members of the family, etc.). These proposals have been the subject of a theoretical study and analysis of performance by simulation.

Cette thèse démontre la pertinence de l’utilisation du Courant Porteur en Ligne (CPL) pour des applications de réseaux de capteurs. Nous nous focalisons sur la technologie basse consomma- tion et bas débit "WPC" développée par la société Watteco et nous montrons que son utilisation est justifiée pour des applications de réseaux de capteurs. Nous situons la solution WPC dans le paysage du CPL et déterminons les protocoles compatibles. Nous décrivons ensuite l’implé- mentation du module WPC et du média CPL dans le simulateur de réseau COOJA afin de proposer une solution réseau reposant sur l’adaptation du standard 802.15.4 sur la technologie WPC. Nous démontrons ensuite l’intérêt de la convergence des médias au niveau réseau par l’utilisation du standard IPv6, que nous adaptons sur notre solution CPL grâce au protocole 6LoWPAN. Nous justifions l’utilisation des protocoles standards de l’IETF sur notre solution CPL et nous montrons qu’une solution de routage sur CPL doit être développée. Nous montrons par des expérimentations que notre solution CPL correspond aux critères des réseaux basse puis- sance et supportant les pertes de transmissions (LLNs) pour lesquels le protocole standard RPL a été conçu. Nous justifions l’utilisation de ce protocole sur CPL, et validons son implémenta- tion dans le cadre de 2 expérimentations. Formées respectivement de 7 puis 26 noeuds CPL, les résultats montrent que le routage créé par RPL permet de couvrir un étage d’un bâtiment avec une topologie de type arbre et une profondeur de 3 sauts maximum. Nous montrons également que la technologie WPC permet une connectivité importante entre les noeuds du réseau et que la qualité des liens est fortement dynamique, mais que le routage permet de s’adapter à ces variations. Nous pointons également les limites de notre solution CPL qui présente des délais importants et des débits faibles, générant de contraintes fortes sur les applications. Notre solu- tion de réseau de capteur sur CPL repose sur le standard IP, permettant des échanges de paquets avec d’autres technologies. Nous étudions ainsi la possibilité de créer des réseaux hétérogènes mélangeant la technologie WPC et radio 802.15.4. Nous montrons que notre pile protocolaire permet la création de ce type de réseau, afin de profiter du meilleur des 2 mondes. Nous décri- vons ainsi l’architecture d’un noeud hybride Radio Fréquence (RF) / CPL permettant de faire transiter les paquets entre ces 2 médias. Nous montrons ensuite que l’utilisation combinée de ces 2 médias augmente le nombre de chemins disponibles et permet de faciliter le routage, en diminuant le nombre de sauts et le risque que certains noeuds du réseau soient inaccessibles. Nous démontrons ensuite que l’injection de noeuds CPL et RF/CPL dans un réseau formé de noeuds RF sur batterie permet de les délester de leur charge de routage afin de prolonger leur durée de vie. Nous présentons ensuite une optimisation énergétique matérielle et logicielle d’un noeud radio. Nous déterminons les paramètres des protocoles et les optimisations logicielles per- mettant de tirer au mieux partie de cette architecture et nous réalisons l’étude énergétique de la sonde embarquée sur le noeud. Au final, notre architecture présente une consommation totale inférieure à 17 μW. Nous indiquons dans les annexes nos implications dans les organismes de standardisation qui ont permis de valider l’implémentation. / This thesis demonstrate the relevance of Powerline Communication (PLC) usage for sensor networks applications. We focus in particular on the low power and low data rate PLC technol- ogy "Watt Pulse Communication" (WPC) developed by the Watteco company and justify its usage for sensor network applications. We situate the WPC technology in the PLC landscape and define compatible protocols. We then describe the WPC module and the PLC media im- plementation in the COOJA network simulator. This allows us to propose a network solution over this technology, leveraging on the adaptation of the 802.15.4 standard over the WPC tech- nology. We then demonstrate the benefit of media convergence at the network layer level, with the use of the IPv6 standard that we adapted over our PLC solution thanks to the 6LoWPAN protocol. We justify the usage of standards protocols over our PLC solution and show that a routing solutions must be developed over WPC. We show through experiments that our PLC solution match low power and lossy network (LLNs) criterions for which the RPL standard pro- tocol has been designed. We justify the usage of this routing protocol over our PLC solution, and validate its implementation through 2 experiments conducted in tertiary types buildings. Respectively composed of 7 and 26 PLC nodes, results show that the routing topology created by RPL enable the coverage an entire floor of a tertiary building with a tree based topology and 3 hops maximum path length. We also show that the WPC technology exhibits a high connectivity between nodes and that the link quality is highly dynamic. Though, we observed that the routing topology was able to handle these variations. We point out the limitations of our PLC solution, which presents high delays and low throughput, creating high constraints on applications. Our sensor network solution over PLC relies on the IP standard, enabling packets exchanges with other technologies using the same protocol. In particular, we study the possi- bility to create heterogeneous networks mixing the WPC technology with 802.15.4 radio. We show that our protocol stack used over PLC enable to create this type of network, in order to benefit from the best of these 2 worlds. We purpose an architecture of a hybrid Radio / PLC node enabling to transfer packets between these 2 media. Then, we show that the combined usage of these 2 media increase the number of available paths and facilitate the routing, while diminishing the number of hops and possible unreachability of nodes. We then demonstrate that the addition of PLC and Radio/PLC nodes in a RF based battery powered sensor network enable to relieve their routing charge in order to expand their lifetime. We then continue the energy study with a power consumption optimization of a wireless sensor network platform from the hardware and software standpoint. We first determine the operating frequency, the wake up frequency and the mode of operation of the micro controller offering the lowest power consump- tion. We then conduct an energy study of 4 different radio transceivers using the 2.4 GHz and 868 MHz frequency band, in order to determine the most efficient architecture. We determine the protocols parameters and the software optimization to reach the lower power consumption of this architecture. Finally, we realize the energy study of several probes than can be embedded on the node, according to their nature and functioning mode. Our final architecture exhibits a total power consumption that is lower than 17 μW, with an applicative reporting each 10 minutes and the maintenance of the reachability with the network. We also mention in annex parts our implication in standards developments organizations such as the IETF a the IPSO alliance, that allow us to validate the implementation of our solution through interoperability events.