Orientador: Jose Teixeira Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T08:28:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kletecke_RojaneMagda_M.pdf: 995264 bytes, checksum: 66cfe3c189250fbf940b0fe9dac2f055 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: A atividade agrícola é desejada pela sociedade. No entanto, gera como sub-produto, a erosão acelerada do solo, tomando-se uma fonte de poluição dos corpos d'água via sedimentos e elementos químicos arrastados. Esses processos erosivos comprometem os recursos hídricos a partir da geração de cargas difusas, afetando diretamente a qualidade da água. O uso de modelos empíricos para avaliação de perdas de solo pode dar indicações do potencial de degradação da qualidade da água de bacias hidrográficas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi a avaliação das Áreas de Alto Risco Potencial para Formação de Cargas Difusas (Método I) e a determinação das Áreas Susceptíveis à Perda de Solo (Método 11). Para determinação dos métodos foram utilizados dados de: solo, relevo, potencial natural de erosão (PNE), aptidão agrícola das terras, caracterização do manejo e da tolerância de perdas de solo. O Método I teve como base: Potencial Natural de Erosão (PNE); Aptidão Agrícola das Terras; e Plano de Avaliação dos Procedimentos Agrícolas. A partir dessas três cartas foi gerada a carta das Áreas de Alto Risco Potencial para Formação de Cargas Difusas na Bacia do Ribeirão dos Marins - Monjolinho. O Método 11 levou em consideração a Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (EUPS). Aonde foram analisados três cenários: Cenário 1 - considerando as práticas conservacionistas atuais da área; Cenário 2 - considerando que a área não possuía nenhuma prática conservacionista, plantio morro abaixo; e o Cenário 3 - com prática conservacionista em área total, cordões de vegetação permanente. Neste método as taxas de perdas de solo foram analisadas em tfhalano e em mm/célulalano. Posteriormente foram analisadas as áreas susceptíveis à perda de solo, por meio da metodologia de tolerância de perda de solo. Os resultados mostraram que a cultura da cana-de-açúcar foi predominante na área em estudo (42,2%), seguida pela pastagem (37,8%). O potencial moderado a forte do PNE se restringiu a 0,9% da área e o potencial forte foi nulo; a adequação do uso do solo foi considerada como sobre-utilizada em 6,4% da área. A perda média de solo, pela EUPS, foi em tomo de 1 tfhalano em 61,1 % da área da bacia. No Método I, as áreas de alto risco potencial para formação de cargas difusas representaram 7,5% da área total e no Método 11 as áreas críticas susceptíveis à erosão representaram 11,3 % da área total. No cruzamento dos dois métodos, ambos, combinaram em 84,6%. Sendo que 80% da área foi classificada como áreas não críticas ou sem potencial de formação de cargas difusas e 4,6% como áreas críticas ou com alto risco potencial de formação cargas difusas. Os métodos proporcionaram indicações fundamentais para avaliação do estado potencial de formação de cargas difusas, altamente impactantes na qualidade das águas das bacias hidrográficas / Abstract: The agricultural activity is aspirated by the society. However, it generates as by-product the sped up erosion of the soi!, becoming a source of pollution for water bodies by dragged sediments and chemical elements. These erosive processes compromise the water resources through diffuse load generation, direct1y affecting the water quality. The use of empirical models to evaluate soi! losses can give indications of the potential degradation of the water quality. The goal of this work was to evaluate Areas of High Potential Risk of Non Point Source Pollution Formation (Method I) and to determine Areas of Soil Loss Susceptibility (Method 11). The methods were determined using data related to: soi!, relief, natural potential of erosion, agricultural aptitude of lands, characterization of management practices and soil loss tolerance. To complete Method I, the following information was used: Natural Potential of Erosion (PNE); Agricultural Aptitude of Lands; and Assessment Plan of Agricultural Procedures. These three maps generated the map of Areas of High Potential Risk for Diffuse Load Formation in the Ribeirão dos Marins watershed - Monjolinho. To complete Method 11, the Universal Soi! Loss Equation (USLE) was applied. In this case three situations were analyzed: 1 - Considering the current best management practices used of the area; 2 - Not considering the current best management practices used in the area; 3 - Considering the application of best management practices in the whole area. In this method the rates of soil losses had been analyzed in t/ha/year and mm/cells/year. Later the areas susceptible to soi! losses were analyzed by means of a soi! loss tolerance methodology. Results showed that sugarcane is the predominant culture in the study area (42,2%), followed by pasture (37,8%). The moderate to strong potential PNE was restricted to 0.9% of the area and the strong potential was null; the adequacy of land use was considered as over-used in 6,4% of the area. The average soi! loss, according to USLE, was around 1 t/ha/year in 61,1 % of the basin. In Method I, the areas of high potential risk of non point source pollution formation equal 7.5% of the total and in Method 11 the critical areas, susceptible to erosion equal 11,3 % of the total. In the crossing of the two methods, there was agreement in 84,6% of the total area; 80% were classified as non-critical areas (without potential for diffuse load formation) and 4.6% were classified as critical areas (with high potential risk of diffuse load formation). The methods had provided substantial indications for assessment of the potential of formation of non point source pollution, which causes detriment ofthe water quality in watersheds / Mestrado / Agua e Solo / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

English Version: When humans started looking out at a starry night, astronomy was born. Photons emitted by stars travel up to sometimes billions of light years to reach our eyes, and by studying the properties of this photon flux we are able to infer properties of the star itself. Instead of photons, the IceCube Observatory, located at South Pole, aims at detecting neutrinos and hopes to shed some light on the still unsolved mystery of cosmic-ray acceleration and production mechanisms, and on the most energetic phenomena of the Universe. At the time of this writing, IceCube has proven the existence of an astrophysical neutrino flux with a significance exceeding seven sigmas. Nevertheless, the observed astrophysical neutrino flux shows no significant directional clustering nor a clear association with any known source class so far. Also the latest results given by IceCube’s point source analysis show no significant clustering as well. It is therefore important to widen the search to different source topologies to maximize the discovery potential. In the first part of this work we present an extended source analysis with seven years of IceCube data, adding three years of data to the previous published work and implementing a novel likelihood formulation. Since the extensions of any potential sources are not known a priori, five different extensions have been considered, from 1° to 5°. No significant clustering is observed in any of the maps. The ability of IceCube to establish neutrino astronomy by finding neutrino sources is limited by the number of cosmic neutrinos measured. Despite the aforementioned discovery of an astrophysical flux, detailed spectral studies and searches for specific source locations in this signal remain a challenge with the event sample sizes available from the IceCube instrument. Therefore, a considerable expansion of the current detector, IceCube Gen2, is promoted, which includes the instrumentation of a 10 km3 volume, able to deliver substantial increases in the astrophysical neutrino sample for all flavors. Not only the hardware will be upgraded, but many systems will undergo improvements, such as communications and timing infrastructures. A new communication system has been investigated and is presented in the second part of this document. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), the simplest digital modulation technique, has been studied as possible communication technique for IceCube Gen2. / French Version: Quand les humains ont commencé à regarder le ciel étoilé, l’astronomie est née. Les photons émis par les étoiles voyagent parfois des milliards d’années lumière avant d’atteindre nos yeux, et c’est grâce à l’étude de ce flux de photons que l’on peut déduire les propriétés des étoiles mêmes. Au lieu des photons, l’Observatoire IceCube, situé au Pôle Sud, a pour but de détecter des neutrinos :il espère éclairer le mystère encore non résolu de l’accéleration et des mécanismes de production des rayons cosmiques, ainsi que des phénomènes les plus énergétiques de l’Univers. Au moment où ce document a été rédigé, IceCube a démontré l’existence d’un flux de neutrinos astrophysiques avec une signification statistique excédant sept sigmas. Cependant, le flux de neutrinos astrophysiques observé ne montre aucun regroupement directionnel significatif ni une évidence d’association avec aucune source connue à l’heure actuelle. De plus, les derniers résultats fournis par les analyses de sources ponctuelles de la collaboration IceCube ne montrent non plus aucun regroupement. Il est donc important d’étendre ces recherches vers des typologies de sources différentes pour maximiser le potentiel de son découverte. Dans la première partie de ce travail nous présentons une analyse de source étendue basée sur sept années de données d’IceCube, ce qui rajoute trois ans de données au travail précédemment publié tout en mettant en oeuvre une nouvelle formulation de maximum de vraisem- blance. Comme les extensions de sources potentielles ne sont pas connues à priori, cinq extensions différentes ont été considérées, de 1° à 5°. Aucun regroupement significatif n’a été observé sur aucune des cartes. La capacité d’IceCube de consolider l’astronomie neutrino en découvrant des sources de neutrinos est limitée par le nombre de neutrinos cosmiques mesuré. Malgré la découverte susmentionnée d’un flux astrophysique, les études détaillées de spectre ainsi que les recherches de sources spécifiques pour ce type de signal demeurent un défi, à cause de la limitation de taille disponible des échantillons avec l’instrument IceCube. Par conséquent, une expansion considérable du détecteur actuel, IceCube Gen2, est promue :elle inclut l’instrumentation d’un volume de 10 km3, apte à fournir une augmentation importante des échantillons de neutrinos de toutes les saveurs. Non seulement le hardware sera mis à niveau, mais de nombreux autres systèmes subiront des améliorations, comme les infrastructures de communication et de timing. Un nouveau système de communication a été étudié et est présenté dans la deuxième partie de ce document. Le Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), la technique de modulation numérique la plus simple, a été étudiée comme technique potentielle pour IceCube Gen2. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’imperméabilisation des surfaces et l’augmentation des débits de pointe sont liés au développement croissant des environnements urbains. Avec cette croissance urbaine, les processus de ruissellement sont largement affectés et représentent un secteur dans lequel des actions doivent être entreprises afin d’assurer à la fois le développement économique et la protection de l’environnement et des ressources en eau. Le ruissellement est fréquemment associé à des pollutions diffuses (Non Point Source) qui ne sont généralement pas prises en compte dans les dispositifs classiques de régulation hydraulique. L’objectif de cette recherche était d’évaluer les performance de dispositifs de filtration sur les micro particules polluantes diffuses issues des chaussées routières et des déversoirs d’orages des réseaux d’assainissement unitaires (Combined Sewer Overflows – CSOs). Le protocole expérimental implique de mesurer, dans un premier temps, la taille et les caractéristiques des particules polluantes diffuses et ensuite, de réaliser une procédure identique à la sortie des installations de filtration et de traitement. Les modifications dans la distribution de la taille des particules et de leurs caractéristiques sont alors analysées. Les quatre principaux dispositifs de filtration disponibles - Expanded Polypropylene (EPP), Expanded polystyrene (EPS), Perlite pour les particules flottantes et Zeolite pour les non flottantes – ont été implanté sur un équipement de test et les résultats comparés. Une modélisation 3D (CFD) a été réalisée afin d’optimiser la conception de la disposition de filtration. / The impermeable area and the peak discharge volume have been consistently increasing due to widening of city development and renewal. Thus, distortion of water cycle has been serious problem compared to the past. When it comes to NPS pollution, lack of information on the load and characteristics of pollutants led to the insufficient reduction measures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of filters to control micro particles from non-point sources, especially from road runoff and Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs). The study first examined the particle size and characteristics of NPS pollutants, and then analyzed the head loss, treatment efficiency and changes in particle size distribution before and after the treatment using device type facilities. The four most commonly used filters - Expanded Polypropylene (EPP), Expanded polystyrene (EPS), and Perlite as floatability filtering materials, and Zeolite as non-floatability - were compared. The upward-type filtering equipment was manufactured for the lab experiment, and CFD modeling was conducted to identify optimized design parameters. The results showed that the ratio of micro particles(＜100 ㎛), to which the filtering process can be applied, was highest in samples from the road runoff, followed by one from the bridge, and from the parking lot. The results using road runoff displayed that EPP was most efficient with ratio of 89% to treat SS and COD.

An emission inventory tool for estimating SO2, NO2, and PM10 emissions from brick clamp kiln sites was developed from investigations performed on three representative South African clamp kiln sites in order to facilitate application for Atmospheric Emission Licenses (AELs) from these sources. The tool utilizes readily available site-specific parameters to generate emission factors for significant activities that emit the aforementioned pollutants. PM10 emission factors for significant processes were developed using empirical expressions from the Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42) documents. SO2 emission factor for clamp kiln firing was obtained from “reverse-modelling”, a technique that integrates ambient monitoring and dispersion modelling (using Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System software) to “standardize” actual emission rate from an assumed rate of 1 g/s. The use of multiple point sources proved to improve the simulation of the buoyancy-induced plume rise; therefore, a “bi-point” source configuration was adopted for the kiln. The “reverse-modelling” technique and “bi-point” source configuration produced SO2 emission rates differing from -9 % to +22 % from mass balance results, indicating that the “reverse-modelling” calculations provide reliable emission estimates for SO2. An NO2 emission factor could not be obtained from the “reverse-modelling” technique due to experimental errors and the significant effect of NO2 emissions from other onsite air emission sources such as internal combustion engines. The NO2 emission factor was obtained from previous comprehensive study on a similar clamp kiln site. The emission factors obtained from this study were utilized in developing an “emission inventory tool” which is utilized by clay brick manufacturers in quantifying air emissions from their sites. Emissions quantification is a requirement for brick manufacturers to obtain an AEL which is regulated under South African environmental laws. It is suggested that the technique used here for SO2 emission confirmation could be used to estimate emissions from a volume or area source where combustion occurs and where knowledge of the source parameters is limited. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

Using benthic macroinvertebrates to measure stream health has been widely used and accepted around the world. Macroinvertebrates are resident monitors of chronic impairment in a stream since they are relatively sessile and most commonly respond to disturbance by drift but can recolonize a restored stream reach very quickly. This study tested the effectiveness of macroinvertebrate metrics developed through the Rapid Bioassessment Protocol (RBP) to detect changes in stream integrity as the result of placement of a best management practice (BMP), installed on a tributary of Roaring Branch, located in Columbus, Georgia. The BMP was designed to attenuate flow to reduce sediment suspension and downstream deposition. A sampling protocol derived from the Georgia Ecoregions Project was implemented to evaluate the macroinvertebrate community, located downstream of the BMP, and downstream of the confluence with Roaring Branch, both before and after the BMP installation. The resulting metrics were compared to a reference condition described for subecoregion 65c, sandhills-lower piedmont. A dramatic improvement or increase of macroinvertebrate populations suggests an improvement in water quality (via reduction in fine sediment deposition) due to improved physical habitat conditions for indicators (Trichoptera) of healthier streams. The results of this study suggests further restoration activities should continue and that re-evaluation of the sampling protocol should take into account a larger subsample size of benthic macroinvertebrates than currently recommended by the RBP.

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A road can be considered as a noise source based on its traffic density. Intuition says, a road, with closely spaced vehicles, can be classified as a line source and for sparsely spaced vehicles, a collection of point sources. This study deals with the classification of a stretch of highway into either a line source or a collection of point sources based on the sound pressure measured by 7 microphones placed at certain distances from the highway and on the law of attenuation applicable. The results indicate a strong dependence of source classification with the traffic density. / En väg kan betraktas som en bullerkälla baserat på dess trafikintensitet. Intuitivt bör en väg med hög trafikintensitet klassificeras som en linjekälla och för få fordon en samling punktkällor. Denna studie handlar om klassificeringen av en motorvägssträcka till antingen en linjekälla eller en samling punktkällor baserat på ljudtrycket uppmätt med sju mikrofoner placerade på varierande avstånd från motorvägen. Resultaten visar att källklassificeringen är beroende av trafiktätheten och av avståndet till vägen.

The simple accumulation-based network identification method (ANIM) in a raster Geographic Information System (GIS) posed by O'Callaghan and Mark (1984) has been criticized for producing a spatially uniform drainage density (Tarboton 2002) at the watershed scale. This criticism casts doubt on the use of ANIMs for deriving properties such as overland flow length for nonpoint source pollution models, without calibrating the accumulation threshold value. However, the basic assumption that underlies ANIMs is that convergent topography will yield a more rapid accumulation of cells, and thus, more extensive flow networks, with divergent, or planar terrain yielding sparser networks. Previous studies have focused on networks that are coarser than the hill-slope scale, and have relied upon visual inspection of drainage networks to suggest that ANIMs lack the ability to produce diverse networks. In this study overland flow lengths were calculated on a sub-watershed basis, with standard deviation, and range calculated for sub-watershed populations as a means of quantifying the diversity of overland flow lengths produced by ANIM at the hill slope scale. Linear regression and Spearman ranking analyses were used to determine if the methods represented trends in overland flow length as suggested by manual delineation of contour lines. Three ANIMs were analyzed: the flow accumulation method (O'Callaghan and Mark, 1984), the terrain curvature method (Tarboton, 2000) and the ridge accumulation method (introduced in this study). All three methods were shown to produce non-zero standard deviations and ranges using a single support area threshold, with the terrain curvature method producing the most diverse networks, followed by the ridge accumulation method, and then the flow accumulation method. At an analysis unit size of 20 ha, the terrain curvature method produced a standard deviation that was most similar to those suggested by the contour crenulations, -13.5%, followed by the ridge accumulation method, -21.5%, and the flow accumulation method, -61.6%. The ridge accumulation produced the most similar range, -19.1%, followed by terrain curvature, -24.9%, and flow accumulation, -65.4%. While the flow accumulation networks had a much narrower range of predicted flow lengths, it had the highest Spearman ranking coefficient, Rs=0.722, and linear regression coefficient, R2=0.602. The terrain curvature method was second, Rs=0.641, R2=0.469, and then ridge accumulation, Rs=0.602, R2=0.490. For all methods, as threshold values were varied, areas of dissimilar morphology (as evidenced by the common stream metric stream frequency) experienced changes in overland flow lengths at different rates. This results in an inconsistency in ranking of sub-watersheds at different thresholds. When thresholds were varied to produce average overland flow lengths from 75 m to 150 m, the terrain curvature method showed the lowest incidence of rank change, 16.05%, followed by the ridge accumulation method, 16.73%, then flow accumulation, 25.18%. The results of this investigation suggest that for all three methods, a causal relationship exists between threshold area, underlying morphology, and predicted overland flow length. This causal relationship enables ANIMs to represent contour network trends in overland flow length with a single threshold value, but also results in the introduction of rank change error as threshold values are varied. Calibration of threshold value (varying threshold in order to better match observed overland flow lengths) is an effective means of increasing the accuracy of ANIM predictions, and may be necessary when comparing areas with different stream frequencies. It was shown that the flow accumulation method produces less diverse networks than the terrain curvature and ridge accumulation methods. However, the results of rank and regression analyses suggest that further investigation is required to determine if these more diverse ANIM are in fact more accurate than the flow accumulation method. / Master of Science