Orientador: Herling Gregorio Aguilar Alonzo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T19:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_AlinedeOliveira_M.pdf: 9346622 bytes, checksum: e631fbbeb424ab7ad87d0fa2cdb55851 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A ocorrência de exposições e intoxicações como um problema de saúde pública tem sido amplamente relatada na literatura. Embora o atendimento ao intoxicado possa ser realizado em âmbito hospitalar ou ambulatorial, são os Centros de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica (CIATs) que fornecem as informações especializadas para este atendimento. Na cidade de Campinas, o Centro de Controle de Intoxicações (CCI) é referência nos atendimentos das exposições tóxicas provenientes da região. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo descrever os casos de exposições e intoxicações atendidas pelo CCI de Campinas, no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2011. Para tal, foram analisadas variáveis relacionadas ao atendimento, ao paciente, à exposição, ao agente tóxico e à evolução do caso. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos no banco de dados do CCI-Campinas, no qual está contido o registro dos atendimentos realizados no período estudado e analisados através do software Epi InfoTM CDC/WHO versão 7.1.3.10. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa sob parecer nº 515.290/2013. Nos 14 anos estudados foram atendidos 51.665 casos, destes 27,9% foram classificados como exposições e 72,1% como intoxicações. Foi observado que 51,2% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 48,3% do sexo feminino. A faixa etária predominante foi a de 1 a 4 anos com 28,6% dos casos, seguida pela faixa etária de 20 a 24 anos, com 9,4%. A circunstância prevalente foi a acidental, com 60,2% dos registros, seguida pela tentativa de suicídio, com 24,8%. Entre os principais grupos de agentes tóxicos, 32,5% eram medicamentos, 21% animais peçonhentos, 16,5% produtos químicos de uso domiciliar e 9,4% agrotóxicos. Como desfecho, 77,9% dos casos apresentaram a cura como evolução e, 0,6% evoluíram para óbito. A caracterização do perfil dos atendimentos realizados pelo CCI-Campinas, permitiu o conhecimento de suas especificidades e relevância para a saúde pública na região / Abstract: The occurrence of exposures and poisoning as a public health problem has been widely reported in the literature. Although the treatments to poisoned people can be performed in hospitals or outpatient basis, the Poison Control Centers are the service that provides specialized information for treatments. In the city of Campinas, the Poison Control Center is responsible for the treatment for toxic exposure from the region. This present study aims to describe the cases of toxic exposures treated by the Poison Control Centers of Campinas (CCI-Campinas), from january 1998 to december 2011. For this, variables were analyzed regarding treatment, patient, exposure, the toxic agent and evolution of the case. The data used were obtained from the database of the Poison Control Centers of Campinas, which contains the record of treatments made during the study period and analyzed using software Epi InfoTM CDC/WHO version 7.1.3.10. The work was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under report number 515.290/2013. In the 14 years studied 51.665 cases were treated, 27.9% of these were classified as exposures and 72.1% as poisoning. It was observed that 51.2% of patients were male and 48.3% female. The predominant age group was 1-4 years old, with 28.6% of cases, followed by the age group 20-24 years old, 9.4%. The prevalent condition was the accidental one, with 60.2% of the records, followed by attempted suicide, with 24.8%. Among the major groups of toxic agents, 32.5% were medications, 21% were poisonous animals, 16.5% were chemical products for domestic use and 9.4% were pesticides. As an outcome, 77.9% of cases evolved to healing, and 0.6% of cases died. The characterization of the profile of care provided by the CCI-Campinas allowed the knowledge of theis specific features and relevance to public health in the region / Mestrado / Epidemiologia / Mestra em Saúde Coletiva

Developing countries are faced with a high incidence of food poisoning outbreaks related to the consumption of meat, with obvious economic consequences. During informal slaughter of animals the threat of food poisoning or transfer of lethal zoonoses such as anthrax, is particularly intense. In 1972 the government legislated “The Abattoir Regulation - Legal Notice No. 27 of 1972”, which mandates slaughtering of animals and meat inspection and control (Government Gazette, 1972). Before that there was no official meat inspection done in the country. Since that time, the legislation has not been updated. The only abattoir was closed in 2003; the country thus has no formal abattoir. Meat is imported and also informally slaughtered and sold illegally. This study investigated the risk of food-poisoning and zoonoses related to the sale of meat slaughtered informally. It included the extent of the illegal and informal market. In Lesotho, informal slaughter for home consumption is legal but the meat may not be sold (Kingdom of Lesotho, 1972). The methods used in this study included investigation of the number and location of outlets for informally slaughtered meat in Lesotho. Samples of meat were taken both at informal markets and from imported meat sold at commercial supermarkets. Multistage random sampling was used where the first stage was the district and the second stage was the butcher shops. As a control, samples of legally slaughtered inspected meat were taken from a supermarket in South Africa. These samples were sent for bacteriological examination which included coliform counts and isolation of possible pathogens. It was found that 40 informal butcheries existed that were selling mainly illegal meat as well as imported legally slaughtered meat. In addition, the commercial supermarkets (n=4) were selling legally imported meat. Geographical coordinates were taken of the existing informal markets and the number of informal butcheries in those markets. This was recorded as a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) map. This map will be used by the veterinary public health and epidemiology sections of Lesotho to monitor informal sales in future, in order to improve the quality of meat sold to Lesotho citizens and prevent food-poisoning by meat products. Samples of meat from local informal butchers (n=100) that were submitted for bacteriological culture (n=100) showed that 63% had coliform counts that were unacceptably high and indicated poor meat hygiene. In comparison, imported meat obtained from animals slaughtered at registered abattoirs in South Africa and transported to supermarkets in Lesotho, had acceptable levels (Total plate count of > 5) It was thus concluded that there is an urgent need for improvement in slaughter and meat inspection methods in both rural and urban areas of Lesotho. The state (both central and local Government) has an important role to play in human and animal health and food safety in the country and strategies must be developed for this. These will include training of veterinary and extension staff as well as butchers, in both the formal and informal markets, on slaughtering procedures and sanitation. In addition, they should facilitate the construction and rehabilitation/upgrading of the existing slaughter slabs in both rural and urban areas of the country, focusing on the main towns not to affect the tourism industry. Lastly, an emphasis should be placed on review of the abattoir regulations, implementation of policies on slaughter procedures and products those that are fit for human consumption, as a way of preventing meat-borne zoonotic diseases, to reduce risks of infection to consumers and to protect meat handlers. Careless handling of waste such as offal, blood and effluent during slaughter can also result in zoonoses and environmental degradation and this should also be addressed. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

The first recorded outbreak of nephrotoxicosis induced by the shrub Nolletia gariepina is reported. The outbreaks occurred in cattle in the Kalahari sandveld of South Africa. The toxicosis was experimentally reproduced, initially in a steer, as a pilot trial to confirm toxicity of the plant material, and thereafter in two other cattle. Toxicity was induced by intraruminal administration of 3 g/kg dried, milled plant material as a single dose. The animals had to be starved for 24 hours before dosing, as dosing on a full rumen did not induce any signs of toxicity during five days of observation and clinical pathology monitoring. In both the field outbreaks and the experimental toxicological trial, clinical signs were not specific and varied according to the duration (acute versus subacute) of the toxicological process. Clinical pathological parameters in the experimental cases indicated renal and, to a lesser extent, hepatic damage, with raised serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT). Increased urinary sodium and potassium concentration and GGT activity, as well as proteinuria, were evident. The histological and electron microscopical examinations revealed acute renal tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis, especially of the proximal convoluted tubules. Mild hepatocellular degeneration was also noticeable. / Dissertation (MMedVet (Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

Poisoning is common and carries considerable morbidity and mortality. Two to three patients are admitted to the Emergency Unit at Groote Schuur Hospital every day with drug overdose. As absorption occurs in the small intestine the rates at which ingested poisons pass into and through the small bowel are important factors in determining the amount of poison potentially available for absorption. Although the effects of pharmacological doses of many drugs on gastric emptying and motility are known, information on the effects of higher doses is limited. I investigated patients who took overdoses of certain commonly used drugs to determine their effects on gastric emptying and motility and small intestinal transit. The study was divided into two parts. One hundred and four patients were studied in Part 1. These patients took overdoses of tricyclic antidepressants (n = 31), carbamazepine (n = 15), phenytoin (n = 12), paracetamol (n = 29) and opioid-paracetamol mixtures (n = 17). They received standard hospital management of which sorbitol was not a part. Part 2 consisted of sixty-one patients who had sorbitol added to their treatment. These patients had taken overdoses of the tricyclic antidepressants (n = 15), carbamazepine (n = 7), phenytoin (n = 8), paracetamol (n = 13) and opioid-paracetamol mixtures (n = 18). The effects of sorbitol on gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were evaluated. A third study-the paracetamol control test was done on 5 healthy volunteers. Each subject was studied twice; the first time after taking 1 G of paracetamol and the second time after no drug ingestion.

Chapters 2 and 3 are the peer reviewed version of the following articles, respectively: Anzai H, Wang L, Oishi K, Irbis C, Li K, Kumagai H, Inamura T, Hirooka H. 2015. Estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus flows in livestock production in Dianchi Lake basin, China. Animal Science Journal. Amachika Y, Anzai H, Wang L, Oishi K, Irbis C, Li K, Kumagai H, Inamura T, Hirooka, H. 2015. Estimation of potassium and magnesium flows in animal production in Dianchi Lake basin, China. Animal Science Journal. , which have been published in final forms at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asj.12390 and http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asj.12518, respectively These articles may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.Chapter 4 is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Anzai H, Oishi K, Li K, Irbis C, Hirooka H, Inamura T, Kumagai H. 2011. Dietary nitrate loads on cows in dairy farms near Lake Dian, Kunming city, Yunnan Province, China. Trace Nutrient Research 28, 54-57., which has been published in final form at http://www.jtnrs.com/sym28/P-07.pdf. / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19768号 / 農博第2164号 / 新制||農||1040(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N4984(農学部図書室) / 32804 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 廣岡 博之, 教授 松井 徹, 教授 稲村 達也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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As Machine Learning (ML) algorithms are deployed to solve a wide variety of tasks in today’s world, data poisoning attack poses a significant threat to ML applications. Although numerous defence algorithms against data poisoning attack have been proposed and shown to be effective, most defence algorithms are analyzed under the assumption of fixed attack strategies, without accounting for the strategic interactions between the attacker and the defender. In this work, we perform game theoretic analysis of defence algorithms against data poisoning attacks on Machine Learning. We study the defence strategy as a competitive game between the defender and the adversary and analyze the game characteristics for several defence algorithms. We propose a game model for the poisoning attack scenario, and prove the characteristics of the Nash Equilibrium (NE) defence strategy for all distance-based defence algorithms. Based on the NE characteristics, we develop an efficient algorithm to approximate for the NE defence strategy. Using fixed attack strategies as the benchmark, we then experimentally evaluate the impact of strategic interactions in the game model. Our approach does not only provide insights about the effectiveness of the analyzed algorithms under optimal poisoning attacks, but also serves as a method for the modellers to determine capable defence algorithms and optimal strategies to employ on their ML models. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / As Machine Learning (ML) algorithms are deployed to solve a wide variety of tasks in today’s world, data poisoning attack poses a significant threat to ML applications. In this work, we study the defence against poisoning attack scenario as a competitive game between the defender and the adversary and analyze the game characteristics for several defence algorithms. Our goal is to identify the optimal defence strategy against poisoning attacks, even when the adversary responds optimally to the defence strategy. We propose a game model for the poisoning attack scenario, and develop an efficient algorithm to approximate for the Nash Equilibrium defence strategy. Our approach does not only provide insights about the effectiveness of the analyzed algorithms under optimal poisoning attacks, but also serves as a method for the modellers to determine capable defence algorithms and optimal strategies to employ on their ML models.

This study investigated the effectiveness of teaching basic food safety principles by programmed instruction for consumers. A linear-type programmed text was developed and evaluated. The difference between initial behavior and terminal behavior of subjects using the programmed text was assessed in relation to the terminal objectives of the programmed material. The terminal objectives of the programmed material were expressed in a criterion test used as a pretest and post-test. The criterion test and programmed text were administered to 2 groups of consumers consisting of 20 subjects and 17 subjects, respectively. A positive change in scores between the pretest and post-test was significant at the 0.001 level for both groups. The error rate of the programmed text was within the specified 10 per cent level. The maximum time required to complete the programmed text was estimated to be 1 hour. The results obtained indicated that food safety could be taught effectively to consumers through programmed instruction. / Master of Science

The metallic interconnect of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) contains chromium in order to protect the metal from the corrosive environment in the fuel cell. Unfortunately, the chromium introduces chemical instability in the cathode as it migrates from the interconnect to the pores in the cathode. A model was developed previously in Asinari et al. [1] and Kasula et al [2] to model the flow of particles in a fuel cell electrode. To learn more about the migration of the chromium, the previous code is modified in this thesis work to include the effects of the chromium. The model uses Kinetic Theory to simulate the fuel cell at a mesoscopic scale. The discretized form of the Lattice Boltzmann equation is modified for enhanced performance and for use on a parallel processing system. With the new model, the migration of the chromium in the cathode and the performance degradation of the fuel cell are predicted. / Master of Science