The American public’s wellbeing rests on the ability of policymakers to enact informed policy. In order for policymakers to be productive in the forging of policy, they must be presented with unbiased intelligence analysis. Thus policymakers must maintain a healthy relationship with the intelligence community in order to receive accurate intelligence reports. Avoiding politicization is paramount to maintaining a healthy intelligence-policymaker relationship. Throughout the past half-century, American politicians and members of the U.S. intelligence community have sought to minimize their own political opinions when dealing with matters of national security. This thesis explores and describes the relationship between intelligence and policymaking, and examines closely how politicization of national security matters strains that relationship. It will focus on two case studies; the first concerning the Kennedy administration and the second the Trump administration. I address hostile intra-administration relations within the Kennedy administration and relate those complications to the current tensions between Trump and his intelligence services. It is concluded that for executives, the use of confidants to conduct foreign policy negotiations and to deliberate on national security matters generates resentment and distrust from intelligence agencies. Associating with the Russian government is also a major factor leading to rifts in this relationship. For the intelligence community, biased analysis, leaks, and undermining policy positions all contribute to decreases in policymaker’s confidence in their work. These forms of politicization hamper healthy intelligence-policymaker relations and lead to ineffective policy initiatives. President Trump must work with his intelligence community to curb these forms of politicization if he is to have a successful and productive presidency.

This paper applies event study analysis on stock and bond market data in 14 European countries between 1990 and 2012 in order to assess market reaction to key economic policymaker changes. The analysis relies on methodological framework is based on article of Kuttner & Posen (2010) and on an original database of political events. The empirical results show that policymaker changes are not reflected in markets as single-day events, rather they are associated with several days of increased volatility following the event. Furthermore, elections are shown to be linked with market volatility on the event day as well as in postevent period.

In Washington, DC, historical data are used to adequately size for rainfall events, and efforts to increase stormwater management requirements are fought against by internal stakeholders. In urban planning, extreme rainfall events, that may occur more frequently than expected, are often not a consideration when designing for green infrastructure facilities. The purpose of this case study was to explore how internal and external stakeholders influence stormwater management policies related to extreme rainfall events in Washington, DC. The power and politics organization theory, which focuses on how individuals obtain influence, and the resource dependency theory, which explores how organizations benefit from sustainability, were used as the theoretical framework in this study. The case study analysis was conducted via phone interviews; through phone interviews, data were collected from 4 policymakers (i.e., external stakeholders), 5 real estate developers (i.e., internal stakeholders) and 3 internal team members (i.e., internal stakeholders) and analyzed thematically. All the stakeholders believed that it is not necessary to design the green infrastructure systems to the extreme rainfall event; however, the developers said that they would design their green infrastructure systems larger if required by policy. The results of the study showed that each group'€™s effect works in a cyclic fashion to each other. Recommendations for future studies include to expand and increase stakeholder participation. This collaboration and better communication can help in developing more efficient stormwater management policies for a better city, which is an implication for positive social change.

<p>Since the beginning of 2007 Stockholm Resilience Centre has produced scientific</p><p>transdisciplinary research in the subjects of sustainability and resilience. There is a high</p><p>ambition to communicate the results of the research to key stakeholders. One of the target</p><p>groups is policy makers, because the mission identifies this group as important when reaching</p><p>for the main goal (vision) of the research institute. The media of choice is an e-newsletter</p><p>with the latest resilience research produced within Stockholm Resilience Centre. It is at the</p><p>same time an opportunity to bring forth the organisations objective connected with the vision.</p><p>The newsletter is studied in the light of marketing communication with the purpose to clarify</p><p>the needs of policy makers, examine the limits and possibilities of the media and the</p><p>organisational aspects with the intention to give guidelines concerning the development of the</p><p>newsletter. Through extensive litterature studies and qualitative interviews, conclusions are</p><p>made about the research institutes´ activities, it´s identity and message. The result is</p><p>interesting and useful for anyone who has tried to understand the complexity of organisational</p><p>communication.</p>

Since the beginning of 2007 Stockholm Resilience Centre has produced scientific transdisciplinary research in the subjects of sustainability and resilience. There is a high ambition to communicate the results of the research to key stakeholders. One of the target groups is policy makers, because the mission identifies this group as important when reaching for the main goal (vision) of the research institute. The media of choice is an e-newsletter with the latest resilience research produced within Stockholm Resilience Centre. It is at the same time an opportunity to bring forth the organisations objective connected with the vision. The newsletter is studied in the light of marketing communication with the purpose to clarify the needs of policy makers, examine the limits and possibilities of the media and the organisational aspects with the intention to give guidelines concerning the development of the newsletter. Through extensive litterature studies and qualitative interviews, conclusions are made about the research institutes´ activities, it´s identity and message. The result is interesting and useful for anyone who has tried to understand the complexity of organisational communication.

<p dir="ltr">Artificial Intelligence (AI) is anticipated to exert a considerable impact on the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with projections estimating a contribution of 13 trillion dollars by the year 2030 (IEEE Board of Directors, 2019). In light of this influence on economic, societal, and intellectual realms, it is imperative for Policy Makers to acquaint themselves with the ongoing developments and consequential impacts of AI. The exigency of their preparedness lies in the potential for AI to evolve in unpredicted directions should proactive measures not be promptly instituted.</p><p dir="ltr">This paper endeavors to address a pivotal research question: " Do United States Policy Makers have a sufficient knowledgebase to understand Responsible AI in relation to Machine Learning to pass Artificial Intelligence legislation; and if they do not, how should a pedological instructional framework be created to give them the necessary knowledge?" The pursuit of answers to this question unfolded through the systematic review, gap analysis, and formulation of an instructional framework specifically tailored to elucidate the intricacies of Machine Learning. The findings of this study underscore the imperative for policymakers to undergo educational initiatives in the realm of artificial intelligence. Such educational interventions are deemed essential to empower policymakers with the requisite understanding for formulating effective regulatory frameworks that ensure the development of Responsible AI. The ethical dimensions inherent in this technological landscape warrant consideration, and policymakers must be equipped with the necessary cognitive tools to navigate these ethical quandaries adeptly.</p><p dir="ltr">In response to this exigency, the present study has undertaken the design and development of an instructional framework. This framework is conceived as a strategic intervention to address the evident cognitive gap existing among policymakers concerning the nuances of AI. By imparting an understanding of AI-related concepts, the framework aspires to cultivate a more informed and discerning governance ethos among policymakers, thus contributing to the responsible and ethical deployment of AI technologies.</p>