<p>Since the beginning of 2007 Stockholm Resilience Centre has produced scientific</p><p>transdisciplinary research in the subjects of sustainability and resilience. There is a high</p><p>ambition to communicate the results of the research to key stakeholders. One of the target</p><p>groups is policy makers, because the mission identifies this group as important when reaching</p><p>for the main goal (vision) of the research institute. The media of choice is an e-newsletter</p><p>with the latest resilience research produced within Stockholm Resilience Centre. It is at the</p><p>same time an opportunity to bring forth the organisations objective connected with the vision.</p><p>The newsletter is studied in the light of marketing communication with the purpose to clarify</p><p>the needs of policy makers, examine the limits and possibilities of the media and the</p><p>organisational aspects with the intention to give guidelines concerning the development of the</p><p>newsletter. Through extensive litterature studies and qualitative interviews, conclusions are</p><p>made about the research institutes´ activities, it´s identity and message. The result is</p><p>interesting and useful for anyone who has tried to understand the complexity of organisational</p><p>communication.</p>

<p>The impact of trade policies on the pursuit of gender equality is often ignored. Recognising the link between trade and gender, this dissertation aims to enhance the capacity of policy-makers to mainstream gender in trade policy and to help identify ways for using trade to respond to women&rsquo / s needs in South Africa. In order to meet this objective, it analyses the impacts that trade liberalisation has had on the economy and on gender in general and in South Africa in particular. In addition, it evaluates the impacts on men and women in order to see if trade has contributed to reducing, accentuating or perpetuating gender inequality in South Africa. Findings have confirmed that Trade liberalisation has had both positive and negative impacts on women and men. But, they have also demonstrated that trade liberalisation has affected women and men differently having negative influences on the pursuit of gender equality. The research has, however, concluded that the impact of trade liberalisation on the pursuit of gender equality is influenced by other key factors. As strategy to mainstream gender in trade policies, the research suggests that policy-makers should analyse the implications for women and men of any trade policy before adopting such policy. This analysis would help him/her to see the possible imbalances of the new policy and implement policies and programmes to eradicate them. Also, it will help him/her to identify possible ways for using trade to empower women. The research is based on the idea that the elimination of the existing inequalities will put women at the same stage with men and will, therefore, contribute to women&rsquo / s empowerment in South Africa.</p>

<p>The impact of trade policies on the pursuit of gender equality is often ignored. Recognising the link between trade and gender, this dissertation aims to enhance the capacity of policy-makers to mainstream gender in trade policy and to help identify ways for using trade to respond to women&rsquo / s needs in South Africa. In order to meet this objective, it analyses the impacts that trade liberalisation has had on the economy and on gender in general and in South Africa in particular. In addition, it evaluates the impacts on men and women in order to see if trade has contributed to reducing, accentuating or perpetuating gender inequality in South Africa. Findings have confirmed that Trade liberalisation has had both positive and negative impacts on women and men. But, they have also demonstrated that trade liberalisation has affected women and men differently having negative influences on the pursuit of gender equality. The research has, however, concluded that the impact of trade liberalisation on the pursuit of gender equality is influenced by other key factors. As strategy to mainstream gender in trade policies, the research suggests that policy-makers should analyse the implications for women and men of any trade policy before adopting such policy. This analysis would help him/her to see the possible imbalances of the new policy and implement policies and programmes to eradicate them. Also, it will help him/her to identify possible ways for using trade to empower women. The research is based on the idea that the elimination of the existing inequalities will put women at the same stage with men and will, therefore, contribute to women&rsquo / s empowerment in South Africa.</p>

Since the beginning of 2007 Stockholm Resilience Centre has produced scientific transdisciplinary research in the subjects of sustainability and resilience. There is a high ambition to communicate the results of the research to key stakeholders. One of the target groups is policy makers, because the mission identifies this group as important when reaching for the main goal (vision) of the research institute. The media of choice is an e-newsletter with the latest resilience research produced within Stockholm Resilience Centre. It is at the same time an opportunity to bring forth the organisations objective connected with the vision. The newsletter is studied in the light of marketing communication with the purpose to clarify the needs of policy makers, examine the limits and possibilities of the media and the organisational aspects with the intention to give guidelines concerning the development of the newsletter. Through extensive litterature studies and qualitative interviews, conclusions are made about the research institutes´ activities, it´s identity and message. The result is interesting and useful for anyone who has tried to understand the complexity of organisational communication.

Magister Legum - LLM / The impact of trade policies on the pursuit of gender equality is often ignored. Recognising the link between trade and gender, this dissertation aims to enhance the capacity of policy-makers to mainstream gender in trade policy and to help identify ways for using trade to respond to women's needs in South Africa. In order to meet this objective, it analyses the impacts that trade liberalisation has had on the economy and on gender in general and in South Africa in particular. In addition, it evaluates the impacts on men and women in order to see if trade has contributed to reducing, accentuating or perpetuating gender inequality in South Africa. Findings have confirmed that Trade liberalisation has had both positive and negative impacts on women and men. But, they have also demonstrated that trade liberalisation has affected women and men differently having negative influences on the pursuit of gender equality. The research has, however, concluded that the impact of trade liberalisation on the pursuit of gender equality is influenced by other key factors. As strategy to mainstream gender in trade policies, the research suggests that policy-makers should analyse the implications for women and men of any trade policy before adopting such policy. This analysis would help him/her to see the possible imbalances of the new policy and implement policies and programmes to eradicate them. Also, it will help him/her to identify possible ways for using trade to empower women. The research is based on the idea that the elimination of the existing inequalities will put women at the same stage with men and will, therefore, contribute to women's empowerment in South Africa. / South Africa

Dans le chapitre 1, j'examine l'impact des politiques de taxation qui favorisent les entreprises à faible chiffre d'affaires (en dessous d'un certain seuil d'imposition) sur la production globale. Au Cameroun, les entreprises dont le chiffre d'affaires est inférieur au seuil d'imposition paient une taxe forfaitaire ne dépassant pas 1% du chiffre d'affaires. Les entreprises dont le chiffre d'affaires dépasse le seuil d'imposition doivent s'acquitter d'un impôt proportionnel sur les bénéfices dont le taux était de 38,5% en 2008. Les données du Recensement général des entreprises du Cameroun de 2008 exhibent une concentration des entreprises au seuil d'imposition de 15 millions XAF. Ceci est cohérent avec le fait que cette politique de taxation peut théoriquement conduire à des distorsions qui entraînent certaines entreprises à embaucher moins de travailleurs que d'autres moins productives qu'elles afin de rester au seuil d'imposition et d'éviter de payer des impôts importants. Je développe un modèle basé sur le modèle de Hopenhayn (1992) de dynamique des firmes prenant en compte la taxation des entreprises. Je trouve un intervalle critique pour la productivité dans lequel la demande de main-d'oeuvre diminue à mesure que la productivité augmente. Le modèle est calibré avec les données camerounaises de 2008. Comme résultat, la production globale augmente de 4\% lorsqu'un impôt proportionnel uniforme sur les bénéfices est utilisé à la place de la taxe existante, et de 17\% lorsqu'un impôt forfaitaire uniforme est utilisé, pour les mêmes recettes fiscales. Je mène des expériences de politiques basées sur des politiques d'imposition similaires présentes dans d'autres pays en développement tels que la Côte d'Ivoire et le Mali en Afrique de l'Ouest, et le Gabon et le Congo en Afrique centrale. Je trouve un impact positif sur la production agrégée lorsque le seuil d'imposition baisse de manière significative (pour les mêmes recettes fiscales) ou lorsque l'impôt payé par les entreprises juste en dessous du seuil se rapproche de celui payé par les entreprises juste au-dessus du seuil d'imposition. Dans le chapitre 2, j'étudie l'effet de l'utilisation du réseau social dans la recherche d'emploi sur les résultats agrégés. Empiriquement, à partir des donnée camerounaises de 2010, je mets en évidence l'association de l'utilisation des réseaux sociaux à des niveaux de salaires plus bas et à des emplois de moindre qualité. Je développe un modèle de recherche et d'appariement dans lequel les travailleurs sont hétérogènes dans leur réseau social et les entreprises sont hétérogènes dans l'emploi qu'elles ouvrent (qualifiés vs non qualifiés). Je trouve qu'il y a une pénalité salariale provenant de la possibilité rechercher un autre emploi quand on est employé. Cette pénalité salariale est plus élevée pour les travailleurs ayant un plus grand réseau social. Elle pourrait dominer l'effet positif d'avoir un plus grand réseau social sur le salaire, et conduire les travailleurs ayant un plus grand réseau social à avoir un salaire plus faible. Le chapitre 3 décrit une économie dans laquelle la taxe est prélevée à deux niveaux : le niveau du pays et le niveau de l'État. L'impôt au niveau de l'État peut également être considéré comme un impôt local pour les pays qui ne sont pas administrativement divisés en États. Le décideur au niveau de l'état doit tenir compte de la politique au niveau du pays lorsqu'il définit sa propre politique. Il peut choisir d'imposer avec ou sans déduction. Je développe un modèle de dynamique de firmes basé sur Hopenhayn (1992) augmenté pour prendre en compte la taxation à deux niveaux : le pays et l'état. Le modèle à calibré à l'économie américaine et des expériences numériques sont menées. J'analyse le cas des taxes sur les sorties au niveau des pays et des États. Je trouve que les résultats optimaux sont les mêmes avec et sans déduction, à l'exception des valeurs élevées de la taxe au niveau des pays. Aussi, prélever la taxe sur les facteurs donc le prix est flexible affecterait moins négativement la production agrégée. / In chapter 1, I examine the impact of tax policies that favorise low-turnover businesses (below a certain threshold of taxation) on aggregate output. Specifically, in Cameroon, the tax policy consists of a lumpsum tax of no more than 1% of sales for firms with sales below the taxation threshold; and firms with sales above the taxation threshold must pay a proportional profit tax, the rate of which was 38.5% in 2008. From the 2008 Cameroon General Business Census data, the concentration of businesses is right at the tax threshold of XAF 15 million. This is consistent with the fact that this tax policy can theoretically lead to size distortions that lead some firms to hire fewer workers than others who are less productive than them in order to remain at the tax threshold and avoid paying a large amount of tax. In a model based on the Hopenhayn (1992) model of firm dynamics extended to include taxation. I find a critical interval for productivity in which labor demand decreases as productivity increases. I calibrate the model with 2008 Cameroon data and find that aggregate output increases by 4% when a uniform proportional profit tax is used instead of the existing tax policy, and by 17% when a uniform lump sum tax is used, for the same tax revenue. I conduct policy experiments based on similar tax policies in other developing countries such as Côte d'Ivoire and Mali in West Africa, and Gabon and Congo in Central Africa. I find a positive impact on aggregate output when the threshold for taxation falls significantly (for the same tax revenue for the government) or when the tax paid by firms just below the threshold approaches that paid by firms just above the threshold for taxation. In Chapter 2, In the environment of a developing economy, I study the effect of the use of social networks in job search on aggregate outcomes. Empirically, I highlight some facts linking the use of social networks to average wages and job quality. I find that the use of social is associated with a lower wage. I also find that nonusers of social networks have better job quality (in terms of education accuracy, and benefitting training from the firm). I develop a model of search and matching in which workers are heterogenous in their social network and firms are heterogenous in the job they open (skilled vs unskilled). I find that there is a wage penalty coming from the presence of on-the-job search, and this wage penalty is higher for workers with higher social Networks. This penalty could dominate the positive effect of having a higher social network on wages, and lead workers with a higher social network to have lower wages. Chapter 3 describes an economy in which the tax is levied at two levels: The country level and the state level. The tax at the state level can also be seen as a local tax for countries that are not administratively divided into states. The policy-maker at the state level has to take into account the policy at the country level when setting his own policy. He can choose to tax with and without deduction. I develop a model of firm dynamic based on Hopenhayn (1992) augmented to take into account taxation two levels: the country and the state. I calibrate the Benchmark model to the US economy and I conduct numerical experiments. I analyze the case of output taxes at the country and state levels. I find that the optimal results are the same with and without deduction, except for the high values of the tax at the country level. I also for output tax at the country level, it looks more efficient to raise the tax at the state on the input with the more flexible price.