The thesis examines the relationship between poetry and politics under Elizabeth and James, tracing certain changes in modes of artistic representation through historical analysis of particular masques and entertainments. The introductory chaper discusses the close connection between poetry and ceremonial in the Renaissance: in panegyric the poet's private imagination is subordinated to public images, and his art is one of ceremonial "ornamentation". Subsequent chapters discuss the effects of social, political and religious changes on this ceremonial poetic. Chapter 31 relates the political symbolism of Tho Faerie Queene to the tradition of pageantry on which it was based, and analyzes the growing tension in the later books between public and private vallies. Chapter III discusses the new developments of the 1590s, arguing that both in politics and in literature new tensions were being felt. The first part deals with the poets associated with Essex, the second with the poetry of Sir Walter Ralegh. Chapter IV discusses the effects on panegyric of the new, less external concepts of decorum introduced by the writers of the "plain style", with special reference to FullcGreville and Samuel Daniel. Chapter Y deals with Jonson's masques, showing that while in political concent they mirror the line taken by the king and his more conservative advisers, in artistic form they display an ambivalence characteristic of Jonson's work. Chapter VI discusses the Jacobean poets wco imitated Spenser, showing the continuity of l.heir political concerns from the public poetry of the 1590s and arguing that Spenserian poetry, especially pastoral, became a protest against the corruption of the Jacobean court. A newly discovered draft of a masque for the wedding of Princess Elizabeth in 1613 is included in an Appendix.

O livro Canto general, de Pablo Neruda, é uma das mais importantes obras poéticas do século XX. Escrito em plena Guerra Fria, almeja abordar a totalidade do continente americano sob a égide do engajamento político de seu autor, importante militante do Partido Comunista à época da composição da obra. Este trabalho pretende discutir as escolhas feitas pelo autor quanto à politização de sua poesia e suas consequências estéticas e políticas, com particular interesse no processo de mitificação da História e das lutas sociais operado por Neruda em seu livro. Para tanto, a análise dos poemas busca integrar em uma só leitura a ponderação dos elementos míticos mobilizados pelo autor e sua interação com a mensagem ideológica e política explícita na obra, caracterizando o conjunto de Canto general como um exemplo de arte de intervenção. A análise se completa na leitura de Alturas de Macchu Picchu, principal conjunto de poemas do livro e considerado a melhor chave para entender a particular conjunção entre mito e política na obra do poeta chileno. / Pablo Nerudas Canto General is one of the most important poetic works of the twentieth century. Written during the Cold War, aims to cover the entirety of the American Continent under the influence of the political engagement of its author, who was an important member of the Communist Party at the time of the works composition. This dissertation discusses the choices made by the author regarding the politicization of his poetry and its aesthetic and political consequences, with particular interest in the mythologizing of history and of social struggles operated by Neruda in his book. For this purpose, the analysis of poems seeks to integrate into the reading the reflection about mythical elements mobilized by the author and his interaction with the ideological and political message explicit in the work, characterizing Canto General as an example of interventionist art. The analysis is completed with the reading of The Heights of Macchu Picchu, the main section of poems in the book, considered by many the best key to understand the particular conjunction between myth and politics in the work of the Chilean poet.

The purpose of this study was to investigate newspaper poetry appearing in selected British colonial newspapers from the Stamp Act crisis of 1765 through July, 1776, to reflect upon the political implications of that poetry, and to assess its use as a propaganda vehicle by both sides in the conflict between Great Britain and her thirteen American colonies.Newspapers were selected on the basis of regional location and political viewpoint. Newspapers from New England, the Middle Atlantic colonies, and from the Southern colonies were reviewed for the study. The political views of the newspapers ranged from those staunchly loyal to Great Britain to those which consistently opposed British policies in the colonies.The political poetry published in colonial newspapers followed the popular literary fashions of the day. Neo-classical forms such as the pastoral eclogue and the rhymed conplet appeared frequently. Ballads and songs were popular and their lyrics were printed in colonial newspapers. Strong literary influences in political poetry were Samuel Butler's Hudibras, the works of Charles Churchill, and Alexander Pope.Political poetry appeared regularly in most British colonial newspapers. It was found that political poetry was published more frequently when the conflict between Great Britain and her American colonies grew more intense. Crises such as the Stamp Act, the Townshend Acts, the Boston Tea Party, and the so-called "Intolerable Acts" produced a greater volume of political poetry than did the quieter periods between those crises.Political poetry was used as a propaganda device to praise and to attack political and military leaders of both sides in the conflict. Two of the favorite targets of anti-British writers were Thomas Hutchinson and General Thomas Gage the last royal governors of Massachusetts. George Washington, John Hancock, and other colonial leaders were praised by their supporters and satirized by the Loyalists. King George III, who had not been openly attacked until independence was being actively considered, became the subject of vicious poetic attack by early 1776.The armed conflict between the colonies and Great Britain began with Lexington and Concord in April, 1775. From that time through July, 1776, the content of political poetry in colonial newspapers reflected nearly every major event both military and political. Particular attention was given to military heroes, especially those, such as General Richard Montgomery, who were killed in battle. 'she very frequency with which political poetry appeared in colonial newspapers was an indicator of its importance as a propaganda vehicle.The struggle between Loyalist and Whig on the political level was joined at the editorial level as well. Whig editors such as Benjamin Edes, Isaiah Thomas, and Peter Timothy were not sparing in their attacks on the Tory press. They were answered in kind by Tory editors such as Richard Draper, James Rinington and Hugh Gaine. Their conflicts became a subject for political poetry. By 1775 the Loyalist press had been forced to cease publication.Newspapers carried the bulk of revolutionary propaganda. Because they reprinted news from many sources, newspapers gave the public a colony-wide view. Most newspapers printed political poetry; some even carried regular poetry sections, the contents of which were frequently related to the political events of the time. The space given to poetry in colonial newspapers of the period was enormous compared with modern newspapers. The space and position of poetry in the newspapers added another dimension to the use of poetry as a propaganda vehicle.Poetry was not only published in newspapers, it was published as broadsides, in magazines, and in pamphlets. Poetry was also a regular part of the celebrations of various political groups during the period. Poetry became, for organizations such as the Sons of Liberty, an almost ritualistic part of their meetings. Poetry had a wide appeal to many groups within the society of the time.In view of the wide appeal of poetry, its versatility and universality as a propaganda vehicle, and its wide distribution throughout the colonies; it became obvious that political poetry and, more specifically, that poetry which appeared in colonial newspapers, was an effective and integral weapon for both sides in the propaganda war waged between 1765 and 1776.

O livro Canto general, de Pablo Neruda, é uma das mais importantes obras poéticas do século XX. Escrito em plena Guerra Fria, almeja abordar a totalidade do continente americano sob a égide do engajamento político de seu autor, importante militante do Partido Comunista à época da composição da obra. Este trabalho pretende discutir as escolhas feitas pelo autor quanto à politização de sua poesia e suas consequências estéticas e políticas, com particular interesse no processo de mitificação da História e das lutas sociais operado por Neruda em seu livro. Para tanto, a análise dos poemas busca integrar em uma só leitura a ponderação dos elementos míticos mobilizados pelo autor e sua interação com a mensagem ideológica e política explícita na obra, caracterizando o conjunto de Canto general como um exemplo de arte de intervenção. A análise se completa na leitura de Alturas de Macchu Picchu, principal conjunto de poemas do livro e considerado a melhor chave para entender a particular conjunção entre mito e política na obra do poeta chileno. / Pablo Nerudas Canto General is one of the most important poetic works of the twentieth century. Written during the Cold War, aims to cover the entirety of the American Continent under the influence of the political engagement of its author, who was an important member of the Communist Party at the time of the works composition. This dissertation discusses the choices made by the author regarding the politicization of his poetry and its aesthetic and political consequences, with particular interest in the mythologizing of history and of social struggles operated by Neruda in his book. For this purpose, the analysis of poems seeks to integrate into the reading the reflection about mythical elements mobilized by the author and his interaction with the ideological and political message explicit in the work, characterizing Canto General as an example of interventionist art. The analysis is completed with the reading of The Heights of Macchu Picchu, the main section of poems in the book, considered by many the best key to understand the particular conjunction between myth and politics in the work of the Chilean poet.

Five Kingdoms. (Under the direction of Don Stap.) Five Kingdoms is a collection of 55 poems in three sections. The title refers to the five kingdoms of life, encompassing every living thing. Section I explores political themes and addresses subjects that reach across a broad expanse of time--from the oldest bones of a child and the oldest map of the world to the bombing of Fallujah in the current Iraq war. Connections between physical and metaphysical worlds are examined. The focus narrows from the world to the city in section II. The theme of shelter is important to these poems, as is the act of being a flâneur. The search for shelter, physical and spiritual, is explored. The third section of Five Kingdoms narrows further to the individual. Political themes recur, as do ekphrastic elements, in the examination of individual lives and the search for physical and metaphysical shelter. The title poem "Five Kingdoms," was written on the 60th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. This non-narrative poem is composed of a series of questions for the reader regarding personal and national security. It is a political poem that uses a language of fear and superstition to question what we are willing to sacrifice to be safe and what "safety" means. The poem ends with a call to action: "Before you break in two, categorize/the five kingdoms, count all the living things." The poems in this manuscript are a kind of counting that pays attention to the things of the world through praise and elegy. The poems in Five Kingdoms are indebted to my reading of many poets, in particular Michael Burkard, Carolyn Forché, Brenda Hillman, Tony Hoagland, Kenneth Koch, Philip Levine, Denise Levertov, Jane Mead, W.S. Merwin, Pablo Neruda, Frank O'Hara, Mary Oliver, Adrienne Rich, and Mark Strand.

Este trabalho propõe uma análise do aspecto político da antologia Grades, de Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (1919-2004). A coletânea é publicada em 1970, período em que vigorava em Portugal o Estado Novo, governo ditatorial instaurado no país com o golpe militar de 1926. Buscamos, inicialmente, compreender a afirmação da autora de que a poesia é uma moral, para assim relacionar o viés político à sua lírica. Para tanto, abordamos a influência da cultura helênica na obra andreseniana, sobretudo pelos conceitos de physis e verdade, os quais nos permitem analisar como o pensamento político grego se forma e de que maneira ele se aproxima da postura política de Sophia Andresen. A partir das concepções de Aristóteles, estabelecemos uma aproximação entre o conceito de política e o posicionamento da autora sobre esse elemento. Tal relação nos permite perceber que o aspecto político na lírica andreseniana não é algo pontual, mas, sim, parte do seu projeto poético, o qual definimos como po-ético. / This paper presents an analysis of the Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (1919-2004) anthology Grades in its political aspect. The collection was published in 1970, when prevailed the dictatorship established in Portugal with the military coup of 1926, known as Estado Novo. First, we seek to understand the author\'s statement that poetry is a moral, to thereby relate the political bias with its lyrical. Thereunto, we discuss the influence of Hellenic culture in andresenian work, mainly the concepts of physis and truth, which allow us to analyze how the Greek political thought is formed and how it approaches to Sophia Andresen\'s political stance. From the ideas of Aristotle, we established a connection between the concept of policy and the positioning of the author on this element. Such relation allows us to realize that the political aspect in andreseniana lyric is not something punctual, but rather part of his poetic project, which we define as po-ethical.

Este trabalho propõe uma análise do aspecto político da antologia Grades, de Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (1919-2004). A coletânea é publicada em 1970, período em que vigorava em Portugal o Estado Novo, governo ditatorial instaurado no país com o golpe militar de 1926. Buscamos, inicialmente, compreender a afirmação da autora de que a poesia é uma moral, para assim relacionar o viés político à sua lírica. Para tanto, abordamos a influência da cultura helênica na obra andreseniana, sobretudo pelos conceitos de physis e verdade, os quais nos permitem analisar como o pensamento político grego se forma e de que maneira ele se aproxima da postura política de Sophia Andresen. A partir das concepções de Aristóteles, estabelecemos uma aproximação entre o conceito de política e o posicionamento da autora sobre esse elemento. Tal relação nos permite perceber que o aspecto político na lírica andreseniana não é algo pontual, mas, sim, parte do seu projeto poético, o qual definimos como po-ético. / This paper presents an analysis of the Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (1919-2004) anthology Grades in its political aspect. The collection was published in 1970, when prevailed the dictatorship established in Portugal with the military coup of 1926, known as Estado Novo. First, we seek to understand the author\'s statement that poetry is a moral, to thereby relate the political bias with its lyrical. Thereunto, we discuss the influence of Hellenic culture in andresenian work, mainly the concepts of physis and truth, which allow us to analyze how the Greek political thought is formed and how it approaches to Sophia Andresen\'s political stance. From the ideas of Aristotle, we established a connection between the concept of policy and the positioning of the author on this element. Such relation allows us to realize that the political aspect in andreseniana lyric is not something punctual, but rather part of his poetic project, which we define as po-ethical.

A vigorous oral tradition has existed throughout South African history, and in many ways represents our truly original contribution to world literature. Despite this, oral literature is largely absent from accounts of literary history in this country. While the particular oppressions of South African political life have contributed to the exclusion of oral forms, the suppression of the oral in favour of the printed text is a feature of literary studies worldwide, and appears to be related to the critical practices that have been dominant in universities and schools for most of this century. In this study I consider ways of recovering oral forms for literary debate, and offer what I consider to be more appropriate strategies of 'reading'. My aim is to re-establish a line of continuity in South African poetry and performance from the songs and stories of the Bushmen, through the praise poems of the African chiefdoms, to the development of Christianised oral forms, the adaptation of the oral tradition in 'Soweto' poetry of the 1970s, and the performance of poems on political platforms in the 1980s. Recovering oral poetry and performance genres for literary debate requires the development of an appropriate critical methodology. Through a consideration of advances in the study of orality, I aim to suggest ways of reading which grant credence to the specific strategies and performative energies of oral texts while locating the texts in the spaces and constrictions of their societies. A great many oral texts from the past survive only in printed, translated forms, however, and a key aspect of such a critical project is how - while acknowledging the particular difficulties involved - one 'uses' highly mediated and artificially stabilised print versions to suggest something of the dynamic nature of oral performance in South African historical and social life. This thesis also considers how texts address us across historical distances. I argue for maintaining a dialectic between the 'past significance' and 'present meaning' of the poems, songs and stories: for allowing the past to shape our reading while we remain aware that our recuperation of history is inevitably directed by present needs and ideologies. These ideas are explored through five chapters which consider, respectively, the songs and stories of the nineteenth-century /Xam Bushmen, the izibongo of Shaka, the hymns of the Messianic Zulu evangelist Isaiah Shembe, Ingoapele Madingoane's epic 'Soweto' poem "black trial", and the performance poetry of Mzwakhe Mbuli and Alfred Qabula in the 1980s. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1995.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Kassel, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 237-247).

[pt] A poesia de Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen: o poeta e a participação política defende a tese de que a missão do artista consiste em revelar a beleza da poesia inter-relacionada com a vida. Ele desempenha, para isso, diversos ofícios, dentre os quais a crítica da vida mundana no tempo dividido e o anúncio de um projeto poético e político onde aquela beleza seja vivenciada. Nessa missão, o poema assemelha-se a um homem, nascendo e enfrentando obstáculos semelhantes aos deste, sendo também um poeta que se compromete com a mesma causa, aprofundando a contestação social e mantendo o entrelaçamento da poesia com a vida. Assim, o poeta, bem como o poema, é exemplo do modo justo de se relacionar consigo próprio e com os outros, desvendando que a poesia é didática. Esta pesquisa fundamenta-se, não teoricamente, mas sim poética e politicamente, nas ideias compiladas nos ensaios andresenianos sobre a poesia e a arte, nos quais a poesia, o poeta, o poema e a vida possuem significados recorrentes e em contínua implicação. A tese conclui que Sophia Andresen é o exemplo do poeta que realiza a referida missão, através dos mencionados ofícios e da invenção poética de que o poema é um homem, ligando, portanto, a poesia e a vida na própria obra. / [en] The poetry of Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen: the poet and the political participation defends the thesis that the poet has the mission of revealing the beauty of the poetry interrelated to life. The poet develops several tasks to accomplish his mission such as the criticism of the perverted life on his concept of divided time and the announcement of a poetic and political project of making the most of that beauty. On this mission, the poem is like a man, who is born and faces difficulties the same way it does; the poem is also a poet that commits to the same cause, deepening the social retort and keeping the alliance between poetry and life. Therefore, the poet, as well as the poem, is an example of a fair way to relate to himself and the others, revealing that poetry is didactic. This research is not based on theories, but on the poetic and political ideas compiled on Sophia Andresen s essays about poetry and art; on these essays the poetry, the poet, the poem and life have recurrent significations and constant implication. This thesis concludes that Sophia Andresen is the example of a poet that accomplishes the mission explained above because of the tasks mentioned before and also the poetic invention which says the poem is a man, connecting, therefore poetry and life on her work.