O espaço intergênico (IGS) juntamente com suas subunidades flanqueadoras (cpcB) e (cpcA) do operon do ficocianina foi usado para identificar linhagens de cianobactérias. Dentro do domínio Bacteria somente as cianobactérias possuem o operon da ficocianina e a região cpcBA-IGS é suficientemente variável para diferenciar linhagens desses microrganismos. No presente estudo 25 linhagens de cianobactérias isoladas de diversos locais brasileiros foram caracterizadas usando a seqüência cpcBA-IGS. DNA genômico foi extraído das ordens Chroococcales (oito linhagens), Oscillatoriales (duas linhagens), Nostocales (onze linhagens) e Stigonematales (quatro linhagens). Os oligonucleotídeos iniciadores PCβF/PCαR, específicos para a seqüência cpcBA-IGS, foram usados para amplificar fragmentos de DNA de aproximadamente 685 pb. Os produtos da PCR foram clonados, seqüenciados e as seqüências foram comparadas pela análise BLAST. Todas as seqüências de Microcystis e também as seqüências de Radiocystis fernadoi SPC736, Planktothrix mougeotii SPC788, Geitlerinema splendidum SPC923, Microchaete investiens CENA64 e Gloeotrichia UFV-B2 mostraram identidades com seqüências do GenBank. Entretanto, nenhuma identidade foi encontrada para as seqüências restantes. As relações filogenéticas das seqüências de cpcBA-IGS foram investigadas junto com outras seqüências de cianobactéria do Genbank usando a análise “Neighbour Joining". A topologia da árvore foi congruente com outras árvores de cianobactérias, com exceção de todas as seqüências sem identidades no GenBank, as quais formaram um agrupamento separado. Os dados das seqüências de cpcBA-IGS analisadas confirmam que as cianobactéria heterocitadas formam um grupo monofilético. Estudos anteriores realizados com linhagens de cianobactéria mostraram que estes microrganismos são uma fonte rica de produtos naturais. No presente estudo conduzido com 59 linhagens de cianobactérias, sendo a maioria isolada de ambientes brasileiros, isto foi confirmado. Para alcançar esse objetivo, dois conjuntos de iniciadores degenerados foram usados para produzir seqüências amplificadas por PCR das sintetases de peptídeos não-ribossômicos (NRPSs), e de sintases policetídeos (PKSs) modulares, as quais são enzimas multifuncionais envolvidas na produção de produtos naturais. O sistema híbrido NRPS/PKS também foi amplificado por PCR usando uma combinação de iniciadores de NRPS e de PKS. Essa abordagem molecular mostrou a presença de genes de NRPS e de PKS em 93% e 81% linhagens de cianobactérias, respectivamente. Genes de NRPS/PKS foram encontrados em 87% das cianobactérias examinadas. Numa tentativa de atribuir funções a oito fragmentos de PKS identificados por PCR, estas seqüências foram clonadas, seqüenciadas e analisadas filogeneticamente. As seqüências de PKSs da Microcystis aeruginosa NPCD1 e Fischerella CENA62 mostraram correlação com a síntese de sideróforo e de microcistina, respectivamente. Todas as 59 linhagens foram analisadas para a produção do microcistinas e 20 linhagens apresentaram resultados positivos. Para a maioria das linhagens potencialmente produtoras de microcistinas os produtos de PCR esperados de NRPS, PKS e NRPS/PKS foram amplificados. A produção de sideróforos foi testada em 28 linhagens e somente cinco produziram resultados positivos. Em três linhagens produtoras de sideróforos todos os três sistemas moleculares analisados estavam presentes. Estes resultados serão altamente valiosos na exploração futura de cada peptídeo dessas cianobactérias e para a elucidação da bioatividade de tais produtos naturais. / The intergenic spacer (IGS) together with its flanking subunits  (cpcB) and  (cpcA) of the phycocyanin operon has been used to identify cyanobacterial strains. Within the Bacteria domain only cyanobacteria present phycocyanin operon and the cpcBA-IGS region is variable enough to differentiate strains of these microorganisms. In the present study 25 cyanobacterial strains isolated from several Brazilian locations were characterized using the cpcBA-IGS sequence. Genomic DNA was extracted from the orders Chroococcales (eight strains), Oscillatoriales (two strains), Nostocales (eleven strains) and Stigonematales (four strains). The primers PCβF/PCαR targeting the cpcBA-IGS sequence were used to amplify DNA fragments of approximately 685 bp. The PCR products were cloned, sequenced and the sequences were compared by BLAST analysis. All Microcystis sequences and also sequences from Radiocystis fernadoi SPC736, Planktothrix mougeotii SPC788, Geitlerinema splendidum SPC923, Microchaete investiens CENA64 and Gloeotrichia UFV-B2 showed identities with sequences from GenBank. However, no identities were found for the remaining sequences. Phylogenetic relationships of the cpcBA-IGS sequences were investigated together with other cyanobacterial sequences from Genbank using the Neighbour Joining analysis. The tree topology was congruent with previous cyanobacterial trees, except for all sequences with no identities in the GenBank, which formed a separated cluster. The cpcBA-IGS sequences analysis data confirm that heterocyte-forming cyanobacteria are a monophyletic group. Previous studies carried out with cyanobacterial strains showed that these microorganisms are a rich source of natural products. This has been confirmed in the present study conducted with 59 cyanobacterial strains, with the majority of them isolated from Brazilian environment. To reach this goal, two sets of degenerate primers were used to generate PCR amplification sequences of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and modular polyketide synthases (PKSs), which are multifunctional enzymes implicated in natural products production. Also, NRPS/PKS hybrid system was PCR amplified by using a combination of NRPS and PKS primers. This molecular approach revealed the presence of NRPS and PKS genes in 93% and 81% cyanobacterial strains, respectively. NRPS/PKS genes were found in 87% of cyanobacteria examined. In an attempt to attribute functions to eight PCR identified PKS fragments, these sequences were cloned, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. PKSs sequences of Microcystis aeruginosa NPCD1 and Fischerella CENA62 showed correlation with the synthesis of siderophore and microcystin, respectively. All 59 strains were analyzed for microcystin production and 20 strains presented positive results. For the majority of potentially producing-microcystin strains expected PCR products of NRPS, PKS and NRPS/PKS were amplified. The siderophores production was tested in 28 strains and only five gave positive results. In three producing-siderophore strains all three molecular systems analyzed were present. These results will be highly valuable for further exploring each of these cyanobacterial peptides and for elucidating the bioactivity of such natural products.

Heterocycles play an important role in many biological processes and are widespread among natural products. Oxazole-containing natural products possess a broad range of bioactivities and are of great interest in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Herein, the biosynthetic routes to the oxazole-containing phthoxazolins and the bis(benzoxaozle) AJI9561, were investigated. Phthoxazolins A-D are a group of oxazole trienes produced by a polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) pathway in Streptomyces sp. KO-7888 and Streptomyces sp. OM-5714. The phthoxazolin pathway was used as a model to study 5-oxazole and primary amide formation in PKS-NRPS pathways. An unusually large gene cluster for phthoxazolin biosynthesis was identified from the complete genome sequence of the producer strains and various gene deletions were performed to define the minimal gene cluster. PhoxP was proposed to encode an ATP-dependent cyclodehydratase for 5-oxazole formation on an enzyme-bound N-formylglycylacyl-intermediate, and its deletion abolished phthoxazolin production. In vitro reconstitution of the early steps of phthoxazolin biosynthesis was attempted to validate the role of PhoxP, but was unsuccessful. Furthermore, Orf3515, a putative flavin-dependent monooxygenase coded by a remote gene, was proposed to hydroxylate glycine-extended polyketide-peptide chain(s) at the α-position to yield phthoxazolins with the primary amide moiety. On the other hand, an in vitro approach was employed to establish the enzymatic logic of the biosynthesis of AJI9561, a bis(benzoxazole) antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces sp. AJ9561. The AJI9561 pathway was reconstituted using the precursors 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and 6-methylsalicylic acid and five purified enzymes previously identified from the pathway as key enzymes for benzoxazole formation, including two adenylation enzymes for precursor activation, an acyl carrier protein (ACP), a 3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase and an amidohydrolase-like cyclase. Intermediates and shunt products isolated from enzymatic reactions containing different enzyme and precursor combinations were assessed for their competence for various steps of AJI9561 biosynthesis. Further bioinformatic analysis and in silico modelling of the amidohydrolase-like cyclase shed light on the oxazole cyclisation that represents a novel catalytic function of the amidohydrolase superfamily.

The soil bacterium Rhodococcus is a member of the phylum Actinobacteria and is related to Streptomyces, which is known for its production of many secondary metabolites. Recent genomic investigation of Rhodococcus has uncovered many silent gene clusters that appear to code for nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKS) of unknown function. Previous work, showed that Rhodococcus species strain KCHXC3 produces an inhibitory compound in agar culture extracts that displays prominent activity against several Gram positive and Gram negative species including the pathogens Rhodococcus equi, Shigella dysenteriae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using the engineered Rhodococcus transposon vector, pTNR, the goal of this investigation is to screen random mutants of KCHXC3 for strains that no longer produce the inhibitory molecule. A library of 1825 random insertion mutants was produced via electroporation then screened for production of the inhibitory molecule by a disk diffusion assay against Shigella dysenteriae. From this screening, 7 mutants which no longer produce the compound of interest were identified.

Cryptosporidium parvum is widely known for outbreaks within the immunocompetent population, as well its sometimes excruciating effects as an opportunistic agent in AIDS patients. Our understanding of the biology and host-parasite interactions of this parasitic protist is increasing at a rapid rate due to recent molecular and genetic advances. The topic of our research is in the area of C. parvum fatty acid metabolism, which is highly streamlined in this parasite. In addition to a type I fatty acid synthase (CpFAS1), C. parvum also possesses an enormous type I polyketide synthase (CpPKS1). Because of the size of this megasynthase, functional characterization of the complete enzyme is not possible. We have isolated and characterized the loading unit of CpPKS1 which contains an acyl-[acyl carrier protein (ACP)] ligase (AL) and an ACP. This unit is responsible for the overall substrate selection and initiation of polyketide production. Our data show that CpPKS1 prefers long-chain fatty acids with the highest specificity for arachidic acid (C20). Thus, the final polyketide product could contain as many as 34 carbons. Additionally, C. parvum possesses only a single fatty acid elongase. This family of enzymes serves a mechanism similar to FAS, and many have been found to be involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis in other organisms. After expressing this membrane protein in human cells, we have determined that it too prefers long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs which undergo only one round of elongation. This is in contrast to members of this enzyme family in other organisms that can initiate de novo synthesis from two- or four-carbon fatty acids via several rounds of elongation. Our lab has previously characterized the unique acyl-CoA binding protein (CpACBP1) from C. parvum. Molecular and biochemical data suggested that this enzyme may serve as a viable drug target. We have screened a library of known (and somewhat common) compounds against CpACBP1, and have isolated several potential compounds to be further examined for their ability to inhibit the growth of C. parvum.

In this study, novel polyketide biosynthesis gene cluster of Aspergillus fumigatus was characterized and functionally analyzed. Analysis of the newly sequenced A. fumigatus genome for laccases, which are involved in melanin biosynthesis and detoxification in fungi, resulted in several putative laccase and multicopper oxidase gene sequences, one of which, Afu4g14490 (tpnJ), was selected for further characterization. The predicted amino acid sequence TpnJp showed 63% identity with the dihydrogeodin oxidase of Aspergillus terreus, which is involved in the biosynthesis of the antifungal geodin. When the genome region of tpnJ was investigated, the presence of a polyketide biosynthesis gene cluster containing 13 genes, hypothesized to be responsible for the production of trypacidin and monomethylsulochrin, was realized. By a comparative genomics approach, a putative geodin biosynthesis gene cluster containing 13 genes, including dihydrogeodin oxidase, in A. terreus and a putative trypacidin biosynthesis gene cluster containing 13 genes in N. fischeri were established. Targeted deletions of the polyketide synthase (tpnC) and multicopper oxidase (tpnJ) genes confirmed the hypothesis that TpnCp, a three-domain minimal polyketide synthase, is involved in trypacidin and monomethylsulochrin biosynthesis in A. fumigatus. TpnCp is the first fungal minimal polyketide synthase whose functional role was experimentally identified. Moreover, the fact that LC-MS analysis of DtpnJ strain showed the absence of trypacidin and the presence of a higher amount of monomethylsulochrin in DtpnJ strain, confirmed the hypothesis that TpnJp is involved in the oxidation of monomethylsulochrin into trypacidin. This novel multicopper oxidase having high substrate specificity is given the name monomethylsulochrin oxidase.

Cryptosporidium parvum is widely known for outbreaks within the immunocompetent population, as well its sometimes excruciating effects as an opportunistic agent in AIDS patients. Our understanding of the biology and host-parasite interactions of this parasitic protist is increasing at a rapid rate due to recent molecular and genetic advances. The topic of our research is in the area of C. parvum fatty acid metabolism, which is highly streamlined in this parasite. In addition to a type I fatty acid synthase (CpFAS1), C. parvum also possesses an enormous type I polyketide synthase (CpPKS1). Because of the size of this megasynthase, functional characterization of the complete enzyme is not possible. We have isolated and characterized the loading unit of CpPKS1 which contains an acyl-[acyl carrier protein (ACP)] ligase (AL) and an ACP. This unit is responsible for the overall substrate selection and initiation of polyketide production. Our data show that CpPKS1 prefers long-chain fatty acids with the highest specificity for arachidic acid (C20). Thus, the final polyketide product could contain as many as 34 carbons. Additionally, C. parvum possesses only a single fatty acid elongase. This family of enzymes serves a mechanism similar to FAS, and many have been found to be involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis in other organisms. After expressing this membrane protein in human cells, we have determined that it too prefers long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs which undergo only one round of elongation. This is in contrast to members of this enzyme family in other organisms that can initiate de novo synthesis from two- or four-carbon fatty acids via several rounds of elongation. Our lab has previously characterized the unique acyl-CoA binding protein (CpACBP1) from C. parvum. Molecular and biochemical data suggested that this enzyme may serve as a viable drug target. We have screened a library of known (and somewhat common) compounds against CpACBP1, and have isolated several potential compounds to be further examined for their ability to inhibit the growth of C. parvum.

Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are the largest enzymes known to man and are responsible for synthesizing some of the most important human medicines. Their ability to construct stereochemically-rich carbon chains containing diverse substituents has inspired the biosynthetic community to engineer these factories for the in vitro synthesis of a small library of polyketide compounds. New complex polyketides are discovered every year, yet the lack of compound prohibits characterization and testing of these new compounds for medicinal properties. Smaller polyketide compounds generated in vitro could be organically manipulated to generate larger, more complex polyketide natural products and natural product analogs. Chemoenzymatic approaches like this would be extremely beneficial to the scientific community; however, there are still obstacles that must be overcome before the use of PKS for the preparative synthesis of an in vitro generated polyketide library would prove fruitful: purchasing substrates such as methylmalonyl-CoA is cost-prohibitive, PKSs are often difficult to express and purify, and the products generated are typically nonchromophoric. The use of a malonyl-CoA ligase from Streptomyces coelicolor (MatB) was investigated for the enzymatic synthesis of polyketide extender units such as methylmalonyl-CoA (Chapter 2). MatB synthesized a total of 5 CoA-linked extender units in vitro: malonyl-, methylmalonyl-, ethylmalonyl-, hydroxymalonyl- and methoxymalonyl-CoA. Two ternary complex structures of MatB with bound product and leaving group were also solved to sub-2Å resolution. MatB generated extender units were employed in the module-catalyzed synthesis of a triketide pyrone. The selectivity of a PKS module to incorporate a variety of side chains into triketide pyrones was also investigated (Chapter 3). A total of 10 triketide pyrone compounds were synthesized, 5 produced via modular "stuttering" and one possessing a terminal alkyne chemical handle. Lastly, nonchromphoric polyketide products were made visible upon copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with fluorescent sulforhodamine B azide revealing insights into in vitro reactivites of a PKS module (Chapter 4). The work described in this dissertation has helped advance the scientific community towards procuring an in vitro synthesized polyketide library for future synthetic applications. / text

Type II polyketide synthases (PKSs) are responsible for the generation of structurally diverse and clinically important aromatic polyketides. The bacteriostatic agent enterocin (enc) isolated from the marine microbe "Streptomyces maritimus" is derived from a rare benzoate primer unit and contains a unique nonaromatic caged core structure resulting from a Favorskii-like carbon skeleton rearrangement. The apparent diversion between enterocin biosynthesis and all other type II PKS pathways offered the opportunity to discover novel enzymatic strategies that may be exploited to diversify the chemical structures of polyketides. A comprehensive biochemical analysis was performed in order to characterize the key steps in enterocin biosynthesis and finally to reconstitute the whole pathway in vitro using purified recombinant enzymes.A nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-like priming mechanism was discovered for the selective activation of a benzoic acid starter unit and its subsequent attachment to the enc PKS to initiate polyketide biosynthesis. This is the first example of a type II PKS that employs an NPRS-like priming mechanism to utilize alternative non- acetate starter units. Secondly, the minimal enc PKS was reconstituted in vitro to give three novel acetate-primed metabolites that had never been identified by heterologous in vivo expression of recombinant enc PKS gene sets. The minimal enc PKS was then merged with the NRPS-like chain initiation module and the resulting multienzyme complex catalyzed the formation of benzoate-primed natural products wailupemycin F and wailupemycin G. Favorskii-like rearrangement of the nascent polyketide chain was replicated in vitro and the flavin-dependent oxygenase EncM was confirmed to be solely responsible for catalyzing this unprecedented rearrangement. Other biosynthetic steps in the late stage of the enc pathway were also replicated in vitro, including the methylation of desmethyl-5-deoxyenterocin to 5-deoxyenterocin and the hydroxylation of 5-deoxyenterocin to enterocin.Finally, the entire enc type II PKS pathway was successfully assembled in vitro using ten recombinant proteins and three commercial enzymes. Five enc-based natural products were generated from benzoic acid and malonyl-coenzyme A. This biochemical investigation on enterocin biosynthesis represents the first complete in vitro reconstitution of a type II PKS system and also provides an alternative strategy to create complex natural products by multienzyme synthesis.

Fungal polyketides are synthesized by polyketide synthases (PKS) encoded by PKS genes. The function of many PKS genes is unknown and the number of PKS genes exceeds the number of polyketides in many genomes. The lichen-forming fungi, Cladonia and Ramalina have chemical variants separated by habitat suggesting that environmental conditions may influence polyketide production. The goal of this thesis was to examine evolutionary relationships as a framework to investigate PKS gene function in the lichen-forming fungal families Cladoniaceae and Ramalinaceae. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Ramalina (Chapter 2) using nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences showed monophyly for seven species and included three species, which were not examined in phylogenies prior to this study. One monophyletic species, R. dilacerata was chosen for further tests of the effect of growing conditions on PKS gene expression (Chapter 3). Growth media containing yeast extracts produced the largest colony diameters and the fewest number of polyketides. A significant negative relationship occurred between colony diameter and number of secondary metabolites. Expression of two types of PKS genes was correlated with pH-level and media conditions that produced larger numbers of secondary products in R. dilacerata. A PKS gene phylogeny was constructed for 12 paralogs detected in members of the C. chlorophaea complex (Chapter 4) and gene selection was inferred using dN/dS estimations. The gene phylogeny provided evidence for independent origins and purifying and positive selection of PKS paralogs. This research provided insight into the evolution of PKS genes in the C. chlorophaea complex and identified potential genes that produce non-reduced polyketides present in C. chlorophaea. This thesis provided evidence for diversification of both morphological and chemical species and monophyly of previously unstudied Ramalina species. This research also supported theories of secondary metabolite synthesis based on growing conditions of R. dilacerata, and it revealed that PKS genes under selection in the Cladonia chlorophaea group provide the lichen with the adaptive capacity to survive under variable conditions. Knowledge of the ecological function of fungal polyketides can be valuable for conservation management and policy makers; and for understanding the potential pharmaceutical roles of these natural products.

O espaço intergênico (IGS) juntamente com suas subunidades flanqueadoras (cpcB) e (cpcA) do operon do ficocianina foi usado para identificar linhagens de cianobactérias. Dentro do domínio Bacteria somente as cianobactérias possuem o operon da ficocianina e a região cpcBA-IGS é suficientemente variável para diferenciar linhagens desses microrganismos. No presente estudo 25 linhagens de cianobactérias isoladas de diversos locais brasileiros foram caracterizadas usando a seqüência cpcBA-IGS. DNA genômico foi extraído das ordens Chroococcales (oito linhagens), Oscillatoriales (duas linhagens), Nostocales (onze linhagens) e Stigonematales (quatro linhagens). Os oligonucleotídeos iniciadores PCβF/PCαR, específicos para a seqüência cpcBA-IGS, foram usados para amplificar fragmentos de DNA de aproximadamente 685 pb. Os produtos da PCR foram clonados, seqüenciados e as seqüências foram comparadas pela análise BLAST. Todas as seqüências de Microcystis e também as seqüências de Radiocystis fernadoi SPC736, Planktothrix mougeotii SPC788, Geitlerinema splendidum SPC923, Microchaete investiens CENA64 e Gloeotrichia UFV-B2 mostraram identidades com seqüências do GenBank. Entretanto, nenhuma identidade foi encontrada para as seqüências restantes. As relações filogenéticas das seqüências de cpcBA-IGS foram investigadas junto com outras seqüências de cianobactéria do Genbank usando a análise “Neighbour Joining”. A topologia da árvore foi congruente com outras árvores de cianobactérias, com exceção de todas as seqüências sem identidades no GenBank, as quais formaram um agrupamento separado. Os dados das seqüências de cpcBA-IGS analisadas confirmam que as cianobactéria heterocitadas formam um grupo monofilético. Estudos anteriores realizados com linhagens de cianobactéria mostraram que estes microrganismos são uma fonte rica de produtos naturais. No presente estudo conduzido com 59 linhagens de cianobactérias, sendo a maioria isolada de ambientes brasileiros, isto foi confirmado. Para alcançar esse objetivo, dois conjuntos de iniciadores degenerados foram usados para produzir seqüências amplificadas por PCR das sintetases de peptídeos não-ribossômicos (NRPSs), e de sintases policetídeos (PKSs) modulares, as quais são enzimas multifuncionais envolvidas na produção de produtos naturais. O sistema híbrido NRPS/PKS também foi amplificado por PCR usando uma combinação de iniciadores de NRPS e de PKS. Essa abordagem molecular mostrou a presença de genes de NRPS e de PKS em 93% e 81% linhagens de cianobactérias, respectivamente. Genes de NRPS/PKS foram encontrados em 87% das cianobactérias examinadas. Numa tentativa de atribuir funções a oito fragmentos de PKS identificados por PCR, estas seqüências foram clonadas, seqüenciadas e analisadas filogeneticamente. As seqüências de PKSs da Microcystis aeruginosa NPCD1 e Fischerella CENA62 mostraram correlação com a síntese de sideróforo e de microcistina, respectivamente. Todas as 59 linhagens foram analisadas para a produção do microcistinas e 20 linhagens apresentaram resultados positivos. Para a maioria das linhagens potencialmente produtoras de microcistinas os produtos de PCR esperados de NRPS, PKS e NRPS/PKS foram amplificados. A produção de sideróforos foi testada em 28 linhagens e somente cinco produziram resultados positivos. Em três linhagens produtoras de sideróforos todos os três sistemas moleculares analisados estavam presentes. Estes resultados serão altamente valiosos na exploração futura de cada peptídeo dessas cianobactérias e para a elucidação da bioatividade de tais produtos naturais. / The intergenic spacer (IGS) together with its flanking subunits  (cpcB) and  (cpcA) of the phycocyanin operon has been used to identify cyanobacterial strains. Within the Bacteria domain only cyanobacteria present phycocyanin operon and the cpcBA-IGS region is variable enough to differentiate strains of these microorganisms. In the present study 25 cyanobacterial strains isolated from several Brazilian locations were characterized using the cpcBA-IGS sequence. Genomic DNA was extracted from the orders Chroococcales (eight strains), Oscillatoriales (two strains), Nostocales (eleven strains) and Stigonematales (four strains). The primers PCβF/PCαR targeting the cpcBA-IGS sequence were used to amplify DNA fragments of approximately 685 bp. The PCR products were cloned, sequenced and the sequences were compared by BLAST analysis. All Microcystis sequences and also sequences from Radiocystis fernadoi SPC736, Planktothrix mougeotii SPC788, Geitlerinema splendidum SPC923, Microchaete investiens CENA64 and Gloeotrichia UFV-B2 showed identities with sequences from GenBank. However, no identities were found for the remaining sequences. Phylogenetic relationships of the cpcBA-IGS sequences were investigated together with other cyanobacterial sequences from Genbank using the Neighbour Joining analysis. The tree topology was congruent with previous cyanobacterial trees, except for all sequences with no identities in the GenBank, which formed a separated cluster. The cpcBA-IGS sequences analysis data confirm that heterocyte-forming cyanobacteria are a monophyletic group. Previous studies carried out with cyanobacterial strains showed that these microorganisms are a rich source of natural products. This has been confirmed in the present study conducted with 59 cyanobacterial strains, with the majority of them isolated from Brazilian environment. To reach this goal, two sets of degenerate primers were used to generate PCR amplification sequences of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and modular polyketide synthases (PKSs), which are multifunctional enzymes implicated in natural products production. Also, NRPS/PKS hybrid system was PCR amplified by using a combination of NRPS and PKS primers. This molecular approach revealed the presence of NRPS and PKS genes in 93% and 81% cyanobacterial strains, respectively. NRPS/PKS genes were found in 87% of cyanobacteria examined. In an attempt to attribute functions to eight PCR identified PKS fragments, these sequences were cloned, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. PKSs sequences of Microcystis aeruginosa NPCD1 and Fischerella CENA62 showed correlation with the synthesis of siderophore and microcystin, respectively. All 59 strains were analyzed for microcystin production and 20 strains presented positive results. For the majority of potentially producing-microcystin strains expected PCR products of NRPS, PKS and NRPS/PKS were amplified. The siderophores production was tested in 28 strains and only five gave positive results. In three producing-siderophore strains all three molecular systems analyzed were present. These results will be highly valuable for further exploring each of these cyanobacterial peptides and for elucidating the bioactivity of such natural products.