Under de senaste åren, på grund av överanvändningen av icke förnybara resurser har den ekologiska miljön på jorden påverkats allvarligt. I takt med detta ökade oron bland människor om att resurserna skulle ta slut. Därför är det nödvändigt att utveckla och använda mer miljövänliga förnybara resurser. Ett av dessa alternativ är cellulosabaserat material, vilket är ett utmärkt val. Vanligtvis består cellulosabaserat material av ett förstärkande material (cellulosafiber) och en matris (polymer eller metall). Dock bör kompatibiliteten mellan cellulosamaterialet och polymermatrisen ses över, eftersom generellt är kompatibiliteten mellan de låg. I detta projekt studerades olika metoder för att förbättra kompatibiliteten mellan cellulosamaterialet och polymermatrisen. Två cellulosamaterial (mikrokristallin cellulosa (MCC) och cellulosaoxalat (COX)) behandlades med olika modifieringsmetoder för att förbättra kompatibiliteten och gränssnittsinteraktionen mellan materialen. För att modifiera MCC och COX användes bland annat kulmalning, vatten som dispergeringsmedel, förestring av cellulosafibrerna med oljesyra under olika reaktionstider (6, 18, respektive 48 timmar), samt att tillsätta ett kompatibiliseringsmedel, maleinsyraanhydrid-ympad polypropylen (MAPP), i olika halter (1% respektive 2%). För att framställa kompositproverna användes extrudering och formsprutning. Dragprovning genomfördes för att testa de mekaniska egenskaperna hos proverna. Ytterligare karakteriseringsanalyser som utfördes på de olika cellulosapulvren var kontaktvinkeln (CA), svepelektronmikroskopi (SEM), infrarödspektroskopi (FTIR), och röntgendiffraktion (XRD). Resultatet från dragprovningen visade att COX-proverna med 1% MAPP som kompatibilisator gav den högsta draghållfastheten och Youngs modul av alla kompositproverna som producerades i detta exjobb. Användningen av MAPP som kompatibiliseringsmedel visade ett bättre resultat än de andra undersökta metoderna för att förbättra kompatibiliteten mellan den hydrofila ytan på MCC/COX och den hydrofoba ytan på polymermatrisen. Att använda MAPP som kompatibilisator bör prioriteras vid tillverkningen av kompositmaterial. / In recent years, with the excessive use of non-renewable resources on the earth, the ecological environment has been seriously affected. At the same time, humans began to worry about running out of resources. Therefore, it is necessary to develop environmentally friendly renewable resources. Cellulose-based material is an excellent choice. Commonly, cellulose-based material consists of reinforcement (cellulose fiber) and matrix (polymer or metal). However, the compatibility between cellulosic material and polymer matrix should be considered. In general, the compatibility between them is poor. In this project, several methods to improve the compatibility between the cellulose material and polymer matrix were studied. Two cellulosic materials (microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cellulose oxalate (COX)) were treated with different modification methods to improve the compatibility and interfacial interaction between the cellulosic material and polymer matrix. Ball milling, using water as a dispersing agent, using oleic acid to esterify cellulose fiber for different reaction times (6 h, 18 h, and 48 h), and using different concentrations (1% and 2%) of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as compatibilizers were applied to improve the compatibility between cellulose fiber and polymer matrix.  To produce the composite specimens, extrusion and injection molding were utilized. Tensile testing was done to test the mechanical properties of the specimens. Contact angle (CA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) were also performed on the various cellulose powders as characterization methods. According to the result of tensile testing, COX samples with 1% MAPP as compatibilizer, showed the highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus of all the composite samples produced in this master thesis. Using MAPP as a compatibilizer shows a better result than using other methods to improve the compatibility between hydrophilic MCC/COX surface and hydrophobic PP matrix. The use of MAPP as a compatibilizer should be prioritized when producing composite materials.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Fluoreszenzverhalten, speziell der Fluoreszenzlebensdauer, von BODIPY-Farbstoffen in Polymerlösungsmittelgemischen mit unterschiedlicher Polymerkonzentration sowie in Polymerfilmen bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen. Dazu werden zunächst die Synthesen von vier verschiedenen BODIPY-Fluorophoren mit einem Phenylsubstituent in meso-Position aufgezeigt. Dahingehend wurde eine Synthesestrategie entwickelt, um eine einzelne Polypropylenkette an diese Farbstoffsysteme anzubinden. Dabei soll aufgezeigt werden, dass die Länge des Substituenten am Phenylsubstituenten am chromophoren Kern maßgeblich das Fluoreszenzverhalten der Sonde beeinflusst. BODIPY-Farbstoffe mit makromolekularen Substituenten zeigen im Vergleich zu Derivaten mit kürzeren Substituenten eine deutlich größere Fluoreszenzlebensdauer und eine nicht so stark ausgeprägte Temperaturabhängigkeit. Mehrere Zeitkomponenten der Fluoreszenzlebensdauer der Fluorophore in reinem Polypropylen bzw. deren Mehrkomponentensystemen (Polyethylenpropylen Copolymer oder Kraton) im Vergleich zu reinen Lösungsmitteln (Toluol oder Dodecen) deuten dabei auf lokale Heterogenitäten im Material hin. Außerdem wird der Einfluss der Viskosität auf die Fluoreszenzlebensdauer in Polymer/Lösungsmittelgemischen mit unterschiedlicher Polymerkonzentration untersucht und die Rolle des Wasserstoffbrückennetzwerkes zwischen den Polymer- und Lösungsmittelmolekülen diskutiert.

Die Zielstellung dieser Dissertation besteht darin, einen Beitrag zur Charakterisierung sowohl der Ausgangsmaterialien (Naturfasern, Polymere) als auch ihrer Verbundeigenschaften zu leisten. Morphologische Unterschiede der Fasern, im wesentlichen bedingt durch Erntezeitpunkt, Röstdauer und Verarbeitungsbedingungen, haben Einfluss auf die mechanischen Kennwerte als auch auf das Faser/Matrix-Interface des Verbundwerkstoffs. Durch unterschiedliche Verfahren (Thermoanalyse, Ubbelohde-Viskosimetrie, NMR-Spektroskopie, Einzelfaserzugversuch) werden sowohl das Degradationsverhalten als auch die Prozessgrenzen bestimmt. Zur Einschätzung des Grenzflächenzustands werden oberflächensensitive Verfahren (BET-Verfahren, Zeta-Potentialbestimmung, IR-Spektroskopie, Rasterelektronen-mikroskopie) angewendet. Die Charakterisierung der durch Compoundieren und Spritzgießen, bzw. durch Konsolidieren von Hybridvliesen hergestellten Verbunde erfolgt mittels quasi-statischer bzw. dynamisch-mechanischer Methoden (DMA). Fraktographische rasterelektronenmikroskopische und IR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen belegen die Veränderung des Interfaces durch geeignete Faserbehandlung, Prozessparameter und Haftvermittlung. Die vorliegende Arbeit weist die effektive Verstärkungswirkung der Naturfasern Flachs bzw. Hanf in hochpolymeren Matrices zuverlässig nach. / The objectives of this dissertation are the characterization of the components (natural fibers, polymers) and the resulting properties of the composites. Due to differences in fiber morphology, mainly caused by the date of harvest, retting and fiber separation procedures, the mechanical properties and the fiber/matrix interface are effected. The degradation and the limits of the process are characterized by means of thermal analysis, Ubbelohde viscosimetry, NMR spectroscopy and single fiber tensile test. Surface sensitive methods (BET measurements, zeta potential measurements, IR-spectroscopy) were applied to evaluate the fiber/matrix interface. The composites were first manufactured by compounding and injection molding as well as by consolidation of hybrid nonwovens and characterized by means of quasi statical and dynamic-mechanical methods. The effect of adequate fiber treatements, process parameters and coupling agents becomes obvious applying fractographic SEM and IR spectroscopic measurements. The gained results indicate the strengthening effect of natural fibers like flax and hemp on the performance of high polymers.

In present study, high energy electrons were used to modify blends based on RP and PP under two conditions: stationary and in-stationary conditions. Modification of blend under stationary condition is a process which is established in industrial application and where required absorbed dose is applied to form parts (after molding) at room temperature and in solid state. On the contrary, the modification of blend with high energy electrons under in-stationary condition is a new process (electron induced reactive processing) where required absorbed dose is applied to a molten state during melt mixing process. The modification of blend based on RP and PP under stationary condition resulted in slightly enhancement of tensile properties while the modification of this blend under in-stationary condition resulted in deterioration of tensile properties due to degradation of the PP matrix. Thus, special grafting agent (GA) is required for improving the tensile properties. The effect of different GAs on tensile, thermal, dynamic mechanical as well as morphological properties and melt flow properties of blends based on RP and PP were determined. The optimum absorbed dose for modification of blend based on RP and PP under both conditions was evaluated. In addition, the effect of treatment parameters of electron induced reactive processing was investigated.

HINTERGUND: Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Einfluss zweier in der klinischen Routine gebräuchlicher Oxygenatoren mit unterschiedlichen Membranen, bestehend aus Polymethylpenten (PMP) oder aus Polypropylen (PPL), auf die Plasmakonzentration von Sevofluran während der extrakorporalen Zirkulation zu untersuchen. Es sollte geprüft werden, ob mittels der PMP-Membran vs. der PPL-Membran eine klinisch relevante Blutplasmakonzentration von vor dem Start der extrakorporalen Zirkulation appliziertem Sevofluran während des gesamten Zeitraums der extrakorporalen Zirkulation erhalten bleibt ohne eine zusätzliche Einspeisung des volatilen Anästhetikums über einen Vapor in den Frischgasfluss des Oxygenators vorzunehmen. METHODIK: Zwanzig Patienten, welche sich einer elektiven koronaren Bypassoperation unterzogen, wurden randomisiert einer der beiden Gruppen mit unterschiedlichem Membranoxygenator zugeordnet. Die Konzentrationen von Sevofluran wurden während der Operation im Plasma der Patienten und am Oygenatorgasauslass der Herz-Lungen-Maschine gemessen. Es wurde ermittelt, wie hoch der Verbrauch von additiv intravenös verabreichten Anästhetika in der jeweiligen Gruppe war, um eine adäquate Narkosetiefe aufrecht zu erhalten. ERGEBNISSE: Der Verlust von Sevofluran war signifikant geringer wenn ein PMP-Membranoxygenator im Vergleich zu einem PPL-Membranoxygenator verwendet wurde. Die Plasmakonzentration von Sevofluran zeigte vor Beginn (PPL 1.15-4.84 (2.49) vs. PMP 1.29-3.97 (3.97) μl×100 ml^-1, p=0.62) und fünf Minuten nach dem Start der extrakorporalen Zirkulation (PPL 0.72-2.32 (1.42) vs. PMP 0.98-2.29 (1.68) µl x 100 ml^-1, p=0.31) keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den beiden Oxygenatoren. Zehn Minuten nach Beginn der extrakorporalen Zirkulation war jedoch die Sevofluranplasmakonzentration in der Patientengruppe mit PPL-Membranoxygenator im Vergleich zu der PMP-Oxygenator-Gruppe signifikant gefallen (PPL 0.48-1.79 (0.93) vs. PMP 0.80-2.15 (1.56) μl×100 ml^-1, p=0.02). Dieser Unterschied hielt bis zehn Minuten nach Beendigung der extrakorporalen Zirkulation an. Zeitweise lag die Sevofluranplasmakonzentration in der Gruppe mit PMP-Membranoxygenator doppelt so hoch. Der Verbrauch von additiv intravenös verabreichten Anästhetika war in der Patientengruppe mit PMP-Membran signifikant geringer. FAZIT: Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Gebrauch eines PMP-Membranoxygenators im Vergleich zu einem PPL-Membranoxygenator zu einem signifikant niedrigeren Verlust von Sevofluran über die Membran führt, was in einer höheren, narkoserelevanten Sevofluranplasmakonzentration resultiert.

The master’s thesis deals with the design of an injection mould for manufacturing of a plastic bottle cap with a child safety lock. Firstly, the analysis of the part is done including a detailed specification of its function and criteria, which have to be fulfilled. After the technology is chosen (injection moulding), the analysis of the injection moulding technology and the problematics of design process is provided. In the following practical part of the thesis, the particular mould for the given part is fully designed using simulation and technological calculation. On the basis of the acquired parameters of the mould, the injection machine was chosen. At the concussion of the thesis, the technical and economical evaluation of the proposed manufacturing process for the cap with child safety lock is realised.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of an injection mold for manufacturing double elbow, which finds its use in the siphon assembly. The part will be made of polypropylene with the trade name Tatren HT 25 11. The production batch size is set at 100,000 units in 3 months. Firstly, the analysis of the part is done including a detailed specification of its function and criteria that must be met by the component. Furthermore, a suitable technology for the production of the part is chosen. The theory of injection molding and mold design is made on the basis of the chosen injection technology. Subsequently, in the practical part is made a complete design of injection mold including technological calculations and simulations. An injection molding machine is chosen for the proposed injection mold. The conclusion of the thesis consists of technical - economic evaluation of the production of double elbow.

Knowledge of radical initiated grafting was summarized in theoretical part. It also contains a part about adamantane, its derivatives and a study of their use in polymer chemistry. In experimental part radical grafted polypropylene was prepared in batch mixer Brabender at 185 and 195 °C, 40 RPM and reaction time 5 min. Initiator 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(tert-buthylperoxy)hexane (Trigonox 101) in concentrations between 0,2 – 4 wt % was used. 1-vinyladamantane was chosen as a monomer and its concetration ranged from 0,75 to 2,24 wt %. Mechanical properties of prepared samples were tested. Sample with content of initiator 0,2 wt % and monomer 1,4 wt % showed increase in notch toughness by 56,3 %, strength by 8,7 %, ductility by 11,5 % and decrease in MFR (230 °C; 2,16 kg) by 29,7 %. Values of torque indicated grafting reactions which couldn’t be proven by use of FTIR method so more suitable methods have been proposed.

This thesis deals with a preparation of modified polypropylene. Modified polypropylene was prepared by reaction itaconic anhydride and compounds contain primary and secondary amino group (diaminododecane, aminoethylethanolamine and aminoethylpiperazine). Knowledge of radical and condensation modification of polypropylene were summarized in the theoretical part. New application of modified polypropylene ware summarized at the theoretical part as well. In the experimental part polypropylene was functionalized by grafting with itaconic anhydride during reactive extrusion. Extrusion was carried on the co-rotating twin-screw extruder (Brabender 25 DSE L/D = 34) at 230 °C and 30 RPM. Residence time of reactive blend was 3 minutes. The modified polypropylene PP-g-IAH) contained 0.5 wt% of itaconic anhydride. 2,5 dimethyl 2,5bis(tert buthyl-peroxy)hexane (Luperox 101) was used as a radical initiator. A ratio initiator/monomer was 1:0.6 (mol/mol). PP-g-IAH was used for condensation reaction with amino compounds in molar ratios IAH/amine from 1:0,3 to 1:1. This reaction carried out in single screw extruder (Betol 1825 L/D = 39) at 210 °C and 30 RPM. Residence time of reactive blend was 3 minutes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used for a calculation of reaction conversion and for description of new functional groups in the materials. This analysis confirmed the presence of amide and imide groups in the samples. Influence of amino compounds to polymer crystallinity was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Termogravimetric analysis focused on thermal stability of prepared samples and changes of thermal stability was observed in dependence of additives amount. The rheological behaviors of modified PP were analyzed by measuring the complex viscosity.

Physical aging of commercially produced polypropylene homopolymers Mosten was studied. The work is focused on monitoring the changes in physical properties of polymer in the time period 90 days from the date of preparation of the test specimen. The aging of polymers was realized at storage temperatures of 23 and 80 °C. The changes in crystallinity, yield strength, modulus, elongation and impact strength using DSC method, tensile tests and impact tests according to Charpy were monitored. Molecular weight distribution was determined by means of GPC at each polymer. Relationships between the changes in physical properties and polymer molecular weight were sought.