This study used electrospinning to fabricate a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric nanofiber harvesting device with interdigitated electrode to capture ambient energy. According to d33 mechanical-electric energy conversion mode, the energy harvesting device can be applied on the low frequency ambient vibration and impact abilities for the transformation mechanical energy into electrical energy effectively. First, the PVDF powder was mixed in acetone solution uniformly and the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was mixed with multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) to prepare PVDF macromolecular solution. The mixed solution was filled in a metals needle injector and contacted hundreds of voltage. After the PVDF drop in the needle was subjected to high electric field, the drop overcame surface tension of the solution itself, then extremely fine PVDF fiber was formed and spun out. The electrospun was collected orderly using X-Y digital control stage and the linear diameter of electrospun can be controlled easily by adjusting the travelling speed of the stage. In the spinning process, as affected by stretching strain and electric field at the same time, the PVDF piezoelectric fiber resulted in electric polarization and transformed £] piezoelectric crystal phase, in which the dipoles are oriented in the same direction. Furthermore, MWCNT was added to improve the mechanical properties of fiber and increase £] phase, to enhance the tensile strength and piezoelectric property of PVDF fiber effectively. Finally, the photolithography was used to fabricate interdigitated electrodes with 100£gm gap on the flexible PI substrate. The PVDF fibers, with a length and diameter of approximately 1cm and 700-1000nm, were aligned on interdigitated electrodes and packaged with the PI film. In order to increase the conversion efficiency of piezoelectric fiber in d33 mode, the PVDF fibers were repolarized in a high electric field. The results showed that the PVDF fiber energy harvesting device can generate 15mV open-circuit voltage under low frequency vibration of 4Hz and generate above 30mV open-circuit voltage under 6Hz vibrations. As compared with the piezoelectric fiber not repolarized by interdigitated electrode, its output voltage was increased by1- 2 times.

In this study, a cylindrical near-field electrospining (CNFES) process will be used to fabricate permanent piezoelectricity of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric fibers, and a piezoelectric fiber harvesting device with parallel electrode was fabricated to capture ambient energy. First, the PVDF powder was mixed in acetone solution uniformly and the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was mixed with fluorosurfactant to prepare PVDF macromolecular solution. The PVDF macromolecular solution was filled in a metals needle injector and contacted a high power supply, after the PVDF drops in the needle was subjected to high electric field, the drops became a Taylor cone and overcame surface tension of the solution itself, extremely fine PVDF fiber was formed and jetted out. The fibers were collected numerous and quickly by homemade cylindrical collector and the diameter of fiber could be controlled easily by adjusting the rotating speed of the cylinder and the electric field. From the observation of XRD (X-ray diffraction), it reveals a high diffraction peak at 2£c=20.7¢X of piezoelectric crystal £]-phase structure by adjusting PVDF concentrations and DC voltage. By providing 7Hz shake and 0.23% strain, the piezoelectric fiber harvesting device with parallel electrode could generate 76mV; by providing 7Hz shake and 0.14% strain, the device could generate 1.1nA.

In this study, membranes were made from three polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymers individually and the blend systems of high (H) and low (L) molecular weight PVDF by phase inversion process. After investigating membrane casting solutions’ viscous and thermodynamic properties, the membranes so fabricated were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, gas permeation tests, porosity measurement, contact angle (CA) and liquid entry pressure of water (LEPw) measurement, and further subjected to vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) in a scenario that was applicable for cooling processes, where the feed water temperature was maintained at 27℃. It was found that PVDF solutions’ viscosities and thermodynamic instabilities were determined by the types of PVDF employed in single polymer systems and the mixing ratios of two PVDF polymers in blend systems. Thus the membrane properties and performances were influenced by the aforesaid factors as well. In single polymer systems, it was found that the membrane surface roughness and porosity increased with an increase in molecular weight. Among all the membranes casted in this study, the water vapor flux of VMD was found to be the highest at the intermediate range of H:L ratio, i.e., 4:6, at which the thickness of the sponge-like layer showed a minimum, the finger-like macro-voids formed a more orderly single-layer structure, and the LEPw showed a minimum. A conclusion can be made that blend systems of high molecular weight PVDF polymers and low molecular weight PVDF polymers could be used to optimize membrane performance in vacuum membrane distillation.

The present research focuses on the coupling of mechanical and electrical properties of materials and culminates in a direct connection between applied strain to thin-films, thin-film electron binding energy, the energy loss via plastic deformation provided by an indentation, and the substrate resistance. The methods used in this research include X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nanoindentation, digital optical microscopy, and sputter coat deposition. It is discovered that there is a shift in electron binding energy on the scale of 0.2 eV to 1.4 eV in gold and palladium thin-films sputtered on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) through the application of strain induced by a convex shape. There is a change in the area beneath the load-displacement curve measured via indentation from 5.55 x 10^-10 J to 4.78 x 10^-10 J when the gold-palladium thin-film sputtered on PVDF is changed from the flat arrangement to the convex arrangement. Furthermore, the strain also changed the electrical resistance of aluminum foil, which indicates that the substrate electrical resistance is affected by the induced strain. The internal resistance of a circuit developed for this research changed from 7.76 ohms for flat samples to 8.03 ohms and 8.33 ohms for flat and convex samples, respectively. It is expected that the research can be used to estimate the strain in nanogears and other devices at small length scales.

abstract: There is a strong medical need and important therapeutic applications for improved wireless bioelectric interfaces to the nervous system. Multichannel devices are desired for neural control of robotic prosthetics that interface to remaining nerves in limb stumps of amputees and as alternatives to traditional wired arrays used in for some types of brain stimulation. This present work investigates a new approach to ultrasound-powering of implantable microelectronic devices within the tissue that may better support such applications. These devices are of ultra-miniature size that is enabled by a wireless technique. This study investigates two types of ultrasound-powered neural interfaces for multichannel sensory feedback in neurostimulation. The piezoceramics lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer were the primary materials used to build the devices. They convert ultrasound to electricity that when rectified by a diode produce a current output that is neuro stimulatory to peripheral nerve or the neurons in the brain. Multichannel devices employ a form of spatial multiplexing that directs focused ultrasound towards localized and segmented regions of PVDF or PZT that allows independent channels of nerve actuation. Different frequencies of ultrasound were evaluated for best results. Firstly, a 2.25 MHz frequency signal that is reasonably penetrating through body tissue to an implant several centimeters deep and also a 5 MHz frequency more suited to application for actuation of devices within a less than a centimeter of nerve. Results show multichannel device performance to have a complex inter-relationship with frequency, size and thickness, angular incidence, channel separations, and number of folds (layers connected in series and parallel). The output electrical port impedances of PVDF devices were examined in relationship to that of stimulating electrodes and tissue interfaces. Miniature multichannel devices were constructed using an unreported method of employing state of the art laser cutting systems. The results show that PVDF based devices have advantages over PZT, because of better acoustic coupling with tissue, known better biocompatibility, and better separation between multiple channels. However, the PZT devices proved to be better overall in terms of compactness and higher outputs for a given ultrasound power level. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Bioengineering 2015

Orientador: João Sinezio de Carvalho Campos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T23:13:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_AlexandreAntunes_D.pdf: 21308910 bytes, checksum: 2d9c22a68b13b2f0d3bc147184a5c731 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A área de biomateriais tem direcionado estudos para o desenvolvimento de materiais sintéticos ou artificiais que tenham propriedades semelhantes às do tecido ósseo humano. Dentre as diversas alternativas, uma das mais utilizadas é o recobrimento de substratos metálicos com biocerâmicas. Esta técnica possibilita combinar a biocompatibilidade, as propriedades mecânicas e a resistência à corrosão do titânio comercialmente puro (Ti cp), com a excelente biocompatibilidade das biocerâmicas de fosfato de cálcio, especialmente a hidroxiapatita (HA). O processo utilizado neste trabalho, denominado de ¿via polimérica¿, é uma das técnicas mais flexíveis e promissoras, pois possibilita combinar três materiais biocompatíveis (metal-polímero-cerâmica) facilmente encontrados no mercado, sendo o polímero o material transportador/fixador da HA na superfície do metal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a característica físico-química dos recobrimentos de polímero polifluoreto de vinilideno (a-PVDF) e compósito a-PVDF/HA, obtidos pelo processo ¿via polimérica¿, sobre a superfície de titânio comercialmente puro (Ti cp) pré-modificada por irradiação por feixe de laser. A preparação dos recobrimentos se deu pela mistura de a- PVDF dissolvido em dimetilacetamida (DMA) com emulsão de HA também em DMA. Em seguida, espalhou-se a mistura sobre amostras de Ti cp e deixou-se em estufa para secar. Assim, amostras de Ti cp recobertas somente em uma das superfícies com filme compósito a-PVDF/HA, nas proporções em massa de 100/00 e 60/40, foram obtidas e caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia por dispersão de energia de raios-X (EDS), difração de raios-X (DRX), análise de tamanho de partículas da HA utilizada, medida de espessura, ângulo de contato, teste de absorção de água, ensaio de flexão em três pontos, teste de resistência à adesão e fotografia das amostras. Os resultados mostraram que a metodologia utilizada proporcionou um recobrimento fortemente aderido e uniforme, com pouca variação de espessura ao longo da superfície recoberta / Abstract: The biomaterials area has been focused on the development of synthetic or artificial materials that have similar properties to the human bone tissue. Among the diverse alternatives, one of the most used is the metallic substrate coated with bioceramics. By this technique it is possible to combine biocompatibilty, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) with the excellent biocompatibility of calcium phosphate bioceramics, specially the hydroxyapatite (HA). For this purpose, the polymeric method is one of the more flexible and promising techniques because it permits to combine three biocompatible materials (metal-polymer-ceramic) easily found in the market, being the polymer the HA-transporter/fixer material on the metal surface. The aim of this work was to study the physical-chemical characteristics of polivynilidene fluoride (a-PVDF) and a-PVDF/HA composite coatings, obtained by polymeric process, on cp Ti substrate surface pre-modified by laser beam irradiation. The preparation of coatings was done for mixturing a-PVDF pellets shape dissolved in dimethylacetamide (DMA) with HA/DMA emulsion. Soon afterwards, the mixtures were spread on the cp Ti samples and left to dry in an oven. Commercially pure titanium plates coated on only one of surfaces with a-PVDF/HA composite filme, in proportions of 100/00 and 60/40 in weight, were obtained and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), particle size analysis of the used HA, thickness measure, contact angle, water absorption test, three-point bend test, adhesion resistance test and photograph of the samples. The results showed that the used method provided a uniform and strongly adhered coating with little thickness variation along the coated surface / Doutorado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Claudio Longo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T05:20:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_BrunoHondade_M.pdf: 1755012 bytes, checksum: c581e51105ddf9e770994460e5171e65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As células fotoeletroquímica de TiO2/corante, que convertem energia solar em elétrica, são constituídas por fotoeletrodo de TiO2 modificado com um corante, contra-eletrodo de Pt e um eletrólito contendo o par redox I/ I3. Neste trabalho, investigaram-se eletrólitos constituídos por NaI/I2 dissolvido em uma matriz polimérica de poli(óxido de etileno), PEO, contendo 10% (em massa) dos polifluoretos polivinilideno (PVdF) e polivinilideno hexafluoro-propileno, PVdF-HFP. Inicialmente, averiguou-se que um eletrólito constituído por 14% de NaI ( em relação à massa de PEO) em PEO/PVdF-HFP apresentou melhor desempenho em uma célula solar que um eletrólito similar em matriz PEO/PVdF. Determinou-se então, para eletrólitos de PEO/PVdF-HFP, a condutividade iônica em função da concentração de NaI para filmes depositados entre eletrodos bloqueantes de aço. O valor máximo de condutividade, 0,3 mScm, foi obtido para o eletrólito contendo mNaI/mPEO = 20%. Em uma célula simétrica, constituída por dois eletrodos de Pt, os voltamogramas cíclicos obtidos para este eletrólito apresentaram picos bem definidos, indicando a reversibilidade do par redox neste eletrólito. A adição de 10% (em massa) de PVdF-HFP proporciona característica amorfa à matriz polimérica, o que garante alta mobilidade iônica. As células solares preparadas com este eletrólito (área ativa de 0,5 cm) apresentaram, no 1° dia, valores médios de corrente de curto circuito de 3,9 mA cm e potencial de circuito aberto, VOC, de 0,6V e eficiência de conversão 1,1% sob irradiação de um simulador solar (120mWcm, 27°C). Através de medidas de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica sob irradiação (no Voc, ± 10 mV), observou-se baixa resistência em série e estimou-se o coeficiente de difusão das espécies redox no sistema em D= 3.10 cms. As curvas corrente-potencial foram determinadas durante 30 dias consecutivos; sendo observada estável depois de 15 dias e uma diminuição de 60% de sua eficiência inicial / Abstract: Dye-sensitized solar cell convert solar energy in electricity, are made up nanoporous TiO2 electrode modified by a Ru-complex dye, Pt counter electrode and an electrolyte containing the redox couple I/ I3. This dissertation was to investigate electrolytes consisting of NaI/I2 dissolved in a polymer matrix of poly (ethylene oxide), PEO, containing 10% (by weight) of polyvinylidene polyvinylidene (PVDF) and polyvinylidene Hexafluorosilicic propylene, PVdF-HFP. Initially, it was found that electrolyte content 14% of NaI (mNaI/mPEO) in PEO / PVdF-HFP performed better on a solar cell array in a similar electrolyte PEO / PVdF. It was determined then to electrolyte PEO / PVdF-HFP, the ionic conductivity as a function of NaI concentration for films deposited between steel blocking electrodes. The maximum conductivity, 0.3 mScm, was obtained for he electrolyte containing mNaI / mPEO = 20%. In a symmetric cell, consisting of two Pt electrodes, the cyclic voltammograms obtained for this electrolyte showed well defined peaks, indicating the reversibility of the redox couple in electrolyte. The addition of 10% (in mass) of PVdF-HFP provides the characteristic amorphous polymer matrix, which ensures high ion mobility. Solar cells prepared with this electrolyte (active area 0.5 cm) presented on first day, mean values of short circuit current of 3.9 mA cm and open circuit potential, VOC of 0.6 V and conversion efficiency of 1.1% under irradiation of a solar simulator (120 mWcm, 27°C). Through measures electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under irradiation (in VOC, ± 10 mV), there was low resistance in series and estimated the diffusion coefficient of redox species in the system at D = 3.10 cms. The current-potential curves were determined for 30 consecutive days, being observed stable after 15 days and a decrease of 60% of its initial efficiency / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

Piezoelektriska material används flitigt i olika sensorer då de kan generera en mätbar elektrisk signal vid tryck eller töjning. Arbetet utreder hur ett piezoelektriskt garn innehållandes Polyvinyldiflourid (PVDF) påverkas av faktorer som långvarig mekanisk deformation, fukt och värme. Fokus har legat på det piezoelektriska garnets egenskaper men projektet undersöker också hur integrering i tyg samt applicering i en textil produkt fungerar. Det piezoelektriska garnet har utsatts för ett stort antal tester. I de flesta tester har proverna utvärderats genom cyklisk deformation i en extensometer. Det piezoelektriska garnet har undersökts genom experiment i laboratoriemiljö, praktiska tester i textila applikationer samt vid statistisk analys. Det kan konstateras att yttre faktorer så som fukt och temperatur har inverkan på garnets piezoelektriska effekt. Långvariga tester avslöjar hur garnet uppvisar en längdförändring vid deformation som bidrar till garnets minskade signalstyrka. Garnet kan framgångsrikt integreras i tyg genom sömnad vid rätt inställning för stygnlängd, där högre stygnlängd ger bättre resultat. Samma metod kan användas för att konstruera en piezoelektrisk sensor som appliceras i en träningsstrumpa. Slutsatsen av detta arbete är att parametrar som fukt, krypningsbeteende samt strukturell variation i de individuella PVDF-filamenten har en betydande effekt på det piezoelektriska garnets elektriska signal. Potential i garnets förmåga att fungera som sensor kan ses genom att garnet integrerats med tyg på ett framgångsrikt sätt i en träningsstrumpa för mätning av fotnedsättning. Det kvarstår mycket gällande forskning kring piezoelektriska filament och garn. Vidare forskning i ämnet kommer kunna leda till nya innovativa applikationsmöjligheter som kan komma till nytta inom olika delar av samhället, inte minst inom medicinska användningsområden. / Piezoelectric materials are frequently used in different sensors as they can generate a measurable electrical signal during applied pressure or when subjected to extension. This project examines how a piezoelectric yarn containing Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is affected when exposed to moisture, heat and long-term mechanical deformation. Focus has been directed towards investigating the properties of the piezoelectric yarn as well as how it can be applied in textile fabrics and textile applications. The piezoelectric yarn has been subjected to a series of tests. Most of the samples have undergone cyclic deformation in an extensometer during tests. The piezoelectric yarn has been examined by experiments in laboratory environment, practical tests in textile applications as well as by statistical analysis. It can be stated that factors such as moisture and temperature have influence on the piezoelectric effect of the yarn. Long-term tests reveal how the yarn displays a change in length while undergoing deformation, which contributes to the diminished signal strength of the yarn. The piezoelectric yarn can successfully be integrated in a piece of fabric by the means of sewing when using correct stitch- length, where higher stitch-length gives a higher signal output. The same method can be applied to construct a piezoelectric sensor used in a training sock. This project can conclude that parameters such as moisture, creep-behaviour and structural variation within the PVDF-filaments have a significant effect on the signal created by the piezoelectric yarn. The potential of the yarn as a sensor can be seen by successfully applying it to a textile structure as well as in a training sock that can monitor the fore and rear foot while running. It can be stated that much remains to be studied in this particular research area regarding piezoelectric filaments and yarns. Further research in the subject will lead to new innovative applications that can be of use in different parts of society, not to say the least in the area of medicine.

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