Befolkningstillväxt är planeringsidealet i dagens samhälle. Med tillväxt tillkommer dock utmaningar som behöver bemötas. Syftet med arbetet är därför att studera hur Kalmar och Varbergs kommun planerar för en ökad befolkningstillväxt och vilken effekt denna befolkningstillväxt har på den kommunala samhällsservicen. Kommunerna har valts ut då de har haft en kraftig befolkningstillväxt under de senaste åren. Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer samt dokumentanalys av kommunernas strategiska dokument har genomförts som sedan har analyserats utifrån olika teman. Strategisk planering och tidigare forskning inom ämnesområdet, såsom förtätning, har använts för att analysera kommunernas hantering av befolkningstillväxten ytterligare. Utifrån datainsamlingen går det att tyda att kommunerna har påverkats i olika grad av befolkningstillväxten. Kalmar kommun upplever att de kan hantera utmaningarna med befolkningstillväxten. Varbergs kommun finner att befolkningstillväxten skapar utmaningar att bemöta behov av kommunal service. Samplanering av bostäder och service är en utmaning för kommunerna men anses vara det bästa sättet att bemöta befolkningstillväxten. / Population growth is the ideal of planning in today's society. With growth, however, there are challenges that need to be addressed. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the municipalities of Kalmar and Varberg plan for increased population growth and what effect this has on the municipal community service. Both municipalities have had strong population growth in recent years. Qualitative semi-structured interviews and document analysis of the municipalities' strategic documents have been carried out, which have then been analyzed on the basis of various themes. Strategic planning and previous research in the subject area, such as densification, have been used to further analyze the municipalities' management of population growth. Based on the data collection, municipalities have been affected to varying degrees by population growth. Kalmar feels that they can handle the challenges of population growth. Varberg finds that population growth creates challenges in meeting the need for municipal services. Co-planning of housing and services is a challenge for the municipalities but is considered to be the best way to respond to population growth.

The world’s population is increasing and every day, more people are coming to the cities. People are constantly relocating their houses for meeting their needs. As societies are growing and mobility in cities is raising, cities would face challenges like accommodating the population inexpensively and providing good quality of life and stable social and environmental infrastructure for them. However, due to the fixed regulated and unadaptable construction market, the architecture doesn’t meet the changing needs of inhabitants, therefore, every day the housing market is more unaffordable because of the high demand for housing developments, lands scarce, etc. Architecture needs to be flexible to adjust itself to the current market. Since most of the relocations and high demands for building new housing projects occur when built spaces fail to meet their occupants’ growing needs. This thesis tries to find an alternative framework for designing a flexible one whereby architecture is shaped by the user’s needs and can adjust itself in a long period. This thesis also works on designing an environment that responds to the social, economic, and environmental needs of residents as one united community. Therefore, it uses a shared living idea as an affordable alternative for making houses cheaper and creating a more stable social environment for inhabitants. The content of this thesis is categorized upon the following narrative. Firstly, this thesis is trying to deepen its understanding of the matter of shared living and its possible advantages and disadvantages for producing stable social and economical infrastructure. For this purpose, it analyses a notion of shared living and shared economy through studying successful case studies. Secondly, by studying and utilizing metabolic design criteria, the thesis will form an understanding of a more sustainable approach toward architecture and built environment to design an affordable housing system that provides high quality of life for inhabitants through responding to their needs. Thirdly, the thesis will frame its design strategy based on shared living perspective and metabolic design criteria. The thesis then will illustrate its steps and methods to achieve flexible architecture through designing its module, structure, and material. Lastly, it will discuss its findings on how the shared living approach and metabolic philosophy can aid architects to design more sustainable housing units that can meet their resident’s needs through a long period and make strong social, economic, and environmental infrastructure.

Having an understanding of when, where, and why people settle in an area is crucial in explaining the growth course of a city. However, this cannot be done by looking at a city in isolation. Its surrounding region has a tremendous impact on its development. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the growth of Los Angeles from a regional perspective, called the Los Angeles city-system, which consists of Los Angeles and its hinterland. Connections are made between the history and the geography of the Los Angeles city-system by examining the spatial distribution of population within the region between 1769 and 2000. The Hoover Index of Population Concentration is used to determine the population concentration, and major shifts in the concentration are illuminated by the geography and historical events of the Los Angeles area. The main factors contributing to the changing concentration were the region's physical geography, the introduction of transportation innovations, the region's economic structure, historical and political events, and migration trends. It was found that the counties in closest proximity to Los Angeles County are becoming more alike, while the more peripheral counties are becoming more different. This has led to a greater understanding of urban/periphery growth economics.

The catalyst for the urban growth of Skipton during the formative period of the modern town between 1865 and 1914 was indigenous investment and organisational change in cotton textiles in the aftermath of the Cotton Famine. Railway investment also played an important, although lesser part. The process was facilitated notably by the relaxation of policy on land tenure by the principal landowner and by the work of a well managed local authority. The resulting net in-migration, along with the internal redistribution of population necessitated by the extension of commercial and other services in the town centre, was accommodated by house building in clusters which were either aligned with or removed from the main factory sites. This gave rise to a distinctive pattern of social and spatial segregation, the distribution of which was governed principally by the need for factories to have access to water supplies for steam raising and condensing. Thus the canal corridor beyond the existing built-up area was subject to textile colonisation while wholly residential development was more closely associated with existing high status housing elsewhere. The study considers the processes involved in creating this pattern of development with particular reference to the values and activities of the principal decision-makers. It also discusses the resultant shift in power and influence from the principal landowner to the local authority and to industrial and commercial interests which increasingly were based outside the town. Arising from this a model of urban growth is proposed and tested against neighbouring small textile towns.

Floodplain is an important location for the economic and social development of society throughout history, although it afflicted by different disasters like floods and bank erosion from time to time. Population dynamics and distribution trends have important effects on the landscape and society. Population dynamics in floodplains influenced mostly by the flood events and related human activities to protect themselves and the properties. Thus, floodplain population dynamics is vital to understand human-nature relationships, disaster risk assessment, flood forecasting and flood damage costs in the floodplains. Economic losses and fatalities due to flood events increase with increased flood frequency and flood magnitude. Extreme hydrological changes are responsible for such changes in the flood events. Population growth, urbanization and developmental activities worsened the situation further in the floodplain areas. Learning effect, i.e. flood memory is noticeable after the flood which diminishes with time, however, levee, which is a popular flood protection measure, causes further reduction of learning effect. Researchers suggest that levees create a false sense of safety and can influence the mobilization of floodplain population. Several pieces of research indicate that along with flood events and intervention measures, inundation depth, durations, flood type (coastal/ riverine), economic, technological and political characteristics of the societies influence flood memory, hence, influence floodplain population dynamics. However, long term floodplain population dynamics and how it is related to different flood-related, i.e. hydrological and sociological variables are yet to be confirmed. Flood is one of the major natural disasters in the United States. About 10% of the population lives in the 100-year and 500-year floodplain of the United States. This study carried out to investigate the long-term trend of floodplain population dynamics in the USA and how the dynamics changes from country to state to county level considering Arkansas State and Sebastian County to observe the difference. Also, the relationships of floodplain population dynamics with hydrological and sociological variables such as flood events, damage, intervention measures and poverty assessed in the national, state and county level. Then the dynamics of the national level, the state (Arkansas) level and the county (Sebastian) level were compared to identify changes in dynamics from macro to micro-scale. Floodplain population dynamics evaluated in terms of population growth rate and the ratio of floodplain population to the total population from 1790 – 2010. The median centroids of the population growth rate from 1790 – 2010 were estimated to observe the changes in the central tendency of the population growth rate in the total area and in the floodplain overtime to locate the typical place of floodplain population growth. High-resolution raster image (1 km x 1 km) of historical population data and a high-resolution raster image (250 m x 250 m) of floodplain data were analysed using ArcGIS to evaluate floodplain population dynamics. Historical data regarding flood events, damage, structural and non- structural flood intervention measures and poverty from available databases were extracted, processed and analysed to establish the relationship among population dynamics, hydrological and social variables. Finally, the population dynamics of the three levels were compared statistically and discussed for changes. It is found that the central tendency of the total population growth rate and floodplain population growth rate of the USA shifts from east to west direction. The central tendency of the overall population growth rate located near the lower Mississippi river basin in the 1800s. It is consistent near the geographical centroid of the USA in Kansas since 1900. For the floodplain population, the central tendency of the growth rate stayed consistent in Arkansas from 1910 – 2010, i.e. in the lower Mississippi river basin. This location indicates the floodplains in Arkansas was preferable for floodplain population settlement for many decades. Change in floodplain population proportion of the whole country USA from 1790 – 2010 shows that the proportion of floodplain population is more than 80% during the initial years of settlement. Then it reduced to less than 40% over time. At the state level – Arkansas, the proportion of floodplain population is also more than 80% during initial settlement and reduced to less than 60% over time for counties with high percentage floodplain area. Flood events, structural and non-structural protection measures influenced floodplain population dynamics over time and learning effect, i.e. social memory of flood found was seven years. At the county level- Sebastian county, Arkansas, the proportion of floodplain population varies significantly with a variance of 0.04 and a standard deviation of 0.19. The ratio of floodplain population in Sebastian was 29% in 1820, which increased and decreased over the years and about 70% in 2010. In addition to flood events, different intervention measures, the floodplain population dynamics in the Sebastian county are influenced by the social, economic and political phenomenon, examining which is out of the scope of this study. The learning effect of flood seems to be eight years in the case of Sebastian county. The population dynamics influenced by a different social, geographical, economic, political and hydrological phenomenon which makes it a complicated system to comprehend within the present scope of the study. The result shows that the floodplain population dynamics can vary for different geographical scale. Therefore, the geographic extent should also need to consider while using population dynamics in flood disaster management and mitigation strategy development, policy formulation and implementation. / Flodslätter är viktiga platser för samhällets ekonomiska samt sociala utveckling och har varit det sedan är lång tid tillbaka, även om de från och till har drabbats av olika katastrofer såsom översvämning och erosion. Översvämning är en av de största naturliga katastrofer som sker i USA. Ungefär 10 % av befolkningen bor i 100- och 500-års flodslätter som emellertid förändras på grund av olika anledningar, inklusive översvämningar. I denna studie undersöks den tillfälliga relationen mellan översvämning, relaterad skada, olika ingripande åtgärder och fattigdomsnivå med en befolkningsdynamik i flodslättsområden. Vidare sker denna undersökning i tre olika nivåer – nationellt: USA som ett helt land, stats-nivå: Arkansas och län: Sebastian County, Arkansas där de olika dynamikerna i de tre nivåerna jämförs. På den nationella nivån utvärderades befolkningsdynamiken med avseende på flodslätten till den totala populationen och befolkningstillväxt. Resultatet visar att befolkningsdynamiken förändras beroende på om den betraktas ur ett nationellt, statligt eller läns perspektiv. Ur ett nationellt perspektiv flyttar flodslättsbefolkningar till olika områden med tiden. Ur ett statligt perspektiv är flodslättsbefolkningar känsliga mot översvämningar, skada och olika ingripande åtgärder. På länsnivå, utöver översvämningsrelaterade variabler, är flodslättsbefolkningar känsliga mot andra socio-ekonomiska faktorer som inte behöver vara relaterade till översvämningar. Resultatet indikerar således att översvämningar inte alltid behöver vara den faktorn som styr befolkningsdynamiken i flodslättsområden på den lokala nivån samt beslutet att flytta till en flodslätt påverkas av olika socio- ekonomiska faktorer, inklusive översvämning. På den nationella nivån kan däremot både påverkan av översvämningar och relaterade variabler på befolkningsdynamiken i flodslättsområden observeras.

Yes

Both Sweden and the European Union have set numerous goals to reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses. At the same time, regional growth is desired in most, if not all of Sweden’s counties. With economic- and population growth being essential for reaching this desire, there is a potential conflict brewing. Is it feasible to reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses while at the same time actively working on growing the economy and the population?This paper has explored this idea in Sweden largest counties Stockholm, Skåne and Västra Götaland. The development in these counties over the last decade or so show that reduced emissions and regional growth in fact have been compatible. Not only that, the county with the largest population, population growth and largest gross regional product, Stockholm, has also had the largest decrease in greenhouse gas emission over the period. The trend of the emission reductions in these three counties are also compatible with the Swedish and European emission targets. However, the trend does indicate the actual development of greenhouse gas emission over a longer period. The findings indicate that reduced greenhouse gas emission can and have coexisted with regional growth.

<div> <p>This dissertation examines long-run food security in Niger in an era of climate change and comprises three interlinked essays. The first essay investigates the socio-economic projections for Niger in the current climate change literature in a growth accounting framework and provides a critical assessment to evaluate global projections in the context of a low-income developing country. The second essay quantifies the combined and individual impacts of income, population growth, agricultural productivity, and climate change on food security outcomes by mid-century in rural and urban Niger. Finally, the third essay assesses three policy scenarios considering accelerated investments in agricultural research and dissemination (R&D), reductions in fertility rates, and regional market integration.</p> </div> <br>

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-05-12T13:17:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MÁRCIA INÊS FLORIN COSTA.pdf: 13932107 bytes, checksum: 484dfb3747a43fb2558c8e617b8b4e5f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T13:17:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MÁRCIA INÊS FLORIN COSTA.pdf: 13932107 bytes, checksum: 484dfb3747a43fb2558c8e617b8b4e5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-14 / The research in question aims to promote the survey and to analyze pertinent environmental impacts in PPAs (Permanent Protected Areas) of Porangatu - GO. Based on environmental laws, these areas are protected because they contribute to the climate (local microclimate), gene flow, water resources and the control of vectors that are harmful to human health. Physical, biological and anthropic factors (population growth and political action) are observed through on-site research, based on the matrix of the Master Plan (2007) to identify areas for preservation. Eight environmental areas are investigated: Lagoa Alexandrino Cândido Gomes (Lagoa Grande), Ribeirão Funil, Córrego Barreiro, Córrego Bonguê, Córrego Capoeira, Córrego Chiquinha, Córrego Raizama and Córrego do Óleo. The main methodology focused on quantitative research with mathematical calculations for data collection and measurement, photographic images and mapping based on computational modeling. Variables are stipulated from the decharacterization of the natural landscape and through these, the new urban configuration is visualized with substantial loss of native vegetation fomented by the nonobservance of the environmental laws. Thus, the process of diagnosis of the sites investigated proves negative impacts also driven by the urban expansion with horizontal model used in the last thirty years, presenting as expressive results of population growth, territorial expansion with proportional increase of the impacted area in the stipulated historical-temporal cut. The continuity of the same parameters is estimated for the current decade. The extent of impact on research is intertwined with issues related to population growth and territorial expansion. Territorial expansion occurred through the concession of new lots without study of the actual needs for their implementation, causing considerable loss of native vegetation, as well as annihilation of springs, triggering of erosive processes and silting and discharge of urban solid waste and construction and demolition in these areas. Dumping of domestic, commercial and industrial effluents without treatment in the areas of environmental preservation, dilapidating the biological diversity and generating favorable conditions for the dissemination of vectors of tropical zoonoses. In the environmental context, there is negligence in the contingency of resources and efforts of responsibility of the management and it is verified the nonobservance of the law. With an imminent degradation process, in the survey of the stipulated areas, the severity of the impacts is detected, the need for mitigating, short, medium and longterm mitigating measures involving public and private power and all local society to achieve growth Economic and sustainable development. / A pesquisa em questão visa promover o levantamento e analisar impactos ambientais pertinentes em APPs (Áreas de Proteção Permanentes) de Porangatu – GO. Fundamentada em leis ambientais, estas áreas são protegidas, pois contribuem com o clima (microclima local), com o fluxo gênico, recursos hídricos e no controle de vetores nocivos à saúde humana. Observam-se fatores físicos, biológicos e antrópicos (crescimento populacional e ação política) através de investigação in loco, baseando-se na matriz do Plano Diretor (2007) para identificação das áreas de preservação. Investigam-se oito áreas ambientais: Lagoa Alexandrino Cândido Gomes (Lagoa Grande), Ribeirão Funil, Córrego Barreiro, Córrego Bonguê, Córrego Capoeira, Córrego Chiquinha, Córrego Raizama e Córrego do Óleo. A metodologia principal centrou-se na pesquisa quantitativa com cálculos matemáticos para levantamento e mensuração de dados, imagens fotográficas e confecção de mapas apoiada à modelagem computacional. Estipulam-se variáveis a partir da descaracterização da paisagem natural e através destas, visualiza-se a nova configuração urbana com substancial perda de vegetação nativa fomentada pela inobservância das leis ambientais. Assim, o processo de diagnóstico dos locais investigados comprova impactos negativos impulsionados também pela expansão urbana com modelo horizontal utilizado nos últimos trinta anos, apresentando como resultados expressivos de crescimento populacional, expansão territorial com proporcional aumento da área impactada no recorte histórico-temporal estipulado. Estima-se para década vigente a continuidade dos mesmos parâmetros. A extensão do impacto na investigação realizada interliga-se as questões relacionadas ao crescimento populacional e expansão territorial. A expansão territorial ocorreu pela concessão de novos loteamentos sem estudo das reais necessidades para implantação destes, causando perda considerável de vegetação nativa, além da aniquilação de nascentes, desencadeamento de processos erosivos e assoreamento e descarga de resíduos sólidos urbanos e de construção e demolição nessas áreas. Há despejo de efluentes domésticos, comerciais e industriais sem tratamento nas áreas de preservação ambiental, dilapidando a diversidade biológica e gerando condições propícias à disseminação de vetores de zoonoses tropicais. No contexto ambiental, há negligência no contingenciamento de recursos e esforços de responsabilidade da gestão e constata-se a inobservância da lei. Com processo de degradação eminente, no levantamento das áreas estipuladas, detecta-se a severidade dos impactos, ressaltase a necessidade de medidas mitigadoras, potencializadoras de curto, médio, longo prazo envolvendo poder público, privado e toda sociedade local para alcance de crescimento econômico e desenvolvimento sustentável.

Population models are very often used and considered useful in the policy-making process and for planning purposes. In this research I have tried to illuminate the problem of analysing population evolution in space by using three models which cover a wide spectrum of complementary methodologies: a The Hotell.ing-Puu model b A multiregional demographic model c A synergetic model Hotelling's work and Puu's later generalization have produced theoretical continuous models treating population growth and dispersal in a combined logistic growth and diffusion equation. The multiregional model is a discrete model based on the Markovian assumption which simulates the population evolution disaggregated by age and region. It is further assumed that this population is governed by a given pattern of growth and interregional mobility. The synergetic model is also a discrete model based on the Markovian assumption incorporating a probabilistic framework with causal structure. The quantitative description of the population dynamics is treated in terms of trend parameters, which are correlated in turn with demo-economic factors. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1988</p> / Digitalisering@umu