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Le besoin permanent de réduire le bruit des moteurs d’avion constitue un véritable engouement pour le développement de nouveaux traitements acoustiques. Les traitements traditionnels de type résonateur continuent d’être utilisé et permettent d’atténuer le son sur une bande de fréquence restreinte malgré l’augmentation du nombre de degré de liberté. Une alternative possible est l’utilisation de matériaux poreux, dit à réaction non localisée, qui permettent d’élargir le spectre d’atténuation. Ce rapport est consacré à la modélisation d’un traitement acoustique basé sur des matériaux poreux dans les conditions d’une manche d’entrée d’air de turboréacteur. Un modèle semi-analytique a donc été développé pour le calcul de la perte par transmission d’un conduit cylindrique traité en paroi et soumis à un écoulement uniforme. Une étude paramétrique a ensuite été réalisée afin de cibler les caractéristiques du traitement optimal pour une configuration aéronautique donnée. Des résultats expérimentaux sur une veine à échelle réduite sont également montrés et témoignent d’un certain accord avec le calcul. Enfin, dans le but d’approfondir les connaissances théoriques sur le problème, une étude préliminaire sur les effets d’une couche limite est réalisée et montre que sa prise en compte parait indispensable pour bien choisir les traitements acoustiques, surtout à haute fréquence. / The constant need to reduce noise emissions from aircraft engine leads to a real demand for developing new acoustic treatments. Conventional liners based on resonatorlike structure continue to be used and provide narrow-band attenuation in spite of an increasing degree of freedom. A possible alternative is the use of porous materials (nonlocally reacting), which offer the possibility of broadening the attenuation spectrum. This report deals with the modelling of an acoustic treatment based on porous materials for aeroengine nacelle inlet. A semi-analytical model is developed for predicting the transmission loss of a treated cylindrical duct containing uniform mean flow. Then, a parametrical study is carried out in order to target the optimal liner characteristics for a given turbofan duct application. Also, experiments have been performed on a small-scale duct and have shown agreement with the simulation. Finally, for a better theoretical unv derstanding of the problem, a preliminary study on the effect of a boundary layer is conducted and shows that its consideration seems to be essential for optimal choice of acoustic lining, espacially at high frequencies.

Thesis (DTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013 / The flow of reactive viscous fluids in porous media presents a theoretically challenging problem and has a broad range of scientific, technological and engineering applications. Real life areas where such flow systems are encountered include drying of food, geothermal energy extraction, nuclear waste disposal, the flow of heat and fluid inside human organs, insulation of buildings, groundwater movement, oil and gas production, astrophysical plasmas, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pumps and generators, metal extraction and granulation of metals, aerospace and ship propulsion and automobile exhaust systems. The reactions within such flow systems are inherently exothermic. It is in this view that we carry out studies of thermal effects and thermal stability criteria for unsteady flows of reactive variable viscosity non-Newtonian fluids through saturated porous media. The study focuses on non-Newtonian fluids mainly because the majority of industrial fluids exhibit non-Newtonian character. Particular focus will be on fluids of the differential type exemplified by third grade fluid. Both analytical and numerical techniques were employed to solve the nonlinear partial differential equations that were derived from the conservation principles, namely the principles of conservation of mass, momentum and energy balance. Graphical representations were adopted in trying to explain the response of solutions to various flow parameter variations. In chapter 1 we defined important terms and expressions, laid down a summary of important applications, carried out literature survey, stated the statement of the problem, the aims and objectives of the study as well as an outline of the envisaged research methodology. Chapter 2 focuses on the derivations of the fundamental equations that derive the flow system. These are the continuity equation, the momentum equation and the energy equation. In chapter 3 we computationally investigated the unsteady flow of a reactive temperature dependent viscosity third grade fluid through a porous saturated medium with asymmetric convective boundary conditions. The response of velocity and temperature fields to each of the various flow parameters was analysed and interpreted. A transient increase in both the velocity and temperature profiles with an increase in the reaction strength, viscous heating and fluid viscosity parameter was observed. On the other hand, a transient decrease in the field properties was observed with increase in non-Newtonian character and the porous medium shape parameter. The reaction was noticed to blow-up if, depending on other flow parameters, the reaction strength is not carefully controlled.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar volumetricamente a presença de poros em três cimentos obturadores. Para a análise de porosidade, quatro cilindros de cada cimento foram preparados e escaneados usando um microtomógrafo de alta resolução (Skyscam 1174, Kontich, Bélgica). O cálculo da porosidade foi realizado por meio de análise de imagens digitalizadas dos blocos de cimentos. Os quais foram microtomografados para criação de modelos tridimensionais. A presença de poros e vacúolos foi então avaliada por inferência do software CT analiser. Os resultados mostraram que o i-Root SP teve o menor índice de porosidade (0,07%), enquanto o AH plus e o MTA Fillapex não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre si (p≥0,05). Apesar dos resultados para o índice de porosidade total do MTA Fillapex e do AH plus não terem diferenças significativas(p>0,05), os achados do presente trabalho mostraram que o MTA fillapex obteve resultados significativamente maiores nos volumes médios individuais dos poros internos que o Ah plus e o i-Root SP. Os resultados foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamete através do teste Anova ao nível de significância de 5%. / This study aimed to evaluate the presence of pores volumetrically in three sealers. For the analysis of porosity, four-cylinder of each cement were prepared and scanned using a high resolution Micro-CT scanner (Skyscam 1174, Kontich, Belgium). The porosity calculation was performed by analysis of digitized images of cement blocks. Which were scanned for creating three-dimensional models. The presence of pores and vacuoles was then evaluated by inference software CT Analiser . The results showed that the i-Root SP had the lowest porosity index (0.07%), while the AH Plus and MTA Fillapex showed no statistically significant differences between groups (p ≥ 0.05). Although the results for the index of total porosity Fillapex MTA and AH Plus did not have significant differences (p> 0.05), the findings of this study showed that the MTA fillapex scored significantly higher in the average volume of individual internal pores that Oh the plus and i-Root SP. The results were tabulated and analyzed estatisticamete by ANOVA at a significance level of 5%.

Neste trabalho, foram preparadas resinas contendo o grupo sulfofosforila a partir de copolímeros de estireno e divinilbenzeno (Sty-DVB). O copolímero sintetizado Sty-DVB foi modificado com PCl3 e AlCl3 durante 15 horas de reação em diferentes condições de temperatura e razão molar P/Al. Os copolímeros fosforilados obtidos nas diferentes condições tiveram o teor de fósforo dosado por espectrofotometria para avaliar a extensão da modificação, sendo também caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), termogravimetria, microscopia óptica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A resina fosforilada otimizada de maior percentual de fósforo incorporado foi obtida empregando-se o tempo de reação de 15 horas, temperatura de 50 C e razão molar P/Al = 1/1,5. Essas condições otimizadas de fosforilação foram empregadas para obtenção da resina fosforilada RMF em larga escala. A resina fosforilada foi modificada com CS2 à temperatura ambiente em diferentes condições de tempo e quantidade molar adicionada do agente de sulforação (CS2). A resina sulfofosforilada otimizada de maior percentual de enxofre incorporado, determinado por análise elementar, foi obtida empregando-se o tempo de reação de 6 dias e adição de 15 mL de CS2, à temperatura ambiente. As resinas sulfofosforiladas foram também caracterizadas por FTIR, termogravimetria, MO e MEV, e tiveram a capacidade biocida avaliada através da determinação do número de células viáveis utilizando a técnica de contagem em placa junto à suspensão de Escherichia coli (ATCC25922TM, tipo selvagem). A maior capacidade biocida foi observada na resina sulfofosforilada com maior teor de enxofre incorporado / In this work, resins containing the sulfophosphoryl group were prepared from synthesized styrene and divinylbenzene (Sty-DVB) copolymers. The synthesized Sty-DVB copolymer was modified with PCl3 and AlCl3 for 15 hours under different conditions of temperature and P/Al molar ratio. The phosphorylated copolymers obtained under different conditions were assayed by spectrophotometry to measure the content of incorporated phosphorus and the extent of modification, and also characterized by infra-red spectrometry (FTIR), thermogravimetry, optical microscopy (MO) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phosphorylated resin with the highest content of phosphorus was obtained by using the time of 15 hours, temperature of 50 C and P/Al molar ratio = 1/1.5. These optimized conditions were employed to obtain phosphorylated resin RMF in large scale. The phosphorylated resin was modified at room temperature with CS2 under different conditions of time and the molar amount added of the sulforation agent (CS2). The sulfophosphorylated resin with the highest content of sulfur, determined by elemental analysis, was obtained by using the reaction time of 6 days and addition of 15 mL CS2, at room temperature. The sulfophosphorylated resins were characterized by FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, MO e MEV, and had the biocidal activity evaluated by determining the number of viable cells of Escherichia coli (ATCC25922TM, wild type) using the technique of plate counting. The sulfophosphorylated resin with the highest biocidal activity was the resin obtained with highest content of incorporated sulfur

La conception d’un moteur thermoacoustique dépend de façon critique de la fiabilité des outils de prédiction théorique de ses performances. Une tentative pour réussir cette prédiction consiste à exploiter les coefficients de la matrice de transfert du noyau thermoacoustique (NTA) dans les modèles analytiques du moteur considéré. La matrice de transfert peut être obtenue soit par modélisation analytique, soit par des mesures acoustiques. Ce dernier cas, cependant, se présente comme une option intéressante pour éviter d’avoir à considérer la complexité des éléments constitutifs du NTA. La méthode analytique est tout d’abord présentée; elle ne vise que les cas de matériaux à géométrie simple. En ce qui concerne l’approche expérimentale, une méthode classique à deux charges est appliquée dans deux configurations différentes et, en outre, une méthode alternative basée sur des mesures d’impédance est développée ici et appliquée également. Une comparaison entre ces deux approches est évaluée au moyen d’une analyse de sensibilité. Différents matériaux sont testés, chacun jouant le rôle de l’élément poreux à l’intérieur d’un NTA soumis à plusieurs gradients de température. Seulement la méthode alternative s’avère performante pour tous les matériaux. Les matrices de transfert mesurées sont utilisées dans des modèles dédiés à prédire la fréquence de fonctionnement et le gain d’amplification thermoacoustique intrinsèque d’une machine équipée du NTA caractérisé au préalable. Une analyse comparative montre dans quelles conditions le seuil de déclenchement thermoacoustique est prévu ou non pour chaque matériau; elle révèle aussi les limites dimensionnelles de l’appareil expérimental pour mieux répondre aux estimations de performances. / The design of a thermoacoustic (TA) engine is improved towards the reliability of its performance prediction. An attempt to succeed in this prediction comes from the knowledge of the TA core (TAC) transfer matrix, which can be exploited in analytical models for the given engine. The transfer (T) matrix itself may be obtained either by analytical modeling or acoustic measurements. The latter consist in an interesting option to avoid thermo-physical or geometrical considerations of complex structures, as the TAC is treated as a black box. However, before proceeding with the experimental approach, an analytical solution is presented for comparison purposes, but it contemplates only cases of materials of simple geometry. Concerning the experimental approach, a classical two-load method is applied in two different configurations and an alternative method based on impedance measurements is here developed and applied. A comparison between these approaches is evaluated by means of a sensitivity analysis. Different materials are tested, each one playing the porous element allotted inside the TAC, which is in its turn submitted to several different regimes of steady state temperature gradient. The alternative method is the only one successful for all materials. In this manner, the measured transfer matrices are applied into a proper modeling devoted to predict both the operating frequency and the intrinsic TA amplification gain. A comparative analysis shows in what conditions the TA threshold is expected or not for each material; it also reveals the limitations of the experimental apparatus in what concerns the appropriate dimensions to better fit the performance investigations.

Compósitos mesoporosos de ZrO2-CeO2 estão sendo desenvolvidos devido às suas excelentes propriedades morfológicas e estruturais, necessárias para várias aplicações, que incluem sensores de gás, catálise automotiva e ânodos de células a combustível de óxido sólido. Nesse trabalho foi desenvolvido um novo método de síntese sol-gel com template cooperativo utilizando o polímero tribloco P-123 e os cloretos de Zr/Ce como precursores dos óxidos. Foram sintetizados ZrO2-x(mol)%CeO2 com x = 50, 70 e 90% de CeO2, uma vez que esses materiais apresentam melhores características para aplicações catalíticas. Dois processos de calcinação diferentes foram testados (até 540 e 400ºC). O NiO (60% m/m) foi impregnado para que o material obtenha a condutividade eletrônica necessária para aplicação em ânodos de SOFC. Os resultados de difração de raios X indicaram sistemas cuja fase cristalográfica predominante é a cúbica tipo fluorita (a fase tetragonal é minoritária). Fase única cúbica foi obtida para 90% de CeO2 após a calcinação até 400ºC. Dentre as características morfológicas dos materiais calcinados até 540ºC, os resultados de adsorção/dessorção de N2, imagens de microscopia eletrônica e espalhamento de raios X a baixos ângulos apresentaram aglomerados cristalinos de ZrO2-CeO2, formando um sistema mesoporoso bicontínuo, aleatéorio e sem forma definida, homogêneo em composição, com área superficial intermediária (30-40 m2/g), com alta dispersividade de poros/partículas. A calcinação a 400ºC apresentou menor dispersividade, menor tamanho de poros e maior área superficial (> 100 m2/g). O recobrimento da matriz de ZrO2-CeO2 pelas nanopartículas de NiO é superficial, sem obstrução ou preenchimento dos poros. A partir da redução à temperatura programada, observou-se que independentemente do conteúdo de CeO2, a porcentagem de redução do Ce4+ foi maior e ocorreu a menores temperaturas (início da redução em 300ºC) do que o padrão de CeO2 (750ºC). Esse comportamento se repete com as amostras após a incorporação com NiO, que se reduz a Ni também em baixas temperaturas (320ºC). A atividade catalítica para conversão do CH4 em oxidação total foi similar para ambas temperaturas de calcinação, para 90% de CeO2, atingindo 50% de conversão de CH4 para ~ 540ºC. Nos experimentos de absorção de raios X in-situ, na borda K do Ni e na borda LIII do Ce, foi possível observar que todos os conteúdos de CeO2 são ativos para oxidação parcial e total de CH4, assim como decomposição do CH4 e oxidação do CO, que ocorreu em torno de 600ºC. Os resultados de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica mostraram que, materiais com alto conteúdo de CeO2, apresentam baixa resistividade, de 0,97 cm2 a 750ºC em atmosfera de 5% CH4/3\\%H2O/N2. Portanto, o material desenvolvido neste trabalho apresenta as melhores propriedades morfológicas, estruturais, elétricas e catalíticas relatadas na literatura para aplicações como ânodo de SOFC e catalisador, comparado a materiais similares relatados na literatura. / Mesoporous ZrO2-CeO2 composites are being developed due to their excellent morphological and structural properties, which are necessary for their use in several applications, including gas sensors, three way catalysts (TWC) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this work a new synthesis method was developed based on a template cooperative sol-gel approach, using the tri-block polymer P-123 and Zr/Ce chlorides as the oxides\' precursors. Since high cerium oxide quantities lead to better catalytic performance, the ZrO2-x(mol)%CeO2 were synthesized with x = 50, 70 and 90. Two different calcination processes were tested (until 540 and 400 ºC). NiO was impregnated in order to obtain enough electronic conductivity for their application as SOFC anodes. X-ray diffraction results showed that these systems are biphasic and crystallized preferentially into cubic fluorite type structure together with smaller quantities of the tetragonal zirconia-ceria phase. A 100% cubic phase was retained for 90% of CeO2 after 400 ºC calcination. Textural and morphological characteristics for 540ºC calcination evaluated from N2 sorption, electronic microscopy images and small angle X-ray scattering revealed a two-density (pores/particles) random crystalline clusters of mesoporous ZrO2-CeO2, with homogeneous composition, average superficial area (30-40 m2/g), high dispersivity of pores/particle sizes. Calcination until 400 ºC presented a narrower pore size distribution and smaller pores, with higher superficial area (> 100 m2/g). It was observed that NiO particles formed an uniform layer over the ZrO2-CeO2 without filling or blocking the zirconia-ceria pores. Temperature programmed reduction experiments showed that for all ceria contents the reduction percentage of Ce4+ species in the samples was higher and at lower temperatures (beginning of reduction at 300 ºC) than standard CeO2 (750 ºC). After NiO impregnation this behavior was similar, with NiO reducing at lower temperatures (320 ºC) as well. Catalytic activity for methane total oxidation reaction was similar for both calcination temperatures, for 90% CeO2, showing 50% of CH4 conversion around 540 ºC. Absorption X-ray in-situ experiments at Ni K-edge and Ce LIII-edge showed that all ceria contents are active for total and partial methane oxidation, CH4 decomposition and CO oxidation at 600 ºC. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements showed low resistivity for higher ceria content, 0,97 Ocm2 at 750 ºC in 5% CH4/3% H2O/N2 atmosphere. Resuming, the material developed in this work presents the best morphological, structural, electrical and catalytical properties for applications as SOFC anode and catalyst, compared to similar materials reported in the literature.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Estudos do titânio e suas ligas, como biomateriais, visam melhorar problemas relacionados com a interface osso-implante que podem determinar a qualidade, o tempo de reparação óssea e, por conseguinte o sucesso clínico do implante. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, em ratos, a osteointegração de implantes macroporosos produzidos pelo método da metalurgia do pó (MP), com adição controlada de gelatina. Foram utilizadas, como grupo controle, amostras de titânio comercialmente puro (Ticp) e amostras da liga Ti-13Nb-13Zr obtida pelo processo de MP, sinterizadas a 1150°C / 14 horas (10-5 mBar). Para a obtenção das amostras porosas, foi adicionado até 15% em peso de gelatina aos pós metálicos (Ti, Nb e Zr), as amostras foram tratadas termicamente em forno a vácuo (10-2 mBar) a 300°C / 90 min e sinterizadas. Foi feita a caracterização física dos pós metálicos, da liga sinterizada e amostras porosas. A caracterização biológica iniciou-se pelo teste in vitro de citotoxicidade, de acordo com a norma ISO- 10993-5 (1993), que permitiu a utilização dos implantes em teste in vivo. A avaliação da osteointegração foi realizada em ratos Wistar, macho, em um período de 28 dias. As análises morfológicas, microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), avaliaram qualitativamente a osteointegração. Como conclusão, a metodologia inédita do processo de MP modificado pela adição de gelatina, propiciou com êxito a obtenção de implantes metálicos porosos. A gelatina por ser um colágeno, não interferiu na característica final de não-citotoxicidade dos implantes. O tamanho dos poros obtidos por esta técnica permitiu a nutrição e manutenção necessária para a sobrevivência das células, comprovando que os poros e canais formaram uma rede de alta interconectividade comprovando assim o aspecto de osteointegração e osteocondução da liga porosa. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:06/52700-2

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