Nesta tese propomos desenvolver uma história social das vivências de marinheiros a partir da cidade portuária de Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil) entre os anos de 1835 e 1864, considerando tanto o universo dos trabalhadores da Armada Imperial brasileira (a marinha de guerra) como o da marinha mercante, o que englobava marujos livres e escravizados, nacionais e estrangeiros. Quanto à delimitação espacial privilegiaremos, juntamente com o espaço social do navio, a análise da região portuária de Rio Grande, a qual se destacava quanto à vivência de situações de sociabilidade e trabalho para o universo social em questão. Os marinheiros conformavam um grupo marcado por um forte estigma que os atribuía a fama de transgressores, desordeiros, indisciplinados, insubordinados, ébrios, brigões, etc. Buscaremos problematizar justamente esta fama nefasta atribuída aos homens do mar, refletindo sobre os seus termos e significados para os diferentes agentes envolvidos (Estado, senhores de escravos, comandos navais e marujos). Acreditamos que determinadas práticas e posturas marujas devem ser entendidas para além dessas adjetivações pejorativas, uma vez que poderiam estar relacionadas a leituras políticas próprias quanto às relações de trabalho embarcadas e ao lugar a eles reservado nos projetos de consolidação do estado imperial brasileiro. Mais do que simples rixa ou desordem, tais atitudes podiam ser o resultado da luta maruja por resguardar determinados modos de vida e ritmos de trabalho desejados, se inserindo assim em uma arena de contestações e conflitos que guardava relação direta com noções advindas de uma cultura política marítima atlântica. Na medida em que Rio Grande se articulava intensamente com diversas regiões do mundo, mediante a sua sólida inserção em circuitos náuticos regionais, nacionais e internacionais, atentaremos ainda para o papel dos vínculos atlânticos por sobre a conformação da cultura política dos homens do mar. / This thesis aims to develop a social history of the sailors experiences from the port city of Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul State/Brazil) between 1835 and 1864, considering both the universe of the Brazilian Imperial Army workers (the war navy) as of the merchant navy workers, which included free and enslaved sailors, Brazilians or foreign ones. Regarding to the spatial delimitation we prioritize the analysis of both the Rio Grande port region, which stood out on experiences of sociability and labor situations considering that social universe, and the social space of the ship. The sailors formed a group marked by a strong stigma attached to the fame of wrongdoers, unruly, undisciplined, insubordinate, drunken, quarrelsome, etc. We aim to problematize this nefarious reputation attributed to the men of the sea, reflecting on their terms and meanings for different actors involved (State, slaveholders, naval commandos and sailors). We believe that certain sailor‟s practices and attitudes should be understood beyond these pejorative adjectives since they could be related to some proper political reading regarding labor relations on the ship and the role assigned to them in the projects of the consolidation of the Brazilian imperial state. More than just fray or disorder such attitudes could be the result of the sailors struggle to safeguard certain lifestyles and working patterns desired, thus involved into an arena of contestation and conflict which had a direct relation with notions derived from an Atlantic sea political culture. As Rio Grande was heavily connected with various regions of the world through its solid insertion in regional, national and international nautical circuits, we also analyses the role of the Atlantic bonds over the conformation of the political culture of the men of the sea.

L’actuelle reconfiguration de l’activité maritime et portuaire s’accompagne de mutations majeures qui appellent à un renouvellement de la gouvernance des villes portuaires. Trois des principales villes portuaires de la Rangée Nord-Ouest Européenne – à savoir Anvers, Le Havre et Rotterdam – expérimentent la diffusion du paradigme stratégique et la diversité de projets induits.Pour répondre aux enjeux théoriques et opérationnels issus d’un tel contexte, cette thèse est structurée autour de quatre volets – dont l’analyse de l’impact des instruments de planification stratégique sur les processus d’aménagement dans les villes portuaires. L’élaboration d’une méthodologie pertinente pour appréhender la complexité des enjeux d’aménagement des villes portuaires et le nouveau contexte de production des politiques d’aménagement constitue le deuxième volet. L’étude du lien entre planification stratégique et cohérence territoriale en est le troisième. Par ailleurs, il s’agit d’étudier la possibilité de modéliser les différents types de planification stratégique. Cette recherche est conduite selon une méthodologie pluridisciplinaire et une analyse systémique.Outre la méthode d’analyse des démarches stratégiques et de la complexité des villes portuaires, les travaux menés permettent, d’une part, de mieux appréhender la redéfinition actuelle des processus d’aménagement et, d’autre part, d’évaluer l’intégration de la cohérence territoriale dans les politiques d’aménagement des villes portuaires.Enfin, la formalisation théorique des projets stratégiques débouche sur une typologie originale des 3 modèles de planification stratégique mis en évidence à Anvers, au Havre et à Rotterdam. / Port and maritime activity are currently undergoing an important reorganisation. This phenomenon goes hand in hand with prominent evolutions triggering a renewal of port cities governance. Among the Northern Range, three major cities – namely Antwerp, Le Havre and Rotterdam – have been experiencing the spreading of the strategic paradigm followed by a diversity of strategic projects. In order to answer the theoretical and operational issues induced by this renewed context, the research is structured around four axes among which the analysis of strategic planning instruments and its impact on spatial planning processes in port cities. Conceiving a methodology that allows explaining the complexity of port cities constitutes an important challenge. As such, it is the second axis explored. The link between strategic planning and territorial coherence forms the third axis. Finally, the opportunity of modelling strategic planning of port cities is the fourth axis. The research follows a cross-disciplinary approach coupled with a systemic analysis. On top of providing a specific methodology to analyse strategic planning and port cities complexity, the doctoral study contributes to a better understanding of spatial planning processes and their current redefinition. It also produces an evaluation of the way territorial coherence is integrated to spatial planning policies in port cities. Last but not least, the research presents a theoretical formalisation of strategic processes leading to an original typology of the three strategic planning models identified in Antwerp, Le Havre and Rotterdam.

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar o impacto que as atividades portuárias exercem na cidade de São Sebastião. O porto é um instrumento de viabilização economica dos fluxos de produção com demandas socioeconômicas, que influenciam a vida dos moradores locais pelo desarranjo e degradação dos espaços urbanos. Os portos são articuladores da produção e consumo mediante a vinculação das diferentes esferas da cadeia produtiva global, colaborando decisivamente para a internacionalização do capital. Esse cenário os coloca como fatores de indução do desenvolvimento local e regional. O mar e o porto constituem, como conjunto, a principal via de movimentação econômica da cidade de São Sebastião (SP), numa relação histórica e indissociável de entrelaçamento porto-cidade. O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso único, integrado à quatro unidades de análise: i) cidade portuária; ii) porto; iii) cadeia de serviço portuária e; iv) integração porto-cidade. Como resultado a pesquisa demonstrou sua potencialidade como vetor do desenvolvimento local por promover articulação com o tecido produtivo local. Entretanto, o histórico das intervenções antrópicas estabeleceu uma política de intervenção do espaço por meio de aterros (acrescido de marinha). E, promoveu uma ocupação desordenada no entorno portuário com habitações de precariedade e insalubridade, pela atração de trabalhadores nas obras civis para assentamento do porto e do Terminal de Uso Privativo. A desigualdade social da ocupação econômica do espaço por grandes empresas transferem ao orçamento público as despesas em funções sociais que garantam a cidadania no avanço das oportunidades sociais. A pesquisa conclui que a articulação das atividades produtivas portuárias na cidade estabeleceu um processo de desequilíbrio nas relações econômicas e sociais. / This study aimed to identify the impact of port activities play in the city of São Sebastião. The port is an economically viable instrument of production flows and socioeconomic demands, which influence the lives of local residents by derangement and degradation of urban spaces. Ports are articulators of production and consumption by linking the different spheres of global production chain, contributing decisively to the internationalization of capital. This scenario puts as induction factors of local and regional development. The sea and the port are, as a whole, the major route of economic movement in São Sebastião (SP), a historical and inseparable relationship of port-city entanglement. The method used was the single case study, integrated with four analysis units: i) port city; ii) port; iii) port and service chain; iv) port-city integration. As a result, research has shown its potential as a vector of local development by promoting cooperation with the local productive fabric. However, the history of human interventions established a space policy intervention through landfills (plus Navy). And promoted a disorderly occupation in the port environment with housing insecurity and unsanitary conditions, by attracting workers in civil works for laying the port and the Private Use Terminal. The social inequality of economic occupation of space by big companies transferred to the public budget expenditures on social functions that guarantee citizenship in advance of social opportunities. The research concludes that the articulation of productive activities in the port city established an imbalance in the process of economic and social relations.

This thesis attempts to give the increasing importance of Ottoman port cities in the urban hierarchy during the nineteenth century and analyzes the urban transformation of these cities under the forces of changing administrative and socio-economic structure of the empire. The impact of European economic penetration and Ottoman Tanzimat Reforms were indicated as major causes for this changing structure. Beirut, being one of the major port cities of the Ottoman Empire is studied as a case study. The changing administrative and socio-economic structure of the Empire created an urban transformation which changed the city to a cosmopolitan trade capital from a small fortified port city.

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