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<p>Poetry magazines are a reflection of the trends and the pressures of their ages: such was the case with Howard Sergeant's Outposts. Howard Sergeant was the longest continuous editor of a single literary magazine in the English language. Founded in 194) under the pressures of the Second World War, Outposts continued under his editorial direction until ill-health forced him to relinquish the reins in 1986.</p> <p>Between 1944 and 1986, Sergeant and Outposts played a key role in many of the major trends, groups and movements that shaped modern British poetry. Begun as a poetry and critical journal with a wartime "Apocalyptic'' slant, Sergeant's Outposts evolved through the changes which encompassed the Nee-Romantics, the Personalists, The Movement, the Mavericks, The Group, the pop poets, and the Martians and Narrative poets of the Eighties.</p> <p>Sergeant was among the first to recognize these changes in British poetry, and his magazine is a crosssection of the currents and counter-currents of the period. His major accomplishments include the founding of the British Poetry Association with Dorothy Wellesley and Siegfried Sassoon, his recognition and promotion of Commonwealth poetry (which launched the first Commonwealth movement in Britain), and his support of poets in the earliest stages of their development as a judge for the Gregory Awards with Herbert Read, T.S. Eliot, Henry Moore, and Philip Larkin. Among the key figures whose relationships to Sergeant are discussed are Muriel Spark, Earle Birney, Kingsley Amis, Seamus Heaney, Peter Redgrove, Dannie Abse, and D.M. Thomas.</p> <p>Set in the context of forty years of highly charged activity on the British poetry scene, Sergeant's story is one of prudence, critical intelligence, and perseverance. As a poet, editor, and critic, Sergeant's role in British poetry is examined and discussed, and his contributions to the art are weighed against the achievements of those he assisted.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis examines the symbolism of food in the Italian narrative during the economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s. It explores how food and hunger in selected texts reflect historical, social, and anthropological changes during Italy's transition from an agricultural to an industrial nation. Through works of Pier Paolo Pasolini, Italo Calvino, Luciano Bianciardi, Luigi Meneghello and Fabrizia Ramondino the study analyses the representation of food, or lack thereof, to criticise the emerging consumer society, reflect on the concept of homeland and emotions such as nostalgia, and examines generational, gender and class differences. The thesis further explores the inventions of traditions, as well as the connection between myth and tradition in relation to food culture. The selected literature primarily consists of works where food appears to be less relevant on first reading. At last, the aim of this thesis is to work out the strong symbolic power of food, especially for this period and in these works, and to demonstrate to what extent "si può parlare del cibo o attraverso Il cibo" (Ghiazza, Silvana: Le diverse funzioni del cibo nel testo letterario, p. 10).

Some peace processes are tainted by more violence than the actual conflict, sometimes worsened by spoilers. Although spoilers pose a threat to the writing or lasting of peace agreements, they do not always succeed, and instead, peace can flourish. Despite this, the effects of spoiling violence on society have not been thoroughly explored. Research suggests that criminal violence thrives in the post-war period, this paper aims to answer the research question: How do spoilers affect post-war criminal violence? As spoilers instil insecurity, the hypothesis is that post-war criminal violence will increase within a state if the peace agreements have experienced outside spoiling. To investigate this, a Structured Focused Comparison approach is employed, comparing two cases, El Salvador and Sierra Leone. However, this paper was unable to find support for the proposed causal relationship between outside spoiling and post-war criminal violence. Further research is needed to understand how spoilers affect both the peace process and criminal violence.

We need to build less. As a soon-to-be architectural graduate, one could have hoped that the architectural discourse would have come to a more uplifting insight, but here we are, and the reason behind it is perhaps even more daunting, climate change. It seems increasingly apparent that building “green” may not be enough, we must build less. As if that was not prodigious enough, there is the paradoxical fact that, due to war and climate change, there is a growing population of displaced people, rising the demand for new housing and it is doing so at an everything ever-accelerating pace. As a final product, the thesis aims to question on how architects should navigate the demand for immediate shelter without sacrificing the preservation of a nation’s identity, delicately balancing urgency with the timeless essence of cultural heritage by proposing an architecture that is meant to last. A house that will stand the test of time in terms of external stresses caused by the climate, variations in the perception of aesthetic allure as well as the identity of the nation, city, and neighborhood.

Why do some international actors who intervene militarily in civil wars continue their military engagement after the war has ended, while other actors end their intervention and withdraw all military forces at the conclusion of the war? What explains the continuation of outside military intervention from wartime to peacetime, and why might this dimension of military intervention vary across conflicts? In analyzing this puzzle, this study introduces a new theoretical concept: persistent intervention. Defined as the continuation of an external state’s military intervention in a civil war after the war ends, the concept of persistent intervention sheds light on the connections between wartime and peacetime, or the post-conflict period. Drawing on a new dataset on post-war interventions across the globe in countries experiencing civil wars that ended between 1957-2020, as well as detailed comparative case studies of four interventions from the Middle East and Africa, this dissertation finds the availability and access to political and economic gains of the intervention as the main driver of the decision to keep troops in peacetime. The domestic elites' desire to protect these predatory gains from the intervention leaves some interveners entangled in the civil war country, where leaving too soon might devalue and destabilize the investments. The primary factor undermining persistent interventions is found to be intervener domestic instability that disrupts this extractive mechanism. Findings also have implications for external involvement in peace agreements and peacekeeping operations. / Political Science

This study is a thematic-descriptive investigation of the reproduction and transformation of norms in the theoretical discourse on the novel during the 1960s. Primary literature consists of articles and essays published in West German literary and cultural journals 1959-1967. The term ‘discourse’ is applied partly in accordance with Busse/Hermanns/Teubert (1994), the term ‘theory of the novel’ chiefly in accordance with Lämmert (ed. 1984). ‘Ideology’ is not used in the sense of ‘false ideology’ but rather as an umbrella term for various types of value-related statements. From this, the theory-of-the-novel discourse is perceived as an aesthetic-ideological discourse, containing statements directed at the contemporary novel which have clear programmatic function and significant thematic width. The objective of the investigation is to show that specific comprehensive thematic fields – Werteverlust (breakdown and loss of values), Subjektproblematik (‘problematisation of the concept of the subject’), Sprachproblematik (language related problems) and Realitätszerfall (reality loss, breakdown of the reality concept) – bear discursive significance as regards the discussion of literary norms during the 1960s, and that this discussion realises itself as two aesthetic-ideological discourses competing for interpretative precedence. The major issues are: Which reiterated patterns of argumentation, i.e. norm-related categories, concepts and rhetorical patterns, are used in the discourses for diagnoses and programmatic imperatives? How are the comprehensive thematic fields accentuated? What is treated, postulated or set aside as ‘truth’? How - based on the above – is the novel formulated as a ‘problem’ (‘crisis of the novel’)? The investigation confirms that the comprehensive thematic fields are particularly central to the theoretical discussion of literature in the 1960s. This manifests itself as a discursive re-evaluation process which may be characterised as a conflict between an ‘aesthetic-conservative discourse’ and a ‘discourse of change’ (‘Veränderungsdiskurs’) where the right to define and evaluate the novel in terms of literature is at stake. It is in the collision between these two discourses and their largely incompatible concepts of literature that the novel discursively becomes a ‘problem’. The discourses are maintained by specific reiterated patterns of argumentation which in the investigation are subsumed under the following headings: die negative Modernität (negative modernity), das bloß Moderne (phenomena of ‘fashionable character’, simply expressing trends) and das Überzeitliche und das Ganze (the timeless and the totality); respectively die traditionelle, bürgerliche Gesellschaft (traditional bourgeois society), die technisch-sprachliche Realität (technolinguistic reality) and der subjektive, sprachliche Realitätsausschnitt (‘subjective language based slice of reality’). The first group of argumentation patterns is linked to universal, ‘eternal’ and essential categories and inherited norms, ethical-aesthetical educational grounding and a ‘rhetoric of the spirit’ or of ‘mankind’, oriented around a specific reception of German Classicism and Idealism, a downgrading of the present and an upgrading of the past. The other group embraces an incipient constructivism, contextually bound and societal categories and norms as well as implicitly critical programmes of enlightenment, devaluing the past and ‘acknowledging’ rather than criticising the present. In doing so they tend rather to realise a rhetoric of the linguistic and political reality and of more modest programmatic proposals.

Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2010. / Title from screen (viewed on February 26, 2010). Department of History, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Jason M. Kelly, Annie Gilbert Coleman, Monroe H. Little. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-125).

This thesis is concentrated on the topic of the post-war migration of Roms from Slovakia to the Czech Lands as the crucial process in the post-war history of Roms on the territory of former Czechoslovakia which had its effects not only on individual groups of Roms living in Slovakia and migrating to the Czech Lands, but also on the next developments in the relations of the Czech majority society towards the Roms and changes in the approach to them on the side of central state institutions. The thesis offers a presentation of a complex historic case study of post-war migration of a particular local group of Roms from south- eastern Slovakia to the city of Brno (Moravia), based on a synthetic research method combining both oral history and written sources of mostly regional provenience. The author has applied the method in two different contexts: while reconstructing the developments in the situation of the group of Roms and their relations with the majority society in Slovakia during 1920' to 1970's, and while mapping the post-war migration of part of these people in relation to two localities in the Czech Lands, with one representing a transit locality of their early post-war migration and the other their final destination where this group of Roms lives still today. The author places the case study...

«Expériences aberrantes» : Une lecture de la société dans les romans expérimentaux de la Grande-Bretagne et de la France entre 1945 et 1975, conteste l’idée d’un rôle secondaire du roman expérimental dans le contexte socio-culturel d'après-guerre. Ma thèse resitue le roman expérimental britannique et français de cette période dans un espace de correspondances critiques ce qui permet de remettre en cause un certain nombre d’affirmations qui perdurent à son sujet et de proposer une nouvelle approche critique de ce corpus.Je soutiens qu’un regard aveugle, ou appropriatif, tourné vers ces textes, les a dépouillés de leur reflet du social ; c’est ce qui m’a poussé à tenter de les restituer dans leur contexte d'origine. C’est dans ce but que, à quelques exceptions près, je relie le roman expérimental à ses principes originels, tel qu’ils furent exposés par Émile Zola dans Le Roman expérimental (1880), à savoir une « cellule blanche » au sein du « circulus social », qui recèle le potentiel de « guérir » la société de ses délires. C’est à cette fin que cette thèse vient imiter les procédés de la médecine expérimentale ; avec trois étapes, chacune constituant un stade du traitement expérimental d’une maladie sociale. De ce fait, la première partie aborde la perception de la maladie, où j’observe le reflet des relations sociales et de la présence culturelle dans le roman expérimental. Je présente aussi les symptômes de cette maladie, décrits comme des problématiques d'histoire, de la culture dominante, et de l’exercice même de la critique. La deuxième partie conduit cette étude à sa phase de diagnostic de la maladie qui est dressé à travers l’étude du contenu des romans expérimentaux. La troisième partie, enfin, tente d’étudier les outils expérimentaux employés afin de déconstruire ces délires ; donc de manifestement essayer de ‘guérir la société’ de la maladie décrite dans les parties précédentes. / “Aberrant experiments”: reading society in the novel experiments of Britain and France 1945-1975 contests the reduced position of the experimental novel in the post-war socio-cultural sphere. My thesis situates the experimental novel of the period in Britain and France in a space of critical connectivity that both challenges a number of prevailing critical orthodoxies, and potentially offers new avenues of critical attention within the subject. I also argue that the blind, or appropriative, eye turned to these texts has acted to disjoint them from their potential social reflections, and here try to reposition them within their native atmosphere; thus refind this ground. To such an end, I, with some exceptions, return the experimental novel to its original tenets as set out in 1880 by Émile Zola in Le Roman expérimental as a ‘white cell’ within the ‘social circulus’ that harbours the potential to ‘cure’ society of its ‘delusions’, and develop this schema further. As such, this thesis mimics the processes of experimental medicine; in which its three partitions deal each with a different stage of the experimental treatment of a social illness. In such, the first partition approaches the perception of sickness; where I observe depictions of social relation and cultural presence in the experimental novel, and the symptoms of illness there-in described as issues of history, dominant culture; and indeed the field of critique itself. Following this, the second partition brings the study into the phase of diagnosis of sickness; where the illness itself is diagnosed through a content study of the experimental novel. This then follows to the third and final partition, which attempts to view the experimental techniques employed in order to ‘break down’ these delusions; in essence attempt to indeed ‘cure society’ of the sickness described in the preceding partitions.