This essay analyzes the Austrian author Ingeborg Bachmann’s novel Malina (1971) from two theoretical perspectives: Freudian trauma theory and poststructuralist feminism, as formulated by Julia Kristeva in Revolution in Poetic Language (1974). Both of these standpoints manages to explain one of the main issues in Malina, that is, how to give voice to that which escapes language. By arguing that the nameless narrator, Ich (I), has been traumatized by patriarchal structures, I show how these perspectives complement rather than exclude each other. Together they manage to give a new and more complete picture of the struggle for language depicted in the novel. / <p>Godkänt datum 2021-06-01</p>

This study explores the relationship between international intervention and the ethnification of politics and seeks to explain the degree to which international involvement affects the degree of ethnification of politics. Deriving from explanations that suggest that the ethnification of politics is attributed to the greater interethnic trust facilitated through credible institutions, this study argues that the ethnification of politics is lower in cases where the greater involvement by the international intervention in local institution-building can be observed. Using the method of structure focused comparison, the suggested hypothesis is tested on two cities in Bosnia and Hercegovina – Mostar and Sarajevo. Data was collected through a manual empirical analysis and the tracing of historical institution-building actions by the international community in each city. The main finding shows relative support for the causal relationship; however, the observed causal mechanism is different to the expected one. This signals that the degree of international involvement in local institution-building processes cannot, in isolation, explain variation on the ethnification of politics. Thus, further research is needed to both identify additional causal factors and build the interaction effects that can explain the observed variation.

Jus post bellum is the less known part of the just war theory which concerns how one should act morally in the end and the aftermath of a war. Lately this component of the theory has gained a lot of attention among researchers who state that jus post bellum is at least as important as the other parts, jus ad bellum and jus in bello, and needs to be given more priority. Central in the researchers’concepts of jus post bellum is the international community which is stated to be a key party in the implementation. This essay aims to increase the understanding about this subject by analyzing how the problems surrounding jus post bellum is discussed by the international community today. This is achieved by using the “What’s the Problem Represented to Be” (WPR) policy analysis approach on the UN general assembly debate held in 2019. The results shows that jus post bellum is discussed frequently in the debate and contains several similarities with the research overview. However, opinions are divided on what the problems, solutions, responsibilities and main factors are which can be a problem for future development.

Peggy Guggenheim belongs to the essential collectible figures of the 20th century art. She has created a unique art collection during her lifetime and she has opened up new artistic movements (in particular Abstract art) by organizing exhibitions, debates and by publishing catalogues in which she participated. She was active in many art projects and she had friendship among many after-war modern artists. Her collection included front works of Cubism, Futurism, Metaphysical art, Abstract art, Surrealism and Avantgard sculpture. Peggy moved to the Venetian palace Venier dei Leoni in 1949, where she was living following thirty years. Today her extensive collection is opened to public under the patronage of Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. The Diploma thesis "Peggy Guggenheim in a Cultural-Political Picture of her Time" will outline Peggy Guggenheim's life in context of emerging modern art (particularly American art) and her diverse activities which were connected with it. Furthermore it will focus on culture-political context of post-war time and finally it will evaluate her contribution to evolution of abstract art and its approach to the general public.

The following thesis outlines the situation of the Jewish minority in the czech society in 1945-1948. It follows the political situation and the social atmosphere in the postwar period and focuses on the specifics of the Jewish minority. By analyzing interviews with survivors of the Shoah describes how the period saw Jews themselves. It is especially focused on interpersonal relations that prevailed during the return of the survivors back to their homes. Chronologically describes the situation since the liberation of concentration camps, travel home, arriving back where it focuses on a reunion with loved ones, family support, relationships with friends, neighbors and acquaintances behavior and reactions of majority society. It describes how Jews coped with the return to normal life. Interpersonal relations in the postwar period depended mainly on the personality characteristics of people. But one can point out that the greatest support for returning were their relatives and friends who provide support to them in situations where they met with the negative attitude of Czech society. Keywords: post-war society, Jewish minority, interpersonal relations, Shoah witnesses

This thesis considers a difficult period of the post-war period of history in Jílové near Děčín. The main chapters of this work deal with the themes of transfer of Germans from the city and with the following event of settlement of new inhabitants. The aim of this thesis is to reflect the period of the national migration in Jílové. Last but not least this work aims to reveal micro-historical view on a process of key events in a small city considering individual life stories. Submitted thesis is based on available archive materials and literature. At the same time there was applied a method of oral history. In the following chapters there are introduced 6 life stories of inhabitants of Jílové who helped with their narrations to describe the key themes of this research as well as "small history" of everyday life in the post-war era. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis explores the gendered dynamics of everyday peace through analysing women’s experience of peace and peacebuilding in Kayah (Karenni) state in Myanmar. I argue that everyday peace cannot be detached from rigid gender hierarchies and persistent power dynamics and that analytic attention needs to be paid to women’s, often neglected, contribution to everyday peacebuilding. Drawing on a theoretical framework of everyday peace and its feminist critique and by using Björkdahl’s concept of gendered peace gaps I illustrate how women’s experience of peace and peacebuilding in Kayah state are shaped by dynamics of care and silence. Both are used as arenas for women’s peacebuilding agencies but simultaneously contributes to, are coupled with or amplify gendered peace gaps. Hence, the results unveil an interesting tension between women’s peacebuilding agency and the peace being built as the peacebuilding limits the grounds in which women can operate consequently contributing to a future gender-discriminatory peace in Myanmar. Through this focus, this thesis adds to the rich and longstanding feminist literature exploring the everyday by illustrating the importance of understanding peace based on everyday experiences shaped by gendered power relations. By exposing the relationship between power and agency I illustrate how women’s ambiguous peace agencies are incused by gendered power relations and might run the risk of reproducing or maintaining existing structures of power.

Bunker Kunst Bunker Kunst is an experimental and community platform, aiming at potential and contemporary role of post-war fortress. The point of interest is reinterpretation of bunker architectural phenomenon and its relationship with landscape. Bunker Pneumaticon Bunker Pneumaticon is co-working project, aiming on resuscitation of bunkers and post-war landscape. The point is community realisation of pneumatic architectures connected to the bunkers. The border is becoming a route.

Current approaches to post-war state reconstruction are primarily dominated by the liberal peace thesis. These approaches tend to ignore the indigenous institutions, societal resources and cultural agencies of post-conflict societies, although such entities are rooted in the sociological, historical, political and environmental realities of these societies. Such universalised and `best practice¿ approaches, more often than not, tend to reproduce artificial states. The Poro and Sande are the largest indigenous sodality institutions in the `hinterlands¿¿a pejorative term attributed to rural Liberia and Sierra Leone. Both the Poro and Sande exercise spiritual, political, economic and social authority. In this thesis, I use critical realism and the case study approach to investigate: a) the extent to which the liberal peace practitioners who are leading state reconstruction in Liberia and Sierra Leone recognised the role and potential utility of the Poro and Sande institutions; b) the extent to which the Poro and Sande were engaged; and c) the implications for the quality and viability of the reconstructed states. This evidence-based research suggests that the liberal peace project sidelined indigenous institutions, including the Poro and Sande, in the post-war recovery and rebuilding exercises. The disregard for indigenous and emerging resources in the context of state reconstruction in Liberia and Sierra Leone has contributed to the resurgence of 19th century counter-hegemonic resistance from the sodality-governed interior of both countries. At the same time, the reconstructed states are drifting back towards their pre-war status quo. Authority structures remain fragmented, kleptocracy is being restored, webs of militarised patronage networks are being emboldened, and spaces for constructive dialogues are shrinking. This thesis underscores the need for indigenisation as a complementary strategy to help reverse the deterioration, and to maximise gains from massive investments in peacebuilding.

This thesis explores how research is implicated in the constitution of post-war environments, and gives an account of being and becoming a researcher in post-war Bosnia. My main contention is that when peace and conflict researchers conduct research in post-war contexts, their presence, practices, and the consequential production of knowledge and representations, have political effects. I argue that the implications of this have not been fully explained, acknowledged, or problematised within Conflict Resolution, which tends to rely on research approaches and assumptions taken from ‘normal’ science. This thesis suggests how reflexivity and alternatives methodologies, including visual research might be used to represent the emotional, sensory, and often intangible elements of post-war realities. It enacts an engagement in the politics of research and uses reflexive writing and visual methods to draw attention to the importance of the relational aspects of research in postwar environments. Visual journeys are also used to argue that visual methods can provide a way of revisiting the epistemological and ontological assumptions about lived experiences and realities in post-war settings. The thesis is based upon one year of ethnographic fieldwork undertaken in Bosnia, and is also informed by eighteen months of volunteer work with a Bosnian Community Centre in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire. / Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)