O efeito da potencialização pós-ativação (PPA) tem sido estudado, mas a sua aplicação no desempenho de atletas é muito controversa. Estudos descrevem a possibilidade de que a PPA possa compensar o mecanismo de fadiga, aumentando a taxa de desenvolvimento de força e melhorando a potência muscular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos agudos e crônicos de um treinamento pliométrico com e sem indução da PPA na potência muscular de membros inferiores em atletas de voleibol. A amostra foi composta por 16 atletas de voleibol masculino participantes da Superliga Nacional, divididos em grupo pliométrico (GPLIO) e grupo PPA (GPPA). O grupo pliométrico foi submetido a um treinamento de pliometria e o grupo PPA acrescentou ao treinamento pliométrico uma rotina de treinos que estimularam o mecanismo de PPA. O período de treinamento foi de 4 semanas com 2 sessões semanais. Durante a avaliação do pré e pós-treinamento para a determinação dos efeitos crônicos, foi mensurada a potência muscular dos membros inferiores através do salto vertical counter movement jump (CMJ), conforme protocolo sugerido por Bosco (1994), em uma plataforma de força, e contração voluntária máxima para a musculatura da articulação do joelho em um equipamento isocinético. Na avaliação pré e pós-teste para a determinação do efeito agudo, foi utilizado um tapete de contato para obtenção da altura de salto vertical CMJ. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de equações de estimação generalizadas (GEE) no fator tempo e no fator grupo para determinar os efeitos do treinamento em cada grupo (GPLIO e GPPA). Os resultados referente aos efeitos agudos indicam a interação grupo*tempo para o grupo PPA significativa de p<0,001 (38,26 cms / 44,51 cms) do período pré-treinamento para o período de treinamento e de p=0,002 (38,26 cms /44,07 cms) do período pré para o pós treinamento. Ainda observamos que o grupo PPA obteve altura de salto significativamente melhor ao grupo PLIO, tanto no período de treinamento (44,51 cms/35,38cms) como no pós-treinamento pliométrico (44,07cms / 39,32 cms). Quanto aos efeitos crônicos, os resultados demonstraram não haver diferença significativa para as variáveis de torque isocinético. No que diz respeito à altura e potência de salto após o treinamento crônico foi observada diferença significativa nos dois grupos do período pré para o pós-treinamento, não havendo diferença entre os grupos. Concluímos que o treinamento pliométrico com indução de PPA melhora os efeitos agudos do salto vertical, tanto durante o treinamento como até 80 minutos após o treinamento pliométrico. Já no que diz respeito aos efeitos crônicos da indução ou não de PPA no treinamento pliométrico, os resultados indicam não haver diferença significativa no torque isocinético dos músculos extensores do joelho, porém na altura de salto CMJ e potência os resultados indicam que os dois modelos de treinamento têm uma resposta semelhante. / The effect of post-activation potentiation (PPA) has been studied, but its application in the performance of athletes is very controversial. Studies have described the possibility that PPP can compensate for the fatigue mechanism, increasing the rate of strength development and improving muscle power. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of a plyometric training with and without PPA induction on lower limb muscle power in volleyball athletes. The sample consisted of 16 male volleyball players participating in the National Superliga, divided into plyometric group (GPLIO) and PPA group (GPPA). The plyometric group underwent a plyometrics training and the PPA group added to the plyometric training a routine of training that stimulated the PPA mechanism. The training period was 4 weeks with 2 weekly sessions. During the pre and post-training evaluation for the determination of the chronic effects, the muscular power of the lower limbs was measured through the vertical jump movement movement (CMJ), according to a protocol suggested by Bosco (1994), on a force platform, And maximal voluntary contraction for the musculature of the knee joint in an isokinetic equipment. In the pre and post-test evaluation for the determination of the acute effect, a contact mat was used to obtain the vertical jump height CMJ. For statistical analysis, the test of generalized estimation equations (GEE) in the time factor and in the group factor was used to determine the effects of the training in each group (GPLIO and GPPA). The results for the acute effects indicate the group*time interaction for the PPA group significant of p<0.001 (38.26 cms / 44.51 cms) of the pre-training period for the training period and p=0.002 (38, 26 cm / 44.07 cm) from the pre and post training period. We also observed that the PPA group had a significantly better jump height in the PLIO group, both in the training period (44.51 cm / 35.38 cm) and in the plyometric training (44.07 cm / 39.32 cm). Regarding the chronic effects, the results showed no significant difference for the isokinetic torque variables. Regarding the height and jumping power after the chronic training, a significant difference was observed in the two groups from the pre-post-training period, with no difference between the groups. We conclude that plyometric training with PPA induction improves the acute effects of vertical jump, both during training and up to 80 minutes after plyometric training. Regarding the chronic effects of PPA or non-PPA induction in plyometric training, the results indicate that there is no significant difference in the isokinetic torque of the knee extensor muscles, but at the height of the CMJ and power jump the results indicate that the two models of Have a similar response.

O efeito da potencialização pós-ativação (PPA) tem sido estudado, mas a sua aplicação no desempenho de atletas é muito controversa. Estudos descrevem a possibilidade de que a PPA possa compensar o mecanismo de fadiga, aumentando a taxa de desenvolvimento de força e melhorando a potência muscular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos agudos e crônicos de um treinamento pliométrico com e sem indução da PPA na potência muscular de membros inferiores em atletas de voleibol. A amostra foi composta por 16 atletas de voleibol masculino participantes da Superliga Nacional, divididos em grupo pliométrico (GPLIO) e grupo PPA (GPPA). O grupo pliométrico foi submetido a um treinamento de pliometria e o grupo PPA acrescentou ao treinamento pliométrico uma rotina de treinos que estimularam o mecanismo de PPA. O período de treinamento foi de 4 semanas com 2 sessões semanais. Durante a avaliação do pré e pós-treinamento para a determinação dos efeitos crônicos, foi mensurada a potência muscular dos membros inferiores através do salto vertical counter movement jump (CMJ), conforme protocolo sugerido por Bosco (1994), em uma plataforma de força, e contração voluntária máxima para a musculatura da articulação do joelho em um equipamento isocinético. Na avaliação pré e pós-teste para a determinação do efeito agudo, foi utilizado um tapete de contato para obtenção da altura de salto vertical CMJ. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de equações de estimação generalizadas (GEE) no fator tempo e no fator grupo para determinar os efeitos do treinamento em cada grupo (GPLIO e GPPA). Os resultados referente aos efeitos agudos indicam a interação grupo*tempo para o grupo PPA significativa de p<0,001 (38,26 cms / 44,51 cms) do período pré-treinamento para o período de treinamento e de p=0,002 (38,26 cms /44,07 cms) do período pré para o pós treinamento. Ainda observamos que o grupo PPA obteve altura de salto significativamente melhor ao grupo PLIO, tanto no período de treinamento (44,51 cms/35,38cms) como no pós-treinamento pliométrico (44,07cms / 39,32 cms). Quanto aos efeitos crônicos, os resultados demonstraram não haver diferença significativa para as variáveis de torque isocinético. No que diz respeito à altura e potência de salto após o treinamento crônico foi observada diferença significativa nos dois grupos do período pré para o pós-treinamento, não havendo diferença entre os grupos. Concluímos que o treinamento pliométrico com indução de PPA melhora os efeitos agudos do salto vertical, tanto durante o treinamento como até 80 minutos após o treinamento pliométrico. Já no que diz respeito aos efeitos crônicos da indução ou não de PPA no treinamento pliométrico, os resultados indicam não haver diferença significativa no torque isocinético dos músculos extensores do joelho, porém na altura de salto CMJ e potência os resultados indicam que os dois modelos de treinamento têm uma resposta semelhante. / The effect of post-activation potentiation (PPA) has been studied, but its application in the performance of athletes is very controversial. Studies have described the possibility that PPP can compensate for the fatigue mechanism, increasing the rate of strength development and improving muscle power. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of a plyometric training with and without PPA induction on lower limb muscle power in volleyball athletes. The sample consisted of 16 male volleyball players participating in the National Superliga, divided into plyometric group (GPLIO) and PPA group (GPPA). The plyometric group underwent a plyometrics training and the PPA group added to the plyometric training a routine of training that stimulated the PPA mechanism. The training period was 4 weeks with 2 weekly sessions. During the pre and post-training evaluation for the determination of the chronic effects, the muscular power of the lower limbs was measured through the vertical jump movement movement (CMJ), according to a protocol suggested by Bosco (1994), on a force platform, And maximal voluntary contraction for the musculature of the knee joint in an isokinetic equipment. In the pre and post-test evaluation for the determination of the acute effect, a contact mat was used to obtain the vertical jump height CMJ. For statistical analysis, the test of generalized estimation equations (GEE) in the time factor and in the group factor was used to determine the effects of the training in each group (GPLIO and GPPA). The results for the acute effects indicate the group*time interaction for the PPA group significant of p<0.001 (38.26 cms / 44.51 cms) of the pre-training period for the training period and p=0.002 (38, 26 cm / 44.07 cm) from the pre and post training period. We also observed that the PPA group had a significantly better jump height in the PLIO group, both in the training period (44.51 cm / 35.38 cm) and in the plyometric training (44.07 cm / 39.32 cm). Regarding the chronic effects, the results showed no significant difference for the isokinetic torque variables. Regarding the height and jumping power after the chronic training, a significant difference was observed in the two groups from the pre-post-training period, with no difference between the groups. We conclude that plyometric training with PPA induction improves the acute effects of vertical jump, both during training and up to 80 minutes after plyometric training. Regarding the chronic effects of PPA or non-PPA induction in plyometric training, the results indicate that there is no significant difference in the isokinetic torque of the knee extensor muscles, but at the height of the CMJ and power jump the results indicate that the two models of Have a similar response.

Introduction: Resistance training overloading the eccentric phase of exercises (termed accentuated eccentric loaded; AEL) has been hypothesized to optimize adaptations to force production and muscle mass via acute postactivation potentiation (PAP). Though enhancement of performance variables via AEL or PAP is equivocal in the literature, it is understood that AEL and/or PAP will result in either positive adaptations or a lack of maladaptations. Purpose: The purpose of this work was identifying any effect of AEL squats on measures of muscle activation in collegiate weightlifters. Subjects: Eight weightlifters (age = 24.63 ± 5.58 yrs; body mass = 83.39 ± 19.40 kg; height = 169.63 ± 8.68 cm; 1.91 ± 0.63 1RM:Body Mass) completed all testing sessions. Methods: Subjects completed AEL and NOR squat sessions being nearly identical to their normal scheduled training and sEMG data from the VM, VL, and BF muscles were collected during the entirety of each session. Statistics: Nested within RMANOVAs determined any session-long effect of AEL squats and paired samples t-tests determined any PAP on activation of the VM, VL, and BF. Results: Nonsignificant differences between the AEL CON and NOR CON phases on measures of muscle activation while trends to increase activation for all muscles were evident. There was also no evidence of PAP, identified by comparing identical sets within each session. Conclusions: There was no special effect of AEL squats on thigh musculature activation and no acute PAP was elucidated on activation levels.

Purpose: To examine the effect of three muscle potentiation protocols on changes in muscle architecture and the subsequent effect on jump power performance. Methods: Maximal (1RM) squat strength (Mean SD=178.3 ± 36.6kg), vertical jump power, and muscle architecture were obtained in 12 resistance trained men (25.2±3.6y; 90.67±12.7kg). Participants randomly completed three squatting protocols at 75% (3 x 10 reps), 90% (3 x 3 reps) or 100% (1 x 1) of their 1RM, or no workout (CON), with each protocol being separated by one week. During each testing session ultrasound and vertical jump testing were assessed at baseline (BL), 8min post (8P) and 20min post (20P) workout. Ultrasound measures of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles included; cross sectional area (CSA) and pennation angle (PNG). Following each ultrasound, peak (PVJP) and mean (MVJP) vertical jump power (using hands for maximum jump height) were measured using an accelerometer. Results: Magnitude based inferences analysis indicated that in comparison to CON, 75% resulted in a likely greater change in RF-CSA and VL-CSA (BL-8P and BL–20P), 90% resulted in a likely greater RF-CSA and VL-CSA (BL–20P), and 100% resulted in a very likely or likely decrease in VL-PNG at BL-8P and BL–20P, respectively). Meanwhile, changes in PVJP and MVJP for the 75% trial was likely decreased at BL-8P and BL–20P; and for the 90% trial MVJP was likely decreased at BL-8P and BL–20P. Analysis of the magnitude of the relationships indicated a likely negative relationship between VL-PNG and MVJP (r = -0.35; p < 0.018) at BL-8P, while at BL–20P, a negative relationship was observed between PVJP and RF-CSA (r = - 0.37; p < 0.014). iii Conclusion: Acute increases in muscle size and acute decreases in pennation angle did not result in any potentiation in vertical jump power measures. Although the inverse relationships observed between muscle architecture variables and power suggests a potential effect, the change in position (i.e. movement from standing to supine for ultrasound measures) may negate, as a result of potential fluid shifts or muscle relaxation, the potentiating effects of the exercise. It is also possible that the fatiguing nature of the squat protocols in trained but not competitive participants may have also contributed to the results.

<p> Treatment of canine colonic tissue with some O-alkyl and O-benzyl hydroxylamines potentiated the response of the tissue to histamine in different experimental environments.</p> <p> Sixteen O-substituted hydroxylamine compounds were synthesized using a modification of the Gabriel synthesis. These compounds were tested for their ability to potentiate histamine in canine colonic tissue through diamine oxidase inhibition.</p> <p> Three procedures were used to determine their activity: (1) secondary rise -hydroxylamine derivatives were added to epithelial tissue preparations in Ussing chambers after an initial dose of histamine. Active compounds caused a secondary increase in the short circuit current across the tissue, (2) dose-response profiles were constructed for several hydroxylamine compounds to determine whether they caused a significant shift to the left of the normal histamine curve (potentiated response), and (3) diamine oxidase enzyme assays were performed to examine the ability of the hydroxylamine derivatives to inhibit partially purified diamine oxidase. This aided in determining if inactive compounds could not potentiate histamine due to an inability to access the enzyme in the epithelial preparation.</p> <p> The structure-activity relation observed indicates that: (1) active compounds are oxygen and not nitrogen substituted hydroxylamines, (2) branched compounds are less active than their straight chain analogues, (3) greater steric bulk of the alkyl substituent can decrease the activity of the compound, (4) the presence of a carbon-carbon double (allyl) or triple (4-pentynyl) bond does not affect the activity of the compound, (5) longer straight chain O-alkyl hydroxylamines are less active than shorter chain derivatives, (6) steric bulk of the benzyl compounds is not likely to be the cause of its inability to inhibit diamine oxidase since the cinnamyl derivative is active, and (7) meta- and para-oxygen substituents (-OH, -OCH3) on O-benzyl hydroxylamines increase their diamine oxidase inhibiting properties.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis is missing page 33 and 98. Neither of which are in the other thesis copies. -Digitization Centre / N/A / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

The sport of weightlifting has been competed since the first modern Olympiad. Competition in weightlifting consists of 3 attempts the snatch and clean and jerk declared by the athlete and their coach prior to the starting of the lift. While waiting for the athlete’s lift, waiting periods can change and warm up attempts may need to be adjusted. Often, coaches prescribe either a complete “light power” or partial “heavy pull” repetition of the competed movement during a long wait. Previous literature indicates that a heavier stimulus may cause a “post-activation potentiation”, or “post-activation performance enhancement” effect on the subsequent lift. However, some evidence indicates that a heavy pull closely preceding a subsequent clean may disrupt technique. Despite the common practice to perform a heavy pull or lighter power clean or snatch in the warmup area, little information is known about whether this movement will potentiate the following repetition or disrupt technique. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate the potentiation and technique effects of the heavy pull and light power on a subsequent clean. Methods: The subjects (males n = 9; females n= 2) were eleven well-trained athletes (weightlifting, track and field, crossfit) in the clean. After warmup, a series of cleans were performed leading to a 90 % 1 RM clean followed by a 75% power clean or 112% clean pull (order randomly assigned), this was followed by a 90% clean. Kinematics were measured using Qualisys M3 motion capture. Subjective effort was measured after each 90% clean using rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Results: Men were stronger than women how ever there was no difference in the outcome. Peak bar velocity was not statistically different pre-post (p≥ 0.5). Vertical displacement was not statistically different pre-post (p≥ 0.5). Horizontal displacement was not statistically different (p≥ 0.5). Catch phase duration was not statistically different (p≤ 0.5), however effect size indicates small to moderate decreases in duration in both conditions. Stronger athletes appeared to have less technical disruption compared to lesser lifters. Following the power clean there was a statistically significant reduction in RPE (p ≤0.5, cohen’s d=0.595 95%CI=0.171 to 1.02).

Introduction: Acute enhancements of muscle contractile properties and performance subsequent to a maximal or near maximal conditioning contraction are often termed post activation potentiation (PAP). Although still controversial, PAP is commonly linked to enhancements in the myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation, leading to improvements in the excitation–contraction coupling. The PAP seen after a conditioning task often coexists with fatigue and is known to depend on strength level, muscle fiber type and age. Less is known about how factors such as static and dynamic changes in muscle length affect PAP, and on the relative contribution of contractile and tensile components to PAP. Aim: To enhance our understanding of how, and under what conditions, a single maximal isometric contraction affects plantar flexor muscle contractile performance, and other muscle tendon properties, in power athletes. Methods: Supramaximal twitches were evoked via electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve of athletes before and on several occasions after a 6-second maximal voluntary isometric contraction (6-s MVIC) in both static muscle, and during passive muscle lengthening and shorting at different angular velocities. Several contractile variables were measured from the twitches. The effects of a 6-s MVIC on Achilles tendon stiffness was calculated from torque and ultrasonography based measurements of tendon length at two submaximal contraction intensities. Overall stiffness index was calculated by analyzing the passive lengthening torque/angle curve.Results: A single MVIC enhanced muscle contractile properties and electromechanical delay for up to 5 minutes. Plantar flexor twitch variables such as peak twitch, rate of torque development and rate of torque relaxation were enhanced during shortening compared to lengthening muscle actions, and in an extended as compared to a flexed knee position. Achilles tendon stiffness and overall stiffness index were not significantly modulated by a single 6-s MVIC. Conclusion: The results of this thesis imply that functional enhancements from a 6-s conditioning MVIC would mainly come from improvements in contractile rather than tensile components. Stiffness changes should be monitored in future PAP-related studies since they may still occur after more extensive conditioning protocols than the current one. Improvements in contractile components subserving muscle strength after a conditioning MVIC suggests that enhancements in muscle power after a conditioning task should be greatest in fast concentric muscle actions, though still present in muscle lengthening. Conditioning should be performed in a position where full activation is easy to achieve and tailored to mach an athlete or group of athlete’s current status and characteristics, maximizing performance in a specific sport event. / <p>The project recived financial support from the Swedish National Centre for Research in Sports (CIF). Paulo Gago also wishes to thank the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal for the Ph.D. Grant (SFRH/BD/103572/2014).</p><p>New version 2015-01-25 updates the previous one by correcting the errors described in the correction list file (errata).</p> / Doctoral project: Post activation potentiation - Modulating factors and mechanisms for muscle performance.