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From pity to productivity: the case of social cash transfers in MozambiqueLe, Teresa Nguyen January 2016 (has links)
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for
Masters of Arts in Development Studies by coursework and research report
In the Graduate School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 2016 / Social cash transfer programmes on the African continent have more than doubled in the last decade, and this signifies a transformation in the perception of social cash transfers as ‘pity handouts’ to how they are seen today, as ‘productive investments’ in human capabilities. Southern Africa has been a pioneer in social protection growth in the last twenty years, but often accounts of these histories focus on pension schemes in places such as South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, and Lesotho. There is little incorporation of Mozambique’s social protection history, and most histories do not detail that Mozambique ranks fourth chronologically, in introduction of cash transfer programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa. This research puts forth that the Mozambican case of an early adoption of cash transfers in 1990 is a positive and unique example of a state’s active role in social protection despite neoliberal constraints. The state-led adoption of cash transfers in response to rising inequality and economic instability is unexpected at a time when these programmes were unpopular development interventions and when the state was supposedly rolled-back and confined because neoliberalism and the civil war. Tracing the history of Mozambican social cash transfers in the last 25 years illustrates two consistencies of the Mozambican government: 1. A supportive political position towards state involvement in welfare programmes, despite the government’s own political and development sector transformation from Marxist-Leninist orientation to welcoming of privatization; and 2. State financial and political support of social protection throughout a period when cash transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa went from unpopular hand-out interventions during crises, to lobbying for permanent social protection as a mechanism to address chronic poverty. / GR2017
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The Forgotten Fight: Waging War on Poverty in New York City, 1945-1980Woodsworth, Michael January 2013 (has links)
This dissertation recounts how community groups in postwar New York City tapped into growing government engagement with urban problems, which culminated in President Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 declaration of "unconditional war on poverty." Focusing on the discourse among grassroots activists, social reformers, and city officials, I argue that the War on Poverty has been misunderstood by scholars inattentive to the rich exchange of ideas that occurred at street level. I show how local policy innovations flowed upward and influenced elites -- intellectuals, politicians, bureaucrats -- before being projected back downward and adapted anew. Viewing the War on Poverty from the ground up not only provides a fresh perspective on its well-documented failures; it also turns up hidden successes. My narrative unfolds in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant, where the drive to end poverty dovetailed with a vibrant civil-rights movement. A majority-black area of roughly 400,000 people, Bed-Stuy housed a mix of desperately poor tenants and upwardly mobile homeowners. I emphasize the policy role played by members of the area's middle class, especially women, who acted as brokers between politicians and the poor people whose empowerment the War on Poverty ostensibly promoted. In the 1950s, activists in Bed-Stuy partnered with the municipal government of Robert F. Wagner, Jr., to tackle pressing issues -- juvenile delinquency, deteriorated housing, capital flight -- through experimental social-work techniques and a new model of neighborhood-based planning. Such partnerships laid the groundwork for the federal Community Action Program, the centerpiece of the War on Poverty. Though Bed-Stuy's official Community Action Agency ultimately succumbed to mismanagement, bureaucratization, and internal strife, it did spawn several social-uplift and educational programs that helped to empower local residents, especially black women. By the late 1960s, Bed-Stuy's poverty warriors were searching for new ways of institutionalizing the federal antipoverty commitment and gaining a measure of community control. They found one answer in an alliance with Senator Robert F. Kennedy, who helped launch the Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation, the country's first Community Development Corporation. Restoration drew unprecedented federal funds and soon pioneered influential strategies of brownstone revitalization and local business development. As it evolved in the 1970s, Restoration reflected the dual goals of employing low-income residents and retaining Bed-Stuy's middle class -- a difficult balancing act, especially in a moment of accelerating disinvestment, mounting crime, and waning political will. Nevertheless, Restoration provided a model that community groups nationwide would follow into the 1980s and beyond.
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Experimenting on the Poor: The Politics of Social Policy Evaluations in Brazil and Mexicode Souza Leão, Luciana January 2019 (has links)
In the 1990s, Brazil and Mexico were pioneers in the implementation of conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs), which since have benefitted an estimated one billion poor families around the world. However, the initial evaluation strategies pursued by each state were different: Mexican officials partnered with US economists to implement an RCT evaluation, while Brazilians used a combination of statistical simulations and qualitative studies and aimed to secure the generation of policy knowledge to domestic experts. Based on eighteen months of participant observation in Mexico City and Brasília, 100 interviews with political and academic elites, content analysis of 400 policy documents, and historical-process tracing methods, this dissertation explains why these two similar countries, implementing the same policy, took different routes to assess the merits of CCTs, and what unintended consequences followed from these choices. I demonstrate that a key factor to achieve the legitimacy and political viability of CCTs is the knowledge regimes that states create to implement and evaluate these programs. The dissertation shows that while knowledge regimes tend to be understood as technical or apolitical machineries, they are inherently shaped by the politics of legitimation of CCTs and they produce unanticipated consequences for the ways that states combat poverty in the long-run. Only by taking into consideration the role that knowledge production plays in securing the political viability of CCTs, I argue, we can assess the politics and consequences of these programs, and how they relate to poor families on the ground.
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The persistence of poverty in post-apartheid South Africa : assets, livelihoods and differentiation in KwaZulu-Natal, 1993-2004.May, Julian Douglas. January 2008 (has links)
The situation in South Africa presents unique challenges to achieving sustained poverty reduction. Although it is an upper-middle-income country with a per capita income similar to that of Botswana, Brazil or Malaysia, a significant proportion of South African households have remained poor despite a plethora of government policies that target the less resourced. While estimates vary, over 22.9 million South Africans are categorised as being poor, with almost 2.5 million people suffering from malnutrition. Most analysts now agree that while poverty increased during the 1990s, some progress has been made in reducing both the incidence and depth of poverty after 2000. This thesis argues that the economic and social dynamics set in motion by apartheid that produced this situation, may also have generated a low-level equilibrium trap from which some the poor in South Africa will find it difficult to escape. The thesis suggests that the explanation for this 'poverty trap' lies in what Sen has termed the exchange entitlement mapping that poor households face when attempting to use their assets/endowments. In other words, the processes that underpin the accumulation of assets, the opportunities to use these assets, and the returns obtained are structurally prejudiced against the poor. The implication is that the current experience of poverty leads to its reproduction and to a structurally persistent poverty. The central research question of this thesis is then: "Did the extent, distribution and experience of poverty of the apartheid era persist in the immediate post-apartheid South Africa despite the efforts of government to foster pro-poor reforms?" The central policy concern is that if asset accumulation failure underpins persistent poverty, policies for those who are structurally poor should be differentiated from that which is directed at those who are transitorily poor. As an example, the policies of the South African government concerning the redistribution of agrarian assets (principally land and finance) may not be sufficient to assist the poor in rural areas, and may only increase intra-rural inequality. The thesis draws on two principal data sources: the South African Participatory Poverty Assessment completed in 1997, and the KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Study (KIDS) which contains panel data collected from the same households in 1993, 1998 and 2004. Using these data, the thesis identifies a typology of structural poverty classes. At the bottom of this typology are those trapped in poverty with an asset base that is inadequate to meet their immediate needs as well as their ability to accumulate further assets over time. Other are stochastically poor or non-poor, moving in and out of poverty according to their good or bad fortune. Finally some have never been poor and have the asset base to ensure that they remain in this position or indeed improve over time. The livelihood strategies of households are used to differentiate households according to their participation in labour markets, farm and non-farm own production and access to social grants. The livelihood clusters that result are then matched to the poverty classes in order show differentiation among the households surveyed in KIDS. This allows for more nuanced policy recommendations that can be tailored to the needs of households experiencing different forms of poverty. This thesis is 87 000 words in length excluding appendices. / Thesis (Ph.D)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.
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The impact of poverty reduction programmes in King Sabata Dalindyebo MunicipalityLujabe, Busisiwe January 2012 (has links)
This study focuses on investigating the impact of poverty reduction programmes in improving the quality of lives of the people in the King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality, in relation to interventions that have been implemented by the South African government to address poverty. The purpose of the study is to understand the situation in King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality and come up with recommendations that will assist government to enhance delivery of poverty reduction programmes in order to improve the quality of life of the rural poor in King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality. The research methodology for this study is descriptive, sourced from available literature. Due to the restricted extent of the research, no empirical survey is conducted. A number of normative criteria that deal with the research problem are identified from the available literature from which findings are drawn and recommendations made. The findings of the study show that; whilst significant progress has been made to address poverty through policy and legal frameworks and through implementation of poverty reduction strategies and programmes, there is a general consensus in literature that poverty is still widespread in South Africa and that activities put in place to reduce and eradicate it are not sufficiently translating into required outputs necessary for desired outcomes which ultimately impact on poverty. The study has identified the gaps that exist in service delivery as well as the challenges faced by government in effectively impacting on poverty through its poverty reduction programmes. Based on the findings the study has made recommendations that will assist government to enhance service delivery so that poverty reduction programmes are conducted in an effective and efficient, integrated and coordinated manner which will cause government to achieve its desired outcomes.
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城市新貧窮社群與福利三角: 一個社會排斥的分析. / Urban new poor and welfare triangle: an analysis of social exclusion / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection / Cheng shi xin pin qiong she qun yu fu li san jiao: yi ge she hui pai chi de fen xi.January 2007 (has links)
彭華民. / 呈交日期: 2005年11月. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 246-261). / Cheng jiao ri qi: 2005 nian 11 yue. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 246-261). / Peng Huamin.
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A critical analysis of poverty policy and expenditure in South Africa08 August 2012 (has links)
M. Comm. / No country's economy can survive if the majority of its population remains without income, basic services, and tangible assets that will allow for a secure and sustainable livelihood. Addressing poverty and its causes is therefore a core developmental challenge facing the world economy. Throughout history, various explanations and theories have been advanced in the attempt to understand the causes and persistence of poverty. These theories have evolved into an understanding of the complex phenomenon of poverty, as it is perceived today. The importance of these theories is evident in the creation of poverty alleviation strategies and policies, thus a sound understanding of poverty and its complexities is essential. The new poverty agenda formulated by the DFID in conjunction with other international agents has developed strategic guidelines for the alleviation of poverty that have been based on past experience and theoretical literature. These guidelines include the need for economic growth, equality, security, participation, opportunities, and sustainability. South Africa has effectively incorporated these guidelines into its own poverty activities that consider the nature of South Africa's poverty situation. South Africa has a high incidence of poverty, and its society is characterised by extreme inequality. Poverty is disproportionately divided between South Africa's nine provinces, localities, race groups, genders, and age groups. Inequalities and high poverty rates are caused by political, social, economic, and environmental factors. Politically, South Africa was shaped by the apartheid regime that manifested inequality amongst race groups by oppressing and exploiting the black population in favour of the white minority. Social dimensions, such as the inadequacy of food security, lack of education and other basic needs have also contributed to impoverishment. Contributing economic factors include the poor growth of South Africa's economy since the 1980s that has inevitably lead to increases in poverty and unemployment rates. Poor and inadequate living conditions common in South Africa have resulted in environmental degradation, and this has further impoverished the population.
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Assessing funding and support for development projects : a comparative study of Kenya and South Africa.Kiilu, Florence Ndilo. January 2003 (has links)
The purpose of the study was to assess funding and support provided for
development projects in Kenya and South Africa. The focus was to identify
comparisons and differences in development, funding and national development
priorities in both countries.
The study was carried out in Kenya and South Africa. Through purposive
sampling, six organizations were selected as the units of analysis. Data was
collected by means of questionnaires, interviews, national policies and written
records.
Six major themes emerged from the data collected. They included (a) the
purpose and internal structure of the organization (b) programs and projects
supported (c) sustainability and continuation (d) internal and external factors
affecting the organization (e) conditions (f) the aid-chain.
The findings indicated that despite the differences in both countries, poverty
remained a national priority. In both countries, factors such as inflation rates,
conditions tied to aid and internal and external factor affected the development
organizations and their operations. Suggestions were made to development
organizations for optimal development. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Social development through efficient policies, evaluating the impact of Bolsa FamiliaGoffeng-Nielsen, Per 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Brazilian welfare state has developed over time in relation to national and global trends. This study analyses the creation of Latin Americas largest Conditional Cash Transfer program in relation to these trends. The thesis provides an historical overview of the creation of Conditional Cash Transfers in the country that lastly ended with Bolsa Familia. Alongside events that led to Bolsa Familia, the nation witnessed the development of social welfare initiatives as well as alternative poverty reducing programs. The study analyses this in the context of the creation of the Brazilian welfare.
The question guiding the study is: Has the Bolsa Famila programme helped to reduce poverty in Brazil? It is argued that Brazil has been successful in reducing its poverty rate as a result of the programme. The study looks deeper into the structure of Bolsa Familia in order to view its results and effects both advantages and disadvantages of the programme are assessed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Brasiliaanse welvaart staat het in verhouding tot nasionale en internasionale tendense ontwikkel. Hierdie studie analiseer hoe Latyns-Amerika se grootste voorwaardelike kontant oordrag program in die lig van hierdie tendense ontwikkel het. Die tesis verskaf ‘n historiese oorsig tot die inwerkingstelling van voorwaardelike kontant oordrag programme en die wyse waarop dit meer spesifiek uitgeloop het op die Bolsa Familia program.
Die studie is gelei deur die vraag: Het die Bolsa Familia program daartoe bygedra dat armoede in Brasilïe verminder het? Benewens die feit dat hierdie vraag positief beantwoord word, bekyk die studie in groter detail die struktuur van die program asook die program se voordele en nadele.
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Assessing poverty alleviation in Botswana in terms of the Copenhagen DeclarationChepete, Maipelo 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Botswana is one of the signatories of the Copenhagen Declaration, which was
promulgated in Denmark in 1995. The Declaration, among others, called for
signatories to eradicate poverty through decisive national actions and
international cooperation as an ethical, social, political and economic imperative
of humankind. This study, which takes the form of a policy systems analysis,
seeks to establish the implementation path followed by the Government of
Botswana in its endeavour to bring into effect its commitment to poverty
alleviation, using the Copenhagen Declaration as a benchmark. The main
methodology that informs this study is a comparative literature review of existing
documentary sources, which include research reports and policy documents.
This data is supplemented by interviews with some top officials involved in the
planning, formulation and monitoring of poverty alleviation programmes. In
addition, the author's experience of working as an Assistant District Officer in the
Central District greatly supplements collected data.
After presenting the background to the study and the research methodology that
was followed, the study discusses the Copenhagen Declaration. It then explains
the poverty situation at a global level. The picture is then narrowed to sub-
Saharan Africa after which a more specific picture of the poverty situation in
Botswana is explored.
The findings of this study indicate that poverty alleviation policies and
programmes implemented by the Government of Botswana are in line with the
requirements of the Copenhagen Declaration. The most notable limiting factor
affecting proper implementation of the commitments is lack of monitoring and
evaluation, hence the study recommends that the Government put in place
proper monitoring and evaluation mechanisms among others. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Botswana is een van die ondertekenaars van die Kopenhaagse Verklaring wat in
1995 in Denemarke uitgevaardig is. Die Verklaring het, onder andere, 'n beroep
aan ondertekenaars gerig om die uitwissing van armoede deur middel van
indringende nasionale aksies en internasionale samewerking as eties, sosiaal,
polities en ekonomies gebiedend vir die mensdom aan te spreek. Hierdie studie,
wat in die vorm van 'n analise van beleidsstelsels aangepak is, poog om vas te
stel watter implementeringsweg deur die Regering van Botswana gevolg is om
uiting te gee aan die verbintenis tot die verligting van armoede, met die
Kopenhaagse Verklaring as maatstaf. Die vernaamste metode wat gevolg is om
aan die studie gestalte te gee, is 'n vergelykende letterkundige oorsig van
bestaande dokumentêre bronne, wat navorsingverslae en beleidsdokumente
ingesluit het. Hierdie inligting is aangevul met behulp van onderhoude met
sommige hoogstaande amptenare wat betrokke is by die beplanning, formulering
en monitering van programme om armoede te verlig. Hierbenewens is die
versamelde inligting tot 'n groot mate aangevul uit die ondervinding wat die
skywer deur haar werk as 'n Assistent Distriks Offisier in die Sentraal distrikte
opgedoen het.
Die agtergrond tot die studie en die navorsingsmetodologie wat gevolg is, word
eers aangebied en gevolg deur 'n bespreking van die Kopenhaagse Verklaring.
Daarna word die stand van armoede op globale vlak verduidelik. Vervolgens
word die blik vernou tot die gebied in Afrika suid van die Sahara en uiteindelik is
daar 'n meer spesifieke ondersoek om 'n spesifieke indruk van die stand van
armoede in Botswana te verkry.
Die bevindinge van die studie toon dat beleidsbesluite en programme vir die
verligting van armoede wat deur die Regering in Botswana geïmplementeer is,
by die vereistes van die Kopenhaagse Verklaring aansluit. Die mees opvallende
beperkende faktor wat die behoorlike implementering van die verbintenis tot die verklaring affekteer, is 'n gebrek aan monitering en evaluering en die studie stel
dus voor dat die Regering behoorlike meganismes vir monitering en evaluering
opstel.
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