The e-linac beam that will serve the ARIEL Electron Target East (AETE) has an energy range from 30 MeV to 50 MeV with a power up to 500 kW. The beam electrons are to be converted into photons by means of an electron-to-gamma converter with the purpose of inducing photonuclear reactions in a target to produce exotic isotopes. In the process of conversion, the primary electron beam power deposition in the converter causes a significant increase of the temperature that must be dissipated. The converter performance contributes notably to the overall isotope production and extraction efficiency. This thesis describes the work to optimize and verify the conceptual design of the electron-to-gamma converter through simulations and experimental measurements. / Graduate

The contribution of the midfoot in landing mechanics is understudied. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to quantify midtarsal joint kinematics and kinetics during a barefoot single-leg landing task. A secondary aim of this study was to explore the relationship between static foot posture and dynamic midfoot function. In a cross-sectional study design, 48 females (age = 20.4 ± 1.8 yr, height = 1.6 ± 0.06 m, weight = 57.3 ± 5.5 kg, BMI = 21.6 ± 1.7 kg·m-1) performed drop landings from a height of 0.4 m onto split force platforms. Subjects hung from wooden rings and landed on their dominant leg. Midtarsal joint kinematic and kinetic data were recorded using a motion capture software system in conjunction with a custom multisegment foot model marker set. Arch height index (AHI) for both seated and standing conditions was measured using the Arch Height Index Measurement System (AHIMS). Kinematic data revealed an average sagittal plane midtarsal range of motion (ROM) of 27 degrees through the landing phase. Kinetic data showed that between 7% and 22% of the total power absorption during the landing was performed by the midtarsal joint. Standing AHI was correlated negatively with sagittal plane midtarsal ROM (p = 0.0264) and positively with midtarsal work (p = 0.0212). Standing midfoot angle (MA) was correlated positively with sagittal plane midtarsal ROM (p = 0.0005) and negatively with midtarsal work (p = 0.0250). The midfoot contributes substantially to landing mechanics during a barefoot single-leg landing task. Static foot posture may be a valuable measurement in predicting midfoot kinematics and kinetics.

The use of hand-held vibrating tools may lead to hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), a condition with vascular, neurological and musculoskeletal symptoms. Vibrating tools are used in several occupations in which women can be found, e.g. by metal- and wood workers, drivers, and dental personnel. The risk of women developing HAVS is hard to estimate, as little research has been done on women exposed to hand-arm vibration. The overall aim of this thesis has been to fill this gap of knowledge. It is based upon one questionnaire study and one interview study on women who have reported an occupational injury related to hand-arm vibration. The thesis also comprises two laboratory studies of female and male subjects exposed to hand-arm vibration from a handle. The questionnaire and the interview study showed that the women had a high prevalence of symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, pain and white fingers. Neurological symptoms were more common and developed after shorter time of exposure compared to vascular symptoms. The symptoms had a considerable impact on all domains of the women’s lives, not only on their physical functioning, such as the ability to work, to participate in leisure activities and to do household activities, but also on their relationships and identity. Forty per cent of the women had retired or retrained due to the injury. Dental personnel had the highest relative risk of vibration injuries. In one of the laboratory studies 12 female and 12 male subjects were exposed to vibration in two vibration directions, (Xh and Zh) and at two vibration levels. The absorbed power was higher in the Zh direction and at the higher vibration level. The volumes of the subjects’ arms affected the power absorption in the Zh direction. There were no indications of a gender difference in the absorption of power. In the other laboratory study, the effect of handle size, vibration level, anthropometric measures and maximal grip force on the ability to perform a precision task was studied in 20 female and 20 male subjects. Ratings of difficulty and discomfort were made after each test round. The results indicate that the male subjects performed better in all the tests, but no gender difference was seen in the ratings. The higher vibration level resulted in higher ratings of discomfort. In the female subjects, the handle size, the anthropometric measures and maximal grip force affected both the performance and the ratings. In conclusion, the studies indicate that vibration injuries are severely disabling and influence many parts of the sufferer’s life. Vibration injuries are preventable, and the extensive consequences found underscore the importance of preventive action. This can be done by informing employees about the risks, and by giving them the opportunity to choose suitable machines and to practice work tasks when starting a new job.

Tο αντικείμενο της διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι η μελέτη και σε βάθος ανάλυση και μοντελοποίηση της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής αλληλεπίδρασης του ανθρώπινου σώματος και των κεραιών που χρησιμοποιούν οι φορητές τερματικές συσκευές των σύγχρονων συστημάτων κινητής τηλεφωνίας. Ο στόχος είναι διπλός: αφενός μεν να υπολογιστεί η υποβάθμιση της απόδοσης της κεραίας, που προκαλείται από την παρουσία του σώματος του χρήστη σε μικρή απόσταση από αυτή και αφετέρου να εξεταστεί και να προσδιοριστεί επακριβώς το ποσό της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ακτινοβολίας που απορροφάται από το ανθρώπινο σώμα και ειδικότερα από τον ανθρώπινο εγκέφαλο κατά τη χρήση του κινητού τηλεφώνου. Ο απώτερος σκοπός είναι η συμβολή στην ανάπτυξη ασύρματων τερματικών (πχ. κινητά τηλέφωνα) που θα είναι πιο αποδοτικά στη λειτουργία τους και ταυτόχρονα περισσότερο ασφαλή για το χρήστη τους. Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή πραγματοποιήθηκε εκτενής μελέτη και ανάλυση των παραμέτρων που σχετίζονται με την αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ της κεραίας ασύρματων τερματικών συσκευών και του σώματος του χρήστη. Σχεδιάστηκαν, μοντελοποιήθηκαν, υλοποιήθηκαν και μετρήθηκαν πειραματικά πρωτότυπα τερματικών συσκευών παρουσία ομοιωμάτων του ανθρώπινου κεφαλιού με σκοπό τον υπολογισμό της απορρόφησης ακτινοβολίας από το κεφάλι και της μεταβολής της απόδοσης της κεραίας του τερματικού. Αναπτύχθηκε κατάλληλη μεθοδολογία μετρήσεων στο μακρινό πεδίο για την αξιόπιστη και ακριβή μέτρηση των χαρακτηριστικών των κεραιών του τερματικού. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν έντονη αλλαγή των χαρακτηριστικών της κεραίας και του διαγράμματος ακτινοβολίας της, παρουσία του κεφαλιού του χρήστη. Επίσης, υπολογίστηκε η απότομη πτώση της απορρόφησης ακτινοβολίας και η αύξηση της απόδοσης με την απομάκρυνση του τερματικού από το κεφάλι. Επιτεύχθηκε σημαντική βελτίωση της λειτουργίας μέσω της μορφοποίησης του διαγράμματος ακτινοβολίας που κατορθώνεται με τη χρήση πολλαπλών κεραιών (συστοιχία) στο τερματικό. Τέλος εξετάστηκε η επίδραση του χεριού του χρήστη στην απόδοση ενός ΜΙΜΟ τερματικού και βρέθηκε μείωση της μέσης χωρητικότητας του καναλιού με την παρουσία του χεριού. / Τhe object of this doctoral thesis is the study, in depth analysis and modelling of the electromagnetic interaction between the human body and the antennas used in the handsets of modern wireless telecommunication systems. The aim is twofold. On one hand is the estimation of the antenna efficiency reduction that is caused by the presence of the user’s body in small distance and on the other hand is the study and precise determination of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed by the human body (especially the human head) at the use of a wireless terminal. The final aim is the contribution in the design of wireless terminals (e.g. mobile telephones) that will be more efficient in their operation and simultaneously safer for their user. In this thesis, an extensive study and analysis of the parameters related with the interaction between the wireless terminal antenna and the user’s body were realized. Experimental terminal prototypes were designed, modelled, constructed and measured in the presence of human head models in order to estimate the radiation absorption from the head and the degradation of the antenna efficiency. An appropriate measurements methodology at the far field was developed for the precise measurement of the terminal antenna characteristics. According to the results, an intense change of the antenna characteristics and of its radiation diagram in the presence of the user’s head was observed. Also, the rapid decrease of absorbed power and the increase of the efficiency were calculated after moving the handset away from the head. An important operation improvement was achieved with beamforming, which is realized using multiple antennas at the terminal. Finally, the effect of the user’s hand at MIMO terminal performance was examined and a reduction of the mean capacity of the channel in the presence of the hand was found.

The wave energy converter developed at Uppsala University consists of a linear generator at the seabed driven by the motion of a buoy on the water surface. The energy absorbed by the generator is negatively affected by variations of the mean sea level caused by tides, changes in barometric pressure, strong winds, and storm surges. The work presented in this doctoral thesis aims to investigate the losses in energy absorption for the present generation wave energy converter due to the effect of sea level variations, mainly caused by tides. This goal is achieved through the modeling of the interaction between the waves and the point absorber. An estimation of the economic cost that these losses imply is also made. Moreover, solutions on how to reduce the negative effect of sea level variations are discussed. To this end, two compensation systems which adjust the length of the connection line between the floater and the generator are designed, and the first prototype is built and tested near the Lysekil research site. The theoretical study assesses the energy loss at about 400 coastal points all over the world and for one generator design. The results highlight critical locations where the need for a compensation system appears compelling. The same hydro-mechanic model is applied to a specific site, the Wave Hub on the west coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom, where the energy loss is calculated to be about 53 %. The experimental work led to the construction of a buoy equipped with a screw jack together with its control, measurement and communication systems. The prototype, suitable for sea level variations of small range, is tested and its performance evaluated. A second prototype, suitable for high range variations, is also designed and is currently under construction. One main conclusion is that including the compensation systems in the design of the wave energy converter will increase the competitiveness of the technology from an economic point of view by decreasing its cost per kWh. The need for a cost-effective wave energy converter with increased survivability emphasizes the importance of the presented research and its future development.

Ocean wave energy is considered to be one of the important potential renewable energy resources for sustainable development. Various wave energy converter technologies have been proposed to harvest the energy from ocean waves. This thesis is based on the linear generator wave energy converter developed at Uppsala University. The research in this thesis focuses on the foundation optimization and the power absorption optimization of the wave energy converters and on the wave climate modelling at the Lysekil wave converter test site. The foundation optimization study of the gravity-based foundation of the linear wave energy converter is based on statistical analysis of wave climate data measured at the Lysekil test site. The 25 years return extreme significant wave height and its associated mean zero-crossing period are chosen as the maximum wave for the maximum heave and surge forces evaluation. The power absorption optimization study on the linear generator wave energy converter is based on the wave climate at the Lysekil test site. A frequency-domain simplified numerical model is used with the power take-off damping coefficient chosen as the control parameter for optimizing the power absorption. The results show a large improvement with an optimized power take-off damping coefficient adjusted to the characteristics of the wave climate at the test site. The wave climate modelling studies are based on the wave climate data measured at the Lysekil test site. A new mixed distribution method is proposed for modelling the significant wave height. This method gives impressive goodness of fit with the measured wave data. A copula method is applied to the bivariate joint distribution of the significant wave height and the wave period. The results show an excellent goodness of fit for the Gumbel model. The general applicability of the proposed mixed-distribution method and the copula method are illustrated with wave climate data from four other sites. The results confirm the good performance of the mixed-distribution and the Gumbel copula model for the modelling of significant wave height and bivariate wave climate.

Wave energy conversion technology has gained popularity due to its potential to be-come one of the most preferred energy sources. Its high energy density and low car-bon footprint have inspired the development of many wave energy converter (WEC) technologies, few of which have made their way to commercialisation, and many are progressing. The Floating Power Plant (FPP) device is a combined floating wind and wave converter. The company, Floating Power Plant, was established in 2004 and has developed and patented a floating device that consists of a semi-submersible that serves as a foundation for a single wind turbine and hosts four wave energy converters (WECs). Each WEC consists of a partially submerged wave absorber whose pitching motion generates energy from incoming waves. The wave absorbers are connected to an oil hydraulic power take-off system located in a dry “engine room” above the free water surface, where the mechanical energy in the absorber is converted to electricity. When undergoing pitching movements, there are interactions between individual wave absorbers and the surrounding platform. This thesis focuses on developing methods to improve the FPP WEC’s hydrodynamic interactions. The first part of this thesis optimises the wave absorber (WA) ballast. An ana-lytical model is developed to enable systematic selection of WA ballast combination with significantly less computational effort when compared with the more conven-tional means, such as using CAD software. The study suggests an algorithm with which the absorbed power and resonance frequency can be improved and adjusted by manipulating the ballasts’ mass, the position of its centre of gravity, placement and inclination of the WA. The proposed method is generic and can be applied to other WEC concepts or submerged bodies in general. The results show the feasibility of designing the absorber ballast to offer passive control for increased wave absorption. It demonstrates the effect of ballast on the WA inclination, resonance frequency and response amplitude operator (RAO). The second part focuses on the optimisation of the FPP platform geometry. The genetic algorithm optimisation technique is implemented to maximise the annual en-ergy produced by the relative pitch motion of the WA to the floating platform. The optimised variables are characteristic lengths of the floating platform, most of which are part of the immediate surrounding walls of the absorber. The objective function is a function of the WA’s annual energy production (AEP) and RAO. Results show the feasibility of improving the hydrodynamic interaction between the floating platform and its integrated wave absorbers for a given wave climate by using a heuristic search technique. The number of iterations to convergence tends towards increased values when considering more optimised variables. It is also observed that the computational time appears to be independent of the number of variables but is significantly impacted by the computational power of the machine used.