O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de celulases comerciais na superfície de fibras celulósicas branqueadas de eucalipto, bem como o impacto destes efeitos durante o refino. Após tratamento enzimático realizado em laboratório sob condições controladas, as polpas de fibra seca foram submetidas a refino em moinho PFI em vários níveis de energia e os resultados foram avaliados por meio dos ensaios físico-mecânicos realizados em folhas manuais formadas em laboratório e ensaios de morfologia de fibra, que tinham como objetivo evidenciar alguns efeitos provocados pelas enzimas utilizadas como auxiliar de refino. As análises dos dados obtidos mostraram que para a fibra seca tratada com produto denominado Maxymize 2530, foi possível obter valores 31% maiores de resistência à tração e 21% maiores de resistência interna (Scott Bond), valores estes sem refino mecânico. Estes valores foram similares aos encontrados para a fibra nunca seca, o que mostrou que a enzima pôde compensar o efeito \"Hornification\" causado pelo processo de secagem da fibra. Para a fibra seca pré-tratada com celulase e refinada em moinho PFI, foi possível obter um valor de Scott Bond de 100 lb.ft/in² com um consumo específico de energia 36% menor quando comparado com a fibra seca refinada em moinho PFI sem pré-tratamento enzimático. O mesmo aconteceu para os valores de resistência a tração, onde se obteve um valor de 70 kNm/kg com consumo específico de energia 57% menor. O planejamento experimental realizado contribuiu para a otimização de dosagem e variáveis do pré-tratamento enzimático, e com isso tornou possível a viabilização financeira da aplicação de celulases como auxiliar de refino. Todos os resultados foram ilustrados por imagens de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), que evidenciou o aumento do nível de fibrilação externa das fibras tratadas com enzimas. / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of commercial cellulases on the surface of bleached eucalyptus fibers, as well as the impact of these effects during refining. After enzymatic treatment performed in the laboratory under controlled conditions, the dried pulps were subjected to refining in PFI mill at various energy levels and the results were evaluated by physical-mechanical tests performed on handsheets formed in laboratory and morphology fiber tests, which were intended to show some effects caused by the enzymes used as an aid to refining. The data analysis showed that for the dry fiber treated with compound Maxymize 2530, it was possible to obtain values 31% higher tensile strength and 21% higher Scott Bond test, these values without mechanical refining. These values are similar to those found for the never dried fiber, which showed that the enzyme could compensate the \"Hornification\" caused by the drying process of the fiber. To the dried fiber pre-treated with cellulase and refined in a PFI mill, it was possible to obtain a value of Scott Bond 100 lb.ft /in² with a specific energy consumption was 36% lower when compared to the dried fiber refined in a PFI mill without pre -enzymatic treatment. The same happened to the values of tensile strength, which presented a value of 70 kNm/kg with a specific energy consumption with 57% lower. The experimental design carried out contributed to the optimization of dosage and variables of enzymatic pre-treatment, and thereby made possible the financial feasibility of the application of cellulases as an aid to refining. All results are illustrated by images of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed an increase in the level of external fibrillation of fibers treated with enzymes.

A redução no consumo de potência em circuitos eletrônicos tem se tornado um dos requisitos mais importantes em projetos, especialmente com o recente aumento no número e na variedade de dispositivos móveis ou operados à bateria. Em tais dispositivos, o gerenciamento eficiente de energia é, muitas vezes, considerado mais importante que sua capacidade de processamento. Unidades lógico-aritméticas (ULAs) são componentes fundamentais em processadores, sendo responsáveis por executar as instruções que envolvem processamento numérico ou lógico. Normalmente, a ULA é o componente de maior consumo em um processador, o que a torna alvo de diversos estudos sobre técnicas para redução de consumo. Este trabalho apresenta um resumo sobre consumo de potência em circuitos digitais CMOS e as principais técnicas para sua redução, assim como os fundamentos para o projeto de ULAs, incluindo um estudo sobre algumas topologias para construção de somadores, deslocadores e multiplicadores e uma visão geral sobre a implementação de operações com números de ponto-flutuante e sobre a organização interna da ULA. É realizado o projeto de uma ULA de números inteiros de 16 bits em uma tecnologia CMOS de 0,35 \'mü\'m com aplicação de algumas das técnicas de redução de consumo apresentadas, que opera a uma frequência máxima de 212 MHz em tensão de alimentação de 3,3 V, consumindo, em média, 57 \'mü\'W e ocupando uma área de 0,121 \'MM POT.2\'. Este projeto é, ainda, comparado a uma ULA de referência, projetada na mesma tecnologia e com mesmas características funcionais, mas sem a utilização de quaisquer técnicas de redução de consumo. / The power consumption reduction in electronic circuits has turned one of the most important design requirements, especially with the recent increase of the number and variety of mobile or battery operated devices. In such devices, the efficient energy management is, many times, considered more important than its processing capability. Logic and arithmetic units (ALUs) are fundamental components in processors, being responsible for executing the instructions involving logic and numeric processing. Usually, the ALU is the most power consuming component in a processor, which makes it the target of several studies about power reduction techniques. This work presents a brief about power consumption in CMOS digital circuits and the major techniques for its reduction as well the fundamentals of ALU design, including a study about some topologies for adders, shifters and multipliers and a general view about floating-point number operations and about ALUs internal organization. It is realized the design of a 16-bit integer ALU in a 0,35 \'mü\'m CMOS technology with the application of some presented power reduction techniques that operates on a maximum frequency of 212 MHz on 3,3 V supply voltage, consuming, on average, 57 \'mü\'W and occupying an area of 0,121 \'MM POT.2\'. This design is also compared to a reference ALU, designed on the same technology and with same functional characteristics, but without using any power reduction techniques.

La consommation des circuits intégrés n'a cessé d'augmenter cette dernière décennie. Avec l'augmentation du prix de l'énergie et la démocratisation des systèmes embarqués, des méthodes permettant de gérer le compromis consommation performance, comme la gestion dynamique de la fréquence et de la tension d'alimentation ou encore du potentiel de substrat, ont été élaborées. Ces méthodes, qui sont de plus en plus couramment mises en œuvre dans les systèmes intégrés, permettent de diminuer la consommation de ceux-ci, et mieux de gérer le compromis consommation performance. Certains de ces circuits, embarquant ces méthodes peuvent avoir à effectuer des opérations traitant des informations confidentielles. Il est donc nécessaire de s'interroger sur l'éventuel impact de ces sur la sécurité des systèmes intégrés. Dans ce contexte, les travaux de thèse reportés dans le présent document, ont eu pour objectif d'analyser la compatibilité de ces méthodes de gestion de la consommation avec la conception de circuits robustes aux attaques matérielles. Plus particulièrement, l'objectif a été de déterminer si ces techniques de conception faible consommation, constituent des obstacles réels ou bien facilitent les attaques matérielles par observation et perturbation exploitant le canal électromagnétique. Dans un premier temps, une étude sur l'efficacité des attaques par observation en présence de gestion aléatoire de la tension, de la fréquence et de la polarisation de substrat a été conduite. Dans un deuxième temps, l'impact de la gestion dynamique des tensions d'alimentation et de substrat sur la capacité à injecter des fautes par médium électromagnétique a été étudié. Ce document présente l'ensemble des résultats de ces analyses.Mots-clés : Attaques Matérielles, Attaques par Canaux Auxiliaires, Attaques par fautes, Canal électromagnétique, DVFS, Body-Biasing. / The consumption of integrated circuits has been increasing over the last decade. With the increase of energy prices and the democratization of embedded systems, methods to manage the consumption performance compromise, such as the dynamic management of the frequency and the supply voltage or the substrate potential, were developed. These methods, which are becoming more commonly implemented in integrated systems, allow to reduce the consumption of those latter, and to better manage the tradeoff between consumption and performance.Some of these circuits, embedding these methods, may have to perform some operations with confidential information. It is therefore necessary to consider the possible impact of these methods on the safety of the integrated systems. In this context, the work reported in this thesis aimed to analyze the compatibility of these methods of power management with the design of robust circuits to physical attacks.Specifically, the objective was to determine whether these low-power techniques constitute real obstacles or facilitate the attacks by observation or perturbation exploiting the electromagnetic channel. Initially, a study on the effectiveness of attacks by observation in the presence of random management of voltage, frequency and substrate polarization was done. Secondly, the impact of the dynamic management of supply voltages and substrate polarization on the ability to inject faults by electromagnetic medium was studied. This document presents the overall results of these analyzes. Keyword : Hardware Attacks, Side Channel Attacks, Faults Attacks, Electromagnetic canal, DVFS, Body-biasing

There is an emerging class of applications that require long-term tracking and monitoring of mobile entities for characterising their contexts and behaviours using data from wireless sensors. Examples include monitoring animals in their natural habitat over the annual cycle; tracking shipping containers and their handling during transit; and monitoring air quality using sensors attached to bicycles used in public sharing schemes. All applications within this class require the acquisition of sensor data tagged with spatio-temporal information and uploaded wirelessly. Currently there is no solution targeting the entire class of applications, only point solutions focused on specific scenarios. This thesis presents a complete solution (firmware and hardware) for applications within this class that consists of attaching mobile sensor nodes to the entities for tracking and monitoring their behaviour, and deploying an infrastructure of base-stations for collecting the data wirelessly. The proposed solution is more energy efficient compared to the existing solutions that target specific scenarios, offering a longer deployment lifetime with a reduced size and weight of the devices. This is achieved mainly by using the VB-TDMA low-power data upload protocol proposed in this thesis. The mobile sensor nodes, consisting of the GPS and radio modules among others, and the base-stations are powered by batteries, and the optimisation of their energy usage is of primary concern. The presence of the GPS module, in particular its acquisition of accurate time, is used by the VB-TDMA protocol to synchronise the communication between nodes at no additional energy costs, resulting in an energy-efficient data upload protocol for sparse networks of mobile nodes, that can potentially be out of range of base-stations for extended periods of time. The VB-TDMA and an asynchronous data upload protocol were implemented on the custom-designed Prospeckz-5-based wireless sensor nodes. The protocols’ performances were simulated in the SpeckSim simulator and validated in real-world deployments of tracking and monitoring thirty-two Retuerta wild horses in the Doñana National Park in Spain, and a herd of domesticated horses in Edinburgh. The chosen test scenario of long-term wildlife tracking and monitoring is representative for the targeted class of applications. The VB-TDMA protocol showed a significantly lower power consumption than other comparable MAC protocols, effectively doubling the battery lifetime. The main contributions of the thesis are the development of the VB-TDMA data upload protocol and its performance evaluation, along with the development of simulation models for performance analysis of wireless sensor networks, validated using data from the two real-world deployments.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is enormously adopted by several mobile operators and has been introduced as a solution to fulfil ever-growing Users (UEs) data requirements in cellular networks. Enlarged data demands engage resource blocks over prolong time interval thus results into more dynamic power consumption at downlink in Basestation. Therefore, realisation of UEs requests come at the cost of increased power consumption which directly affects operator operational expenditures. Moreover, it also contributes in increased CO2 emissions thus leading towards Global Warming. According to research, Global Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems consume approximately 1200 to 1800 Terawatts per hour of electricity annually. Importantly mobile communication industry is accountable for more than one third of this power consumption in ICT due to increased data requirements, number of UEs and coverage area. Applying these values to global warming, telecommunication is responsible for 0.3 to 0.4 percent of worldwide CO2 emissions. Moreover, user data volume is expected to increase by a factor of 10 every five years which results in 16 to 20 percent increase in associated energy consumption which directly effects our environment by enlarged global warming. This research work focuses on the importance of energy saving in LTE and initially propose bandwidth expansion based energy saving scheme which combines two resource blocks together to form single super RB, thereby resulting in reduced Physical Downlink Control Channel Overhead (PDCCH). Thus, decreased PDCCH overhead helps in reduced dynamic power consumption up to 28 percent. Subsequently, novel reduced early handover (REHO) based idea is proposed and combined with bandwidth expansion to form enhanced energy ii saving scheme. System level simulations are performed to investigate the performance of REHO scheme; it was found that reduced early handover provided around 35% improved energy saving while compared to LTE standard in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) based scenario. Since there is a direct relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions and vendors operational expenditure (OPEX); due to reduced power consumption and increased energy efficiency, REHO subsequently proven to be a step towards greener communication with lesser CO2 footprint and reduced operational expenditure values. The main idea of REHO lies in the fact that it initiate handovers earlier and turn off freed resource blocks as compare to LTE standard. Therefore, the time difference (Transmission Time Intervals) between REHO based early handover and LTE standard handover is a key component for energy saving achieved, which is estimated through axiom of Euclidean geometry. Moreover, overall system efficiency is investigated through the analysis of numerous performance related parameters in REHO and LTE standard. This led to a key finding being made to guide the vendors about the choice of energy saving in relation to radio link failure and other important parameters.

O aumento do consumo de energia elÃtrica à considerado uma das condiÃÃes bÃsicas para o desenvolvimento econÃmico de um paÃs. O Brasil, nos Ãltimos anos, tem apresentado significativos aumentos em seu consumo de energia elÃtrica, e o Governo Federal nÃo dispÃe de recursos para investir adequadamente no setor. Assim sendo, o paÃs està passando por profundas modificaÃÃes em sua estrutura energÃtica, buscando adequarse para garantir o futuro do setor. Conhecer bem a demanda de energia elÃtrica, atravÃs de anÃlises economÃtricas, à de fundamental importÃncia para possibilitar que investidores privados supram a deficiÃncia de investimentos do setor pÃblico. Esse trabalho utilizarà modelos economÃtricos, pelo mÃtodo dos mÃnimos quadrados e pelo mÃtodo dos mÃnimos quadrados em dois estÃgios para sugerir modelos que expliquem o consumo de energia elÃtrica no Estado do CearÃ. Para as anÃlises, foram considerados como variÃveis independentes o nÃmero de domicÃlios do Estado do CearÃ, o PIB do Estado do Cearà e do Brasil, a tarifa mÃdia de energia brasileira, o consumo de energia elÃtrica do Brasil e uma variÃvel qualitativa dummy. Foram feitos 07 diferentes modelos utilizando o MÃtodo dos MÃnimos Quadrados e 02 modelos utilizando o MÃtodo dos MÃnimos Quadrados em Dois EstÃgios. Cada modelo foi analisado individualmente. Algumas variÃveis que inicialmente acreditava-se terem alta representatividade no consumo de energia elÃtrica, como por exemplo a tarifa de energia elÃtrica, demonstraram-se pouco significativas em diversos modelos, enquanto que outras, como por exemplo o nÃmero de domicÃlios, apresentaram alta significÃncia nos modelos. Por esse motivo, optou-se por fazer diversos modelos, permitindo com isso analisar a interaÃÃo das diversas variÃveis. Para o mÃtodo dos mÃnimos quadrados em dois estÃgios, considerou-se como endÃgenas as variÃveis PIB do Estado do Cearà e o Consumo de Energia ElÃtrica do Estado do CearÃ. / The increase of electric power consumption is considered one of the basic conditions for the economic growth of any country. Brazil, in the last years, has presented significant increases in its supply/demand of electric power, in spite of the Federal Government having lack of financial resources to invest adequately in this sector. Nevertheless, the country has experienced sharp modifications in its energy structure, trying to adjust itself to guarantee the future of the sector and sustain the country growth. To properly know how to estimate the demand for electric power, through econometrical analyses, it is to be considered of high importance to a country or a region development. It allows private investor to supply the deficiency of investments of the public sector. This work will use several econometrical models, by the method of the least square and the method of the two stages least square to suggest models that explain the consumption path of electric power in the State of the Cearà The econometric analyses considered, as independent variables: the number of domiciles of the State of CearÃ, the GGP of the State of Cearà and Brazil, the average Brazilian energy tariffs, the Brazilian electric power consumption, and a qualitative dummy variable. It was done 07 different models using the least square method and 02 models using the two stages least square method. Each model was then individually analyzed. Some variables that initially were given credit to have high representation in the power consumption of the state, as for example the tariffs of electric power, had been demonstrated during the work little significance in many models, while others, such as the number of domiciles, had showed high significance in the models. Thatâs the main reason why it was opted to make a large variety of models, allowing to analyze the interaction of all the variables. For the method of the two stages least square, it was considered as endogenous variables the GGP of the State of the Cearà and consumption de electric power of the State of CearÃ.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoSollesRovaris.pdf: 3539464 bytes, checksum: 89279d74c1996e8268639ae354b6fc47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-09 / This study aimed to evaluate the consumption of electricity in two aviaries in dark house system, in 43 days period (corresponding period the accommodation of a batch of broilers). Both aviaries are located in the rural area of the municipality of São Miguel do Iguaçu, Paraná state's western region. The study was conducted to evaluate the energy consumption in final use electrical equipment installed in the aviary in lighting, air conditioner and power in the broiler production systems. In the two aviaries were measured the energy consumption, using gauges of electrical parameters Landis Gyr+ and Smart Meter IMS. The electricity consumption is calculated consumed by broiler, by broiler mass live and aviary unit area. The main results showed that during the whole broiler development period in the poultry 1 it was consumed 4510.94 kWh in total electricity energy. In the poultry 2, it was consumed 3756 kWh in total electricity energy utilized. These results support the conclusion that the aviary 2 became more economical in power consumption for the broilers production / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o consumo de energia elétrica em dois aviários dark house, no período de 43 dias (período correspondente ao alojamento de um lote de frango de corte). Ambos os aviários estão localizados na área rural do município de São Miguel do Iguaçu, região Oeste do Estado do Paraná. O trabalho foi desenvolvido avaliando o consumo de energia elétrica no uso final de equipamentos elétricos utilizados no aviário em sistemas de iluminação, climatização e alimentação na produção de frangos de corte. Nos dois aviários foram medidos o consumo de energia elétrica em kWh, utilizando-se medidores de grandezas elétricas Landis Gyr+ e o Smart Meter IMS. Calculou-se o consumo de energia elétrica consumida por ave alojada, por massa de frango vivo e por unidade de área do aviário. Os principais resultados, permitiram concluir que durante todo o período de alojamento dos frangos de corte, no aviário 1 consumiu-se 4510,94 kWh no total de energia elétrica utilizada, No aviário 2, consumiu-se 3756 kWh no total de energia elétrica utilizada. Estes resultados, permitem concluir que o aviário 2 tornou-se mais econômico no consumo de energia elétrica para a produção de frangos de corte.

With sales reaching $4.4 billion dollars in the first half of 2006 in the United States alone, and an estimated 80% of the world receiving coverage for their wireless phones in that year, interest in these devices as more than mere communicators has greatly increased. In the mid-to-late 1990s, digital cameras began to be incorporated into cellphones, followed shortly thereafter by Global Positioning System (GPS) hardware allowing location-based services to be offered to customers. Since then the use of mobile phone hardware for non-communication purposes has continued to expand. Some models, such as the Motorola V3M, have been specifically geared toward the storage and display of music and visual media, as well as receiving Internet broadcasts. It is perhaps surprising, therefore, that relatively little has been done from an academic standpoint to provide a qualitative and comprehensive method of evaluating the performance of mobile phones regarding their ability to function as computing devices. While some manuals do offer comparisons of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that aid in the development of cellphone applications, little documentation exists to provide objective measurements of performance parameters. This dissertation proposes a framework for evaluating the performance of mobile phones from a computational angle, focusing on three criteria: the processing power of the Central Processing Unit (CPU), data transfer capabilities, and the performance of the phone's GPS functionality for the appropriation of geographic location data. Power consumption has always been a major source of interest in the study of computer systems, and the limited hardware resources of mobile devices such as laptop computers, Personal Data Assistants (PDAs) and cellular telephones makes this a key concern. The power consumption factors associated with operation are therefore considered alongside the three core criteria being studied in this framework. In addition to framework design, software tools for the evaluation of cellphones were also developed, and these were applied to a test case of the Sanyo SCP-7050 model. This provides an example of the utility of the framework in evaluating existing phone models and a foundation for the assessment of new models as they are released.

Water and electricity are fundamentally linked. Policy reforms in both industries, however, do not appear to acknowledge the links nor consider their wider implications. This is clearly unhelpful, particularly as policy makers attempt to develop effective responses to water and energy issues, underpinned by prevailing drought conditions and impending climate change. Against this backdrop, this research has comprehensively analysed the links between water and electricity – termed water-energy nexus – in the context of New South Wales. For this purpose, this research has developed an integrated methodological framework. The philosophical guidance for the development of this framework is provided by Integral Theory, and its analytical foundations rest on a suite of research methods including historical analysis, inputoutput analysis, analysis of price elasticities, and long-term scenario analysis. This research suggests that the historical and inextricable links between water and electricity, in the absence of integrated policies, has given rise to water-energy trade-offs. In the electricity industry, water-intensive coal-fired power stations that dominate base-load capacity in the National Electricity Market has resulted in intra- and inter-jurisdictional water sharing tradeoffs. Intermediate and peak demand technologies, suchas gas-fired, cogeneration and renewables, however, would significantly reduce the industry’s water consumption and carbon emissions. Drought and climate change adaptation responses in the water industry are likely to further increase electricity demand andpotentially contribute to climate change, due to policies that encourage investment in energy-intensive technologies, such as desalination, advanced wastewater treatment and rainwater tanks. Increasing electricity costs due to water shortages and the introduction of emissions trading will futher increase water and electricity prices for end users. Demand management strategies in both industries will assist in curbing price increases, however, their effectiveness is lessened by investment in water- and energy-intensive technologies in both industries. The analysis also demonstrates that strategies to reduce water and electricity consumption of ‘other’ production sectors in New South Wales is overwhelmingly dependent on how deeply a particular sector is embedded in the economy, in terms of its contribution to economic output, income generation and employment growth. Regulation, demand management programs, and water pricing policies, for example, that reduce the water and energy intensity of agriculture and key manufacturing sectors are likely to benefit the wider economy and the Environment. The future implications of the water-energy nexus are examined through long-term scenario analysis for New South Wales for 2031. The analysis demonstrates how policy decisions shape the domain for making philosophical choices by society - in terms of the balance between relying on alternative technologies and market arrangements, with differing implications for water and electricity use, and for instigating behavioural change. Based on these findings, this research puts forward a range of recommendations, essentially arguing for reorienting existing institutional arrangements, government measures and industry activities in a way that would encourage integration between the water and energy policies. Although the context of this research is New South Wales, the findings are equally relevant for other Australian states, which share the same national water and energy policy frameworks. Further, the concepts and frameworks developed in this research are also of value to other countries and regions that are faced with the task of designing appropriate policy responses to redress their water and energy challenges.

<p>This thesis investigates four D flip-flops with data transmission look-ahead circuits. Based on logical effort and power-delay products to resize all the transistor widths along the critical path in µm CMOS technology. The main goal is to verify and proof this kind of circuits can be used when the input data have low switching probabilities. From comparing the average energy consumption between the normal D flip-flops and D flip-flops with look-ahead circuits, D flip-flops with look-ahead circuits consume less power when the data switching activities are low.</p>