Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται το σχεδιασμό και την υλοποίηση της διάταξης φόρτισης συσσωρευτών ενός μικρού ηλεκτροκίνητου οχήματος. Αυτή η διάταξη έχει ονομαστική ισχύ 1kW και αποτελεί το μέσο που συνδέει τους συσσωρευτές με το δίκτυο παροχής ενέργειας. Η εκπόνηση της εργασίας πραγματοποιήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός είναι η υλοποίηση ενός φορτιστή ο οποίος πρέπει να έχει υψηλό βαθμό απόδοσης και ταυτόχρονα να προσφέρει ασφάλεια στο χρήστη. Ωστόσο, βασική επιδίωξη είναι να μην επιβαρύνει το δίκτυο με την έγχυση ανώτερων αρμονικών. Έτσι, στη σχεδίαση συμπεριλαμβάνεται η εφαρμογή τεχνικής Διόρθωσης του Συντελεστή Ισχύος (Power Factor Correction). Χρησιμοποιείται ηλεκτρονικός μετατροπέας ισχύος τύπου Flyback (υποβιβασμού-ανύψωσης) με ενεργό κύκλωμα καταστολής υπερτάσεων (Snubber) και μετασχηματιστή απομόνωσης. Αρχικά, παρουσιάζονται τα οφέλη της ηλεκτροκίνησης. Κατόπιν, πραγματοποιείται η θεωρητική ανάλυση και μελέτη της βαθμίδας φόρτισης, για κατανόηση και επιβεβαίωση της ορθής λειτουργίας της διάταξης. Στη συνέχεια, παρουσιάζεται αναλυτικά η διαδικασία σχεδιασμού του φορτιστή. Έτσι, καθορίζονται οι προδιαγραφές και τα χαρακτηριστικά του, ο οποίος πρόκειται να χρησιμοποιηθεί για τους συσσωρευτές του ηλεκτρικού οχήματος «Buggy» του Εργαστηρίου. Το επόμενο βήμα αποτελεί η προσομοίωση της υπό μελέτη διάταξης στο λογισμικό προσομοίωσης κυκλωμάτων Simulink του Matlab. Με τον τρόπο αυτό επιτυγχάνεται επιβεβαίωση της θεωρητικής ανάλυσης που προηγήθηκε. Τέλος, παρουσιάζεται το πρακτικό σκέλος της εργασίας, που εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια του προγράμματος «Πρακτικής Άσκησης Φοιτητών του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών», στις βιομηχανικές εγκαταστάσεις της εταιρίας APTRONIC HELLAS, η οποία εξειδικεύεται στην παροχή προσαρμοσμένων λύσεων στα ηλεκτρονικά ισχύος. Πέρα από την εξοικείωση με το εργασιακό περιβάλλον, πραγματοποιήθηκε το σχηματικό και το τυπωμένο κύκλωμα του φορτιστή στο λογισμικό Zuken Cadstar. / The present diploma thesis deals with the design and implementation of a charger which is used for the batteries of a small electric vehicle. This device has nominal power of 1kW and is the medium that connects the batteries to the power grid. This work was developed in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science of the Polytechnic School in the University of Patras. The objective is to implement a charger which has high efficiency and simultaneously provides safety to the user. However, it is crucial not to overload the network by injecting higher harmonics. Thus, the design included the application of a Power Factor Correction Technique. The Power Electronic Converter which is used is a Flyback Topology (Buck-Boost Converter). Moreover, it disposes of an active surge suppression circuit (Snubber) and isolation transformer. Initially, the benefits of electrification are analysed. Then, the theoretical analysis of this device is provided so that its proper function is guaranteed. In addition, the design process of the charger is presented in detail. Consequently, all the specifications and features for the charger, which will be used for the batteries of the electric vehicle «Buggy» of the Laboratory, are determined. The next step in this thesis is the simulation of the device with Simulink of Matlab. In this way, the theoretical analysis is confirmed. Finally, the practical part of the work is presented. It was carried out during an Internship in APTRONIC HELLAS (a Phoenix Contact Company). Many projects are conducted at the industrial facilities of this company, which specializes in providing solutions in Power Electronics. Besides work experience, a schematic and a printed circuit for the charger was designed in Zuken Cadstar.

This study addresses quality control for Light Emitting Diodes (LED) according to fouraspects, the power factor of LED lamps, their harmonics and total harmonic distortion (THD), the luminosity for total power to radiated power ratio. It focuses on four brands and six different LED lamps, and concludes that IKEA's LED lamps pertain as the quality lamp, with a power factor over 0.9, THD less than 4% and a power to radiated light of over 4%.

Resumo: Este trabalho trata do desenvolvimento e implementação de um sistema de iluminação fluorescente com gerenciamento automático baseado em reatores eletrônicos aplicados a múltiplas lâmpadas fluorescentes. O foco desta pesquisa é direcionado ao desenvolvimento de uma plataforma automática de gerenciamento e supervisão, propiciando o controle de luminosidade, acionamento remoto e também acionamentos programáveis de acordo com o expediente de trabalho do local e condições de iluminação natural do ambiente, além de prover aumento de vida útil das lâmpadas fluorescentes, em função de protocolo proposto para préaquecimento e ignição. Foram acoplados ao sistema sensores de luminosidade e de presença, permitindo a obtenção dos dados necessários para a atuação automática. O controle por calha das lâmpadas fluorescentes é feito por um microcontrolador AtMega8 da ATMEL, o qual é responsável pela automação do sistema. A plataforma de gerenciamento e monitoração utiliza um microcomputador para que seja executado o aplicativo desenvolvido, o qual provê uma interface amigável ao usuário. Assim, um protocolo de comunicação foi desenvolvido para que haja uma comunicação de dados confiável, oferecendo robustez e alta confiabilidade ao controle do sistema de iluminação. Para o processamento dos dados, foi utilizado o barramento serial de comunicação full duplex com padrão RS232 e RS485 com transmissão assíncrona. Adicionalmente, o sistema funciona no sistema mestre-escravo, sendo o microcomputador responsável por enviar endereçamentos e ordens de ação aos microcontroladores, os quais identificam os endereçamentos e dados, executam a ação programada e envia dado de monitoramento ao microcomputador, quando requisitado pelo usuário. / Abstract: In this work, the development and implementation of an illumination fluorescent system with automatic management based on electronic ballast applied to multiple fluorescent lamps are presented. This research is directed in the development of the management and supervision of an automatic platform, allowing the control of luminosity, the remote actuation and also the programmable actuation according with the local business work and conditions of natural light of the environment. In addition, the ballast will provide the increase in the average lifetime for fluorescent lamps, considering a proposed protocol to pre-heating and ignition. The automatic actuation of the system is allowed by the coupling, of the luminosity and presence sensors. The control of fluorescent lamps by channel is executed by an ATMEL's AtMega8 microcontroller, which is responsible for the system automation. The management and monitoring platform uses a microcomputer with purpose to execute the implemented application, which will provide a friendly interface to the user. Thus, a protocol of communication was developed to allow a reliable communication of data, providing robustness and high reliability to the control of lighting system. Considering the processing of data acquired, was used a Serial Bus of communication with full duplex standard RS232 and RS485, with asynchronous transmission. Additionally, the system works in the master-slave mode, and the microcomputer is responsible for sending addresses and orders of action to microcontrollers, which identify and address data, in order to perform the programmed action to it, and in order to send data to the microcomputer, when requested by the user. / Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Coorientador: Fábio Toshiaki Wakabayashi / Banca: Falcondes Jose Mendes de Seixas / Banca: Ricardo Nederson do Prado / Mestre

Orientador: Falcondes José Mendes de Seixas / Resumo: Os conversores multipulsos têm sido muito utilizados para a melhoria da qualidade de energia elétrica em sistemas de retificação trifásicos. O principal motivo para tal afirmação é a robustez apresentada por esses conversores, aliada às características intrínsecas da estrutura, que resulta no cancelamento natural de certas componentes de corrente na rede, devido ao defasamento angular provocado pela ação do transformador ou autotransformador utilizado. O que se propõe nesse trabalho é a substituição de cada ponte retificadora a diodos, presente no conversor de 12 pulsos, por uma topologia retificadora trifásica semicontrolada, baseada no conversor boost operando no modo de condução descontínuo (MCD), de modo que, seja possível reduzir de maneira significativa a DHTi (Distorção Harmônica Total de corrente), bem como, incorporar os volumosos transformadores de interfase (IPTs) aos indutores boost de alta frequência, resultando na redução de peso e volume. Foram confeccionadas duas versões do conversor de 12 pulsos com retificadores semicontrolados, uma utilizando transformador isolador e a outra um autotransformador. O que se verificou para ambas as configurações é que a estrutura apresenta um reduzido conteúdo harmônico de corrente se comparado ao conversor tradicional e que, ao se operar no modo de condução descontínuo, faz-se possível o emprego de uma lógica de controle simples, possibilitando assim empregar somente uma malha de tensão, e reduzir significativamente a DHTi do... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Multipulse converters have been widely employed for electrical power quality improvement in three-phase rectifiers systems. The main reason for this statement is the robustness shown by these structures, allied to their natural characteristics, resulting in harmonic canceling at the mains, due to the phase displacement provided by the transformer/autotransformer. In this work, it is proposed the replacement of each rectifier bridge, present in the 12-pulse converter, by a three-phase half-controlled rectifier topology, based on DCM (Discontinuous Conduction Mode) boost converter, thus making it possible to significative reduce the THDi (Total Harmonic Distortion) of the current injected on the mains by the structure. It also incorporates the voluminous IPT's (Interphase Transformer) in the boost high-frequency inductor, resulting in a reduction of weight and size. Two versions of the 12-pulse converter with semicontrolled rectifiers were made, one using an isolating transformer and other using an autotransformer. It was verified that both configurations present a reduced THDi when compared to the traditional converter. So, by electing DCM, it is possible to employ a simpler control logic, employing only one voltage loop and significantly reducing the THDi. / Doutor

Firstly, this thesis investigates the electrical power harmonics in an attempt to utilize harmonic current and its distortion power in a novel idea to reconvert the distortion power into useful power. This is done, in order to feed different DC or AC loads in single and three-phase power system by using passive or active filters and accordingly, develop a new topology of hybrid active power filter (HAPF). In addition, this circuit can be considered as a power factor corrector (PFC) because it reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) and improves the power factor (PF). Secondly, this thesis works on a new design of active power factor correction (APFC) circuit presenting two circuits with the same design principle: the first design consists of two active switches without an external complex control circuit, while the second design contains a single active switch with an additional control circuit. The main contribution of this circuit is 98% reduction of the inductor's value used in the newly proposed PFC circuit in comparison with the conventional boost converter which may lead to a huge reduction in size, weight and the cost of the new PFC circuit. Also, the active switches depend on a carefully designed switching pattern that results in an elimination of the third order harmonic from the input source current which decreases the value of total current harmonic distortion (THDI) to (14%) and improves the input PF to (0.99). Consequently, the simplicity of the design without requiring a complex control circuit and without a snubber circuit plus the minimum size of inductor, gives the newly proposed circuit the superiority on other PFC circuits. Thirdly, this research aims to describe the distortion power through submitting two novel power terms called effective active power (Pef ) & reactive power (Qef ) terms with a new power diagram called Right-Angled Power Triangle (RAPT) Diagram. In addition, a novel de nition of total apparent power (St) has been submitted in order to illustrate the physical meaning of (St) in non-sinusoidal systems. The new RAPT Diagram is based on the orthogonality law and depends on geometrical summation to describe the relationship between different aspects (apparent-active-reactive) of power, and different components (total-fundamental distortion), drawing a bridge to connect the time domain with the frequency domain in a two-dimensional diagram.

Near-field wireless power transfer (WPT) technology facilitates the energy autonomy of heterogeneous systems, significantly augmenting complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor (CMOS) technology. In low-power wearable devices, existing power conditioning integrated circuits do not maximize the power factor (PF) for rectification and power conversion efficiency (PCE) due to multiple conversion. Additionally, there is no core power management for the entire power flow. The majority of the research focuses on active rectifiers, which reduce the turn-on voltage for rectification. Certain studies target the output voltage regulation via feedback to the transmitter or direct battery charging without power maximization. Firstly, this study investigates a high-power factor WPT front-end circuit that is namely the mono-periodic switching rectifier (MPSR) and implemented in a 0.18µm 1.8V/5V CMOS process. Integrated phase synchronizers are used to align the waveshape of a wirelessly-coupled sinusoidal voltage source in a receiving coil to the corresponding conducting current. Using this approach, the PF can be increased from roughly 0.6 to unity without requiring any wireless or wired feedback to the transmitter. The proposed MPSR can also provide AC-DC rectification, and step up and down the sinusoidal voltage source's peak amplitude using a pulse-width modulator. Measured voltage conversion ratios range between 0.73X and 2X, and the PF can be boosted up to unity. Secondly, the wireless power system-on-chip (WPower-SoC) is proposed and implemented in a 0.18µm 1.8V/3.3V CMOS process. The WPower-SoC integrating power management can provide rectification, output voltage regulation, and battery charging. Additionally, the implementation of feedforward envelope detection (FED) can reduce the variation in a wireless power link and improve load transient responses. Simulated results demonstrate that 5% of the output voltage regulation is improved when an output load changes. Moreover, the FED reduces approximately 40% of the transient response time. Overshoot and undershoot voltages are decreased by 23% and 26.5%, respectively. The measured output voltage regulates at 3.42V and can supply output power up to 342mW. A temperature sensor as part of the power management core remains active when the WPT receivers enter sleep mode to prolong the battery usage time. In the final part of this study, a nano-watt high-accuracy temperature sensing core is implemented in a 0.18µm 1.8V/3.3V CMOS process that can self-compensate the temperature shift without the need for additional compensating techniques that consume extra power.

Este trabalho apresenta a metodologia, o desenvolvimento e testes de um sistema de automação independente, baseado em Redes Neurais Artificiais, para redução de perdas técnicas em redes de distribuição subterrâneas reticuladas por meio do controle ótimo dos bancos de capacitores presentes na rede. A metodologia proposta contempla funcionalidades típicas de Redes Inteligentes, incluindo soluções práticas para o posicionamento de sensores de corrente em redes subterrâneas, coleta de medições de campo e transmissão para o Centro de Operação da Distribuição e controle em tempo real dos equipamentos de campo (bancos de capacitores). Portanto este trabalho consiste na implementação da solução através de baixo custo de investimento na mitigação do controle do fator de potência nos pontos de entrega ao consumidor, sendo que com isto ocorrem melhorias nos indicadores de qualidade e confiabilidade atendendo aos requisitos regulamentares e contratuais de fornecimento das distribuidoras. Para validação da metodologia proposta, foram utilizados os dados da concessionária de energia AES Eletropaulo sobre a Rede de Distribuição Subterrânea Reticulada do centro da cidade de São Paulo. As etapas da metodologia proposta e os principais aspectos do desenvolvimento do sistema são também descritos, bem como os testes realizados para comprovação dos resultados e validação do sistema. / This work presents the methodology, development and testing of an independent automation system, based on Artificial Neural Networks, to reduce technical losses in reticulated underground distribution networks by means of the optimal control of the capacitor banks present in the network. The proposed methodology includes typical functionalities of Intelligent Networks, including practical solutions for the positioning of current sensors in underground networks, collection of field measurements and transmission to the Distribution Operation Center and real-time control of field equipment (capacitors banks). Therefore, this work consists in the implementation of the solution through a low cost of investment in the mitigation of the control of the power factor in the points of delivery to the consumer, and with this there are improvements in the indicators of quality and reliability taking into account the regulatory and contractual requirements of supply of the distributors. The energy concessionaire AES Eletropaulo had great participation in this research project, providing the necessary data of the Reticulated Underground Distribution Network of the city center of São Paulo. The steps of the proposed methodology and the main aspects of system development are also described, as well as the tests performed to prove the results and validate the system.

Este trabalho apresenta a metodologia, o desenvolvimento e testes de um sistema de automação independente, baseado em Redes Neurais Artificiais, para redução de perdas técnicas em redes de distribuição subterrâneas reticuladas por meio do controle ótimo dos bancos de capacitores presentes na rede. A metodologia proposta contempla funcionalidades típicas de Redes Inteligentes, incluindo soluções práticas para o posicionamento de sensores de corrente em redes subterrâneas, coleta de medições de campo e transmissão para o Centro de Operação da Distribuição e controle em tempo real dos equipamentos de campo (bancos de capacitores). Portanto este trabalho consiste na implementação da solução através de baixo custo de investimento na mitigação do controle do fator de potência nos pontos de entrega ao consumidor, sendo que com isto ocorrem melhorias nos indicadores de qualidade e confiabilidade atendendo aos requisitos regulamentares e contratuais de fornecimento das distribuidoras. Para validação da metodologia proposta, foram utilizados os dados da concessionária de energia AES Eletropaulo sobre a Rede de Distribuição Subterrânea Reticulada do centro da cidade de São Paulo. As etapas da metodologia proposta e os principais aspectos do desenvolvimento do sistema são também descritos, bem como os testes realizados para comprovação dos resultados e validação do sistema. / This work presents the methodology, development and testing of an independent automation system, based on Artificial Neural Networks, to reduce technical losses in reticulated underground distribution networks by means of the optimal control of the capacitor banks present in the network. The proposed methodology includes typical functionalities of Intelligent Networks, including practical solutions for the positioning of current sensors in underground networks, collection of field measurements and transmission to the Distribution Operation Center and real-time control of field equipment (capacitors banks). Therefore, this work consists in the implementation of the solution through a low cost of investment in the mitigation of the control of the power factor in the points of delivery to the consumer, and with this there are improvements in the indicators of quality and reliability taking into account the regulatory and contractual requirements of supply of the distributors. The energy concessionaire AES Eletropaulo had great participation in this research project, providing the necessary data of the Reticulated Underground Distribution Network of the city center of São Paulo. The steps of the proposed methodology and the main aspects of system development are also described, as well as the tests performed to prove the results and validate the system.

A comparative study of the economic benefits that can be obtained from different degrees of power factor correction for medium and small scale industrial installations is shown. A new approach for precise calculation of kws and kvars required at different power factors is presented. These calculated values are used to find the return on investments for the capacitors needed for power factor correction. The developed method is easy to use, cost effective, accurate and will help electrical engineers with minimum knowledge of power systems to precisely determine the savings available by improving the power factor of an industrial load.

Orientador: Antonio Padilha Feltrin / Resumo: As redes elétricas de distribuição em sua maioria apresentam cargas elétricas desequilibradas. Por isso é necessário estudar as potências envolvidas em sistemas trifásicos desequilibrados e a compensação das mesmas. O desequilíbrio aumenta as perdas elétricas e diminui o fator de potência da rede elétrica. Esse trabalho propõe a compensação da potência reativa e do desequilíbrio na rede com a finalidade da diminuição das perdas elétricas e a compensação das componentes de sequência desequilibradas da corrente. A utilização da teoria da potência efetiva em sistemas desequilibrados permite calcular as potências reativas e de desequilíbrio, sendo estas as potências compensadas no método proposto. A teoria da potência efetiva mede a eficiência dos métodos testados. Os objetivos da compensação do desequilíbrio são reduzir as perdas elétricas no neutro e o fator de desequilíbrio da tensão, além da potência de desequilíbrio na rede, potência exclusiva do desequilíbrio e que não realiza trabalho. O método proposto para compensação do desequilíbrio e dos reativos na rede de distribuição a quatro fios consiste na alocação de capacitores em delta ou estrela nas barras trifásicas. O método proposto é comparado com dois métodos existentes na literatura. A comparação entre os métodos permite constatar que o método proposto é mais eficiente na redução do desequilíbrio conjuntamente com a compensação das perdas elétricas. Quanto maior é o desequilíbrio da rede elétrica maior é a vantagem da ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Distribution electrical networks mostly have unbalanced electrical loads. Therefore it is necessary to study the powers involved in unbalanced three-phase systems and their compensation. The unbalance increases the power losses and decreases the power factor of the electrical network. This work proposes the compensation of the reactive power and the unbalance in the network with the purpose of reducing the power losses and the compensation of the unbalanced sequence components of the current. The use of the effective power theory in unbalanced systems allows to calculate the reactive and unbalanced power, these being the powers compensated in the proposed method. Effective power theory measures the efficiency of the methods tested. The objectives of the unbalance compensation are to reduce the power losses in the neutral and the unbalance factor of the voltage, besides the unbalanced power in the network, exclusive power of the unbalance and that do not realize work. The proposed method for unbalance and reactive compensation in the four-wire distribution network consists of the allocation of delta or wye-connected capacitors to the three-phase bus. The proposed method is compared with two methods in the literature. The comparison between the methods allows to verify that the proposed method is more efficient in reducing the unbalance together with the compensation of the power losses. The greater the unbalance in power network, the greater the advantage of the compensation b... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor