A transition phase is taking place in Sweden, where the goal is to become a completely climate neutral country by 2045. The transport sector currently accounts for a third of fossil emissions in Sweden, while the transport sector also has the greatest potential to become fossil-free through, forexample, a comprehensive electrification. Bottlenecks in the grid is a challenge that Sweden faces where the existing ability to send powerthrough the country is already highly utilized. Battery storage can partly be the solution to this problem and also support the future needs that a further electrification of the transport sector may cause. Battery storage can, however, be both expensive and require a lot of space. To avoid this, the mobile battery storage that is available in electric cars can be used to convey power to the grid based on need. The technology that performs this bidirectional charging is called V2G (vehicle-to-grid) and has enormous theoretical potential. The number of electric cars in Sweden has increased by 82% duringthe year 2020, which provides good conditions for continuing to investigate the potential for V2G. Previous studies have shown challenges with the technology. The main issues pointed out have been profitability, winter conditions and battery wear, all of which are taken into account in this study. As in all of Sweden, Halmstad needs to plan for its electrification of the transport sector and load consequences on the grid. This study carries out a combined qualitative and quantitative case study that examines how a future electric car fleet can affect Halmstad's local grid. With data from HEM Nät from a winter week that will correspond to extreme conditions for the grid, a model has been developed in Excel to test different proposed scenarios. What is analyzed is how V2G can work in practice depending on where and when charging takes place, and whether power regulation can be profitable for both private individuals and network operator. Results show that some form of power regulation will be needed in the future to deal with the consequences of uncontrolled electric car charging with an ever-larger electric car fleet, and that V2G may be an option. Despite the winter climate and consideration for battery wear, a significant power peak reduction can be achieved if sufficient participation is attained and a good control strategy is found. Financial analysis shows a negative outcome for private individuals who use V2G. The utility services that is provided can on the other hand reduce costs for the network operator through load balancing incentives and reduced subscriptions to overlying networks. This in turn can enable an interest in network operators to introduce local incentives for private individuals' involvement.

Container traffic in seaports around the world in constantly increasing, with energy costs being a significant part of the total costs. The container terminal (CT) of the Port of Gävle, the largest in the east coast of Sweden, is not an exception to this. With traffic growing annually, a new terminal will be opened in the following years, adding three more ship-to-shore (STS) cranes to the two existing ones, and six electric rubber tyred gantry (eRTG) cranes. Therefore, it is highly important to strengthen energy efficiency measures, reducing the energy consumption and the costs associated with it. This is why the aim of this report is to analyse whether implementing energy storage systems in the cranes of the container terminal Port of Gävle can contribute to reduce electricity costs by recovering energy when braking lowering containers, and by shaving power peaks. After a literature review of current energy recovery and storage options, this work presents three solutions: two alternatives for the current situation with two ship-to-shore (STS) cranes, and a third solution to be implemented in the three future STS cranes to be installed, which can also be beneficial for any other crane in the terminal. According to the made calculations, the three alternatives can reduce considerable energy consumption, and they are highly profitable. However, those solutions are a preliminary study and more work needs to be done to determine the exact profitability and technical system details. This work has been done in collaboration with the Port of Gävle and Yilport, the company operating the container terminal.

Uppsala Municipality is planning to build the southeast city district (SÖS), aiming to achieve climate neutrality by 2030 and climate positivity by 2050. In this thesis, the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) and charging infrastructure was investigated. It also examined the power demand, and the potential of photovoltaic (PV) production in combination with a battery storage system in SÖS, and its ability to reduce power peaks. The study was delimited to only incorporating charging demand in mobility houses, not from the private parking spots, as well as excluding alternative fossil-free vehicle options. Utilizing a stochastic model and data from Copenhagen and Stockholm, using trends for car pools and EV ratio, two scenarios were designed to forecast the spread of EVs and their impact on the power grid in SÖS by 2050. Since SÖS consists of both residential housing and workplaces, three different simulations were created to take their differences in mobility pattern into account. The two scenarios generated a different number of EVs, which resulted in a varied amount of charging points. Furthermore, the difference in EVs and mobility patterns showed different values of power demands and power peaks. PV panels combined with a battery storage system were able to both reduce the daily power demand, as well as the power peaks. For the sensitivity analysis, different sizes of the battery storage were examined. Finally, this report presents guidance for how to manage the challenges with an increased power demand from the more extensive use of EVs.

I takt med ökad elektrifiering i samhället står elnätet inför en problematik med kapacitetsbrist. Med anledning av detta finns ett behov av att utveckla en mer flexibel och effektiv användning av elnätet. En del i detta är införandet av effekttariffer, vilket ska skapa incitament för elkunder att sprida ut sin elanvändning och på så sätt avlasta elnätet. Företaget Enequi tillhandahåller ett system med smart styrning och batterilagring vilket kan utföra effekttoppskapning i syfte att reducera effektavgiften. I denna studie granskas två bostäder, belägna i Partille och Sollentuna, vilka båda har ett styrsystem från Enequi installerat. Syftet är att undersöka hur styrningen bidrar till en förändring i effektavgiften hos de båda bostäderna, samt att bedöma systemets prestanda. Resultatet från Partille visar att ägaren under de åtta månaderna systemet varit i drift sparar 259 kronor på effektavgiften, medan ägaren i Sollentuna under tolv månader sparar 865 kronor. Analysen av systemets prestanda visar också att systemet presterar mest optimalt när egenproducerad el är tillgänglig. Systemet bidrar till nätnytta genom att flytta lasten i bostaden från högt belastade timmar till lågt belastade. Brister som har identifierats i prestandan inkluderar problematik med förhöjda effektavgifter under vissa månader. Slutsatsen är att systemet presterar funktionellt trots vissa brister och att det är möjligt att göra besparingar på effektavgiften över tid.