United States Department of Agriculture’s Farm Bill conservation programs provide landowner incentives to remove less productive and environmentally sensitive lands from agricultural production and re-establish them in natural vegetation to achieve conservation objectives. However, removal of arable land from production imposes an opportunity cost associated with loss in revenue from commodities that otherwise would have been produced. The Habitat Buffers for Upland Birds practice (CP-33) under the Continuous Conservation Reserve Program is a targeted conservation practice designed to increase northern bobwhite populations in agricultural landscapes. However, establishing CP-33 buffers on profitable farmland may be incompatible with economic objectives of landowners. To determine how CP-33 enrollment influenced field profitability and bobwhite abundance; I simulated CP-33 buffers on crop fields across a range of commodity prices and modeled profitability and predicted bobwhite abundance. CP-33 increased field revenue on a percentage of fields at all commodity prices and increased bobwhite abundance up to 30%.

Infrastrukturen i Sverige åldras, uppskattningsvis finns det drygt 2000 broar i landet som är 70 år eller äldre. Det finns flera aspekter att titta på för att utvärdera äldre broars kondition och FE modellering är ett vanligt verktyg som används vid utvärdering. För stålbroar är det ofta utmattning som sätter gränsen för hur länge de kan hållas i drift under säkra förhållanden. Syftet med arbetet var att utvärdera nyttan av FE modeller med olika precision med hänsyn till noggrannheten i deras genererade resultat och kostnad. En stålbro har studerats i detalj, Gamla Lidingöbron och specifikt två punkter på dess bågspann. Ritningar av bron och mätdata från forskningsprojektet \textit{Smart tillståndsbedömning, övervakning och förvaltning av kritiska broar} har legat till grund för arbetet. Mätdata utgjordes av tidshistorier över spänningsvariationer i de två studerade punkterna vid flertalet tågpassager över bron. Punkterna finns på bågspannets sekundära bärverk. Fyra modeller har skapats i BRIGADE/Plus med olika precisionsgrad och spänningshistorier för de studerade punkterna har genererats. Spänningshistorierna har sedan utvärderas med Palmgren-Miners delskadeteori för utmattning. Den förväntade ekonomiska nyttan för varje modell har uppskattats beroende av analyskostnad, sannolikheten för utmattningsbrott samt kostnad för ett eventuellt brott. På grund av brons strukturella verkningssätt blev de förenklade modellernas utmattningsresultat mycket lika resultaten från modellen med hög precisionsgrad. De verkliga axellasterna var mindre än de dimensionerande som användes i modellerna. Detta ledde till att de uppkomna spänningarna i stålet från modellerna blev större än de verkliga, men visade ett liknande beteende. Resultatet blev att modellernas utmattningskapacitet enbart utgjorde ca en femtedel av kapaciteten enligt mätningarna. Resultatet från beräkningen av den förväntade nyttan visade att det inte är ekonomiskt motiverat att använda en modell med hög precision framför en eller flera förenklade modeller. Slutsatsen blev att hög precision i en teoretisk modell inte entydigt är bättre än en förenklad modell. Arbetet har utförts vid institutionen för bro och stålbyggnad på KTH i samarbete med Sweco Civil AB. / The infrastructure in Sweden is aging. More than 2 000 bridges in the country are 70 years or older. When assessing the condition of older bridges, several aspects should be taken into account. FE modeling is one common tool to use in a bridge assessment. Fatigue is generally what limits the service life of steel bridges. The aim of this work was to evaluate the utility of higher precision in FE models, regarding the accuracy of their generated results and costs. One steel bridge has been studied in detail, Old Lidingö Bridge and specifically two points on its arc span. Drawings of the bridge and measurement data from the research project \textit{Smart Condition Assessment, Surveillance and Management of Critical Bridges} has provided the basis of this work. Measurement data has been collected from the two selected points on the bridge with strain gauges, registering the time history of the variations in tension during train passages on the bridge. Four models with different levels of precision have been created in BRIGADE/Plus. These models have generated time histories of the varying tension during  train passages. The time histories have been evaluated with Palmgren-Miner's cumulative damage model for fatigue. The expected economic utility of each set of models has been estimated based on the cost of the analysis, the likelihood failure caused by fatigue and the cost of failure. Because of the structural behavior of the bridge, the results of the simplified models became very similar to the results of the high precision model. The actual axle loads were less than the design loads used in the models. Because of this, the calculated tensions in the models became larger than the actual tensions. This also resulted in the fatigue capacity of the models only being about one fifth of the capacity according to the measurements. The calculation of the expected utility showed that it is not economically justified to use a model with higher precision over models with less precision. High precision in a theoretical model is not unambiguously better than a simplified model. The work has been carried out at the Department of Structural engineering and bridges at KTH in cooperation with Sweco Civil AB.

1968 var Strassens algoritm en av de stora genombrotten inom matrisanalyser. I denna rapport kommer teorin av Volker Strassens algoritm för matrismultiplikationer tillsammans med teorier om precisioner att presenteras. Även fördelar med att använda denna algoritm jämfört med naiva matrismultiplikation och dess implikationer, samt hur den presterar jämfört med den naiva algoritmen kommer att presenteras. Strassens algoritm kommer också att bli bedömd på hur dess resultat skiljer sig för olika precisioner när matriserna blir större, samt hur dess teoretiska komplexitet skiljer sig gentemot den erhållna komplexiteten. Studier hittade att Strassens algoritm överträffade den naiva algoritmen för matriser av storlek 1024×1024 och större. Den erhållna komplexiteten var lite större än Volker Strassens teoretiska. Den optimala precisionen i detta fall var dubbelprecisionen, Float64. Sättet algoritmen implementeras på i koden påverkar dess prestanda. Ett flertal olika faktorer behövs ha i åtanke för att förbättra Strassens algoritm: optimera dess avbrottsvillkor, sättet som matriserna paddas för att de ska vara mer användbara för rekursiv tillämpning och hur de implementeras t.ex. parallella beräkningar. Även om det kunde bevisas att Strassen algoritm överträffade den naiva efter en viss matrisstorlek så är den inte den mest effektiva; t.ex visades detta med Strassen-Winograd. Man behöver vara uppmärksam på hur undermatriserna allokeras, för att inte ta upp onödigt minne. För fördjupning kan man läsa på om cache-oblivious och cache-aware algoritmer. / Strassen’s algorithm was one of the breakthroughs in matrix analysis in 1968. In this report the thesis of Volker Strassen’s algorithm for matrix multipli- cations along with theories about precisions will be shown. The benefits of using this algorithm compared to naive matrix multiplication and its implica- tions, how its performance compare to the naive algorithm, will be displayed. Strassen’s algorithm will also be assessed on how the output differ when the matrix sizes grow larger, as well as how the theoretical complexity of the al- gorithm differs from the achieved complexity. The studies found that Strassen’s algorithm outperformed the naive matrix multiplication at matrix sizes 1024 1024 and above. The achieved complex- ity was a little higher compared to Volker Strassen’s theoretical. The optimal precision for this case were the double precision, Float64. How the algorithm is implemented in code matters for its performance. A number of techniques need to be considered in order to improve Strassen’s algorithm, optimizing its termination criterion, the manner by which it is padded in order to make it more usable for recursive application and the way it is implemented e.g. parallel computing. Even tough it could be proved that Strassen’s algorithm outperformed the Naive after reaching a certain matrix size, it is still not the most efficient one; e.g. as shown with Strassen-Winograd. One need to be careful of how the sub-matrices are being allocated, to not use unnecessary memory. For further reading one can study cache-oblivious and cache-aware algorithms.

This master thesis describes a study of the main battle tank dynamics in order to investigate the fire precision when a tank is driving in terrain. A model has been developed to simulate the dynamic interaction between the tank's hull and the ground irregularity in MATLAB and SIMULINK through the modelling of the tank's dynamics. Two different models of suspension system have been analysed. One linear model and one hydro-pneumatic model. Further the contribution from the cannon's recoil has been modelled to investigate its contribution to the dynamics of the vehicle. The models developed are on system level and is to be implemented in a larger model. Therefore are the models simplified and the thesis investigates to what degree of simplification the models will accurately predict the movement of the tank. / Denna examensarbete beskriver en studie på stridsvagnsdynamik för att undersöka precision av målträff när stridsvagnen framförs i terräng. En modell har utvecklats för att simulera hur stridsvagnar påverkas av underlagets variation i MATLAB och SIMULINK genom att modellera stridsvagnens dynamik. Två olika former av stötdämpare har undersökts, en linjär modell samt en hydro-pneumatisk modell. Även bidraget från kanonen's avfyrning har modellerats för att se hur rekylens bidrag påverkar rörelsen av stridsvagnen. Målet med studien var att ta fram en så förenklad modell som möjligt. Flera modeller har därför utvecklats för att jämföra förenklingsgraden.

Examensarbetet har undersökt Galileo HAS (High Accuracy Service), en satellitmeddelandekorrektions tjänst utvecklad av Europeiska unionens rymdprogrambyrå (EUSPA). Tjänsten syftar till att erbjuda positionsbestämning med decimeter precision och fungerar som en förbättring av befintliga globala gratistjänster. Galileo HAS kommer inte konkurrera med professionella betaltjänster då dessa erbjuder betydligt högre precision ner till centimeternivå. Galileo HAS är implementerat i två servicenivåer och tre faser. Fas 1 lanserades den 24 januari 2023, vilket inkluderar klock-, ban- och kodkorrektioner men inte faskorrektioner. I fas 1 erbjuds tjänsten med en avslappnad noggrannhet på < 2 dm i plan och < 4 dm i höjd, detta innebär att mätningar förväntas uppnå kraven till viss del. Framtida och slutliga fasen, fas 2, kommer erbjuda de lovade noggrannheterna för fas 1 då faskorrektioner tillkommer. I studien utvärderades mätkvaliteten med HAS-korrektioner med hjälp av mottagaren Arrow Gold + och en iPad som handenhet. Applikationerna EOS Tools PRO och ArcGIS Field Maps användes för att genomföra och följa mätningarna i realtid. Mätningarna utfördes i tre olika miljöer: bra, medelsvår och svåra förhållanden. Statisk och semi-kinematisk detaljmätning utfördes i respektive mätmiljö. En känd punkt i respektive miljö användes till den statiska mätningen. Statisk mätning genomfördes i 2 timmar totalt 4 gånger. Till studien valdes 12 detaljer med låg sannolikhet att rubbas under arbetets gång inför detaljmätning. Mätningen genomfördes genom att samla in 5 stycken 1-sekundersmätningar och skapa en medelpunkt av dessa i ArcGIS Field Maps. Varje detalj mättes 4 gånger var för beräkning av spridningen. Resultaten visade att vid statisk mätning uppnåddes fixlösning, vilket i detta fall innebär en mätkvaliteten under 1 dm enligt instrumentet, enbart i bra miljö och vid ett fall i medelsvår miljö. Däremot uppnåddes aldrig fixlösning i svår mätmiljö. De statiska mätningarna visade att den bra miljön resulterade i en RMS på 0,301 meter i plan och 0,335 meter i höjd. Resultatet för alla mätningar i medelsvår miljö resulterade i en RMS på 0,420 m i plan och 0,337 m i höjd medan den för svår miljö resulterade i RMS 10,322 m i plan och RMS 20,784 m i höjd. Detaljmätningen med minst avvikelse resulterade i en standardavvikelse i plan på 0,382 m och i höjd 0,616 m. Detaljmätningen med störst standardavvikelse resulterade i plan 8,917 m och i höjd 6,041 m. Detaljmätningarna visade att precisionen varierade beroende på miljön med störst lägesosäkerhet i skog. Den genomsnittliga konvergenstiden för mätningarna som uppnådde fixlösning resulterade i ca 1 timme och 24 minuter vid statisk mätning. Framtida studier rekommenderas när fas 2 av tjänsten initieras och faskorrektioner samt atmosfäriska korrektioner blir tillgängliga. / This work has examined Galileo HAS (High Accuracy Service), a satellite message correction service developed by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA). The service aims to provide positioning with decimeter precision and serves as an enhancement to existing global free services. Galileo HAS will not compete with professional paid services, as these offer significantly higher precision down to the centimeter level. Galileo HAS is implemented in two service levels and three phases. Phase 1 was launched on January 24, 2023, which includes clock, orbit, and code corrections but not phase corrections. In phase 1, the service is offered with a relaxed accuracy of < 2 dm in horizontal and < 4 dm in vertical, meaning that measurements are expected to meet the requirements to some extent. The future and final phase, phase 2, will offer the promised accuracies of phase 1 when phase corrections are added. The study evaluated the measurement quality with HAS corrections using the Arrow Gold + receiver and an iPad as the handheld device. The applications EOS Tools PRO and ArcGIS Field Maps were used to perform and monitor the measurements in real-time. Measurements were carried out in three different environments: good, moderate, and difficult environments. Static and semi-kinematic “detail” measurements were performed in each measurement environment. A known point in each environment was used for the static measurement. Static measurement was conducted for 2 hours a total of 4 times. Twelve details with a low probability of being disturbed during the work were selected for the semi-kinematic measurements. The measurement was performed by collecting five 1-second measurements and creating an average point from these in ArcGIS Field Maps. Each detail was measured 4 times for the calculation of the spread. The results showed that in static measurement, a fixed solution was achieved, which in this case means a measurement quality under 1 dm according to the instrument, in all good environments and in one case in the moderate environment. However, a fixed solution was never achieved in the difficult environment. The static measurements showed that the good environment resulted in an RMS of 0.301 m in horizontal and 0.335 m in vertical. The result for all measurements in a moderate environment resulted in an RMS of 0.420 m in horizontal and 0.337 m in vertical, while the difficult environment resulted in RMS of 10.322 m in horizontal and 20.784 m in vertical. The semi-kinematic measurement with the least deviation resulted in a standard deviation in horizontal of 0.382 m and in vertical 0.616 m. The semi-kinematic with the greatest standard deviation resulted in horizontal 8.917 m and in vertical 6.041 m. The semi-kinematic measurements showed that the precision varied depending on the environment, with the greatest positional uncertainty in the forest. The average convergence time for measurements that achieved a fixed solution resulted in approximately 1 hour and 24 minutes in static measurement. Future studies are recommended when phase 2 of the service is initiated and phase corrections as well as atmospheric corrections become available.

Poster exhibited at GPSC Student Showcase, February 24th, 2016, University of Arizona. / Motivation: The conventional approach to personalized medicine relies on molecular data analytics across multiple patients. The path to precision medicine lies with molecular data analytics that can discover interpretable single-subject signals (N-of-1). We developed a global framework, N-of-1-pathways, for a mechanistic-anchored approach to single-subject gene expression data analysis. We previously employed a metric that could prioritize the statistical significance of a deregulated pathway in single subjects, however, it lacked in quantitative interpretability (e.g. the equivalent to a gene expression fold-change). Results: In this study, we extend our previous approach with the application of statistical Mahalanobis distance (MD) to quantify personal pathway-level deregulation. We demonstrate that this approach, N-of-1-pathways Paired Samples MD (N-OF-1-PATHWAYS-MD), detects deregulated pathways (empirical simulations), while not inflating false-positive rate using a study with biological replicates. Finally, we establish that N-OF-1-PATHWAYS-MD scores are, biologically significant, clinically relevant and are predictive of breast cancer survival (P<0.05, n¼80 invasive car- cinoma; TCGA RNA-sequences). Conclusion: N-of-1-pathways MD provides a practical approach towards precision medicine. The method generates the magnitude and the biological significance of personal deregulated pathways results derived solely from the patient’s transcriptome. These pathways offer the opportunities for deriving clinically actionable decisions that have the potential to complement the clinical interpret- ability of personal polymorphisms obtained from DNA acquired or inherited polymorphisms and mutations. In addition, it offers an opportunity for applicability to diseases in which DNA changes may not be relevant, and thus expand the ‘interpretable ‘omics’ of single subjects (e.g. personalome).

ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / In this paper, we propose a highly precise and fast digital image stabilization technique based on the control grid interpolation. To obtain more stable video sequence than the one from other existing DIS techniques, the small instability should be removed in as small accuracy with sub-pixel. Experimental results show that the proposed digital image stabilizer gives considerable improvement in the sense of computational complexity and the performance of stabilizing compared to conventional DIS techniques.

Introduction. Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by the loss of bone mass and the deterioration of bone micro-architecture leading to a subsequent increase in fracture risk. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) provides non-invasive measures of bone micro-architecture and strength in live humans but its ability to monitor small skeletal changes is yet poorly understood. The objectives of this thesis were to 1) determine HR-pQCT precision for volumetric density, geometry, cortical and trabecular micro-architecture, as well as estimates of bone strength; 2) determine the monitoring time interval (MTI) and least significant change (LSC) metrics; and 3) to characterize annual changes in bone area, density, and micro-architecture at the distal radius and tibia using HR-pQCT in postmenopausal women. Methods. To determine precision error as well as monitoring and change metrics of the distal radius and tibia, 34 postmenopausal women (mean age 74, SD±7 years) from the Saskatoon cohort of the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos) were measured using HR-pQCT. To characterize the annual change in bone outcomes of this same cohort, 51 women (mean age±SD: 77±7 years) were measuring at baseline and again 1 year later. Precision errors were calculated as coefficient of variation (CV% and CV%RMS). The LSC was determined from precision errors and then divided by the median annual percent changes to define MTIs for bone area, density, and micro-architecture. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons were used to characterize the mean annual change in total density, cortical perimeter, trabecular and cortical bone area, density, content, and micro-architecture. Significant changes were accepted at P<0.05. Results and Discussion. HR-pQCT precision errors were <10% for bone densitometric, geometric, and mechanical properties; while precision errors were <16% for cortical and trabecular micro-architectural outcomes. Further, the use of either automatic or modified contour methods for the dual-threshold technique for cortical micro-architectural analysis provided similar precision. Densitometric and geometric outcomes had longer monitoring times (>3 years), while micro-architecture had monitoring times of ~2 years. The observed annual changes were statistically significant for several outcomes; however, only cortical and trabecular area, as well as cortical density at the distal tibia changed beyond the LSC. Overall, thesis findings will assist design and interpretation of prospective HR-pQCT studies in postmenopausal women.

5 pp. / Precision herbicide application is an effective tool for placing soil incorporated herbicides which have a tendency for soil adherence. And while field implementation depends on previous knowledge of soil textural variability (soil test and texture evaluations), site-specific technologies show promise for Arizona vegetable producers in non-uniform soils. Regardless of the method used for textural characterization, growers should keep in mind that textural differences do not change in the short/medium term, so the costs associated with defining texture-based management zones can be spread over many years.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.