Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_cs_dr_jabo.pdf: 1184348 bytes, checksum: 72a5cd3418ac6600e255840e2a9fecb6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade de espécies de crisopídeos em Floresta Estacional Semidecidual localizada em Três Pontas, Estado de Minas Gerais. A captura ativa foi realizada com rede entomológica confeccionada com tecido voil e armadilhas contendo melaço de cana-de-açúcar a 10% como fonte atrativa. As coletas foram realizadas semanalmente através de captura ativa no período de 13 de setembro de 2008 a 05 de setembro de 2009, e duas coletas com armadilhas atrativas em cada estação do ano. As coletas com rede entomológica foram iniciadas as 7:00 h e finalizadas as 17:00 h. Após esse horário, nas datas determinadas, foram distribuídas as armadilhas atrativas, que eram recolhidas no outro dia até as 7:00 h. Os insetos capturados foram montados em alfinetes entomológicos, etiquetados, triados e identificados. Plantas que tiveram alta concentração de crisopídeos foram coletadas, preparadas exsicatas e encaminhadas a especialista para identificação. Foram capturados 1.467 crisopídeos, distribuídos em 33 espécies, pertencentes as tribos Chrysopini e Leucochrysini. A espécie de maior ocorrência foi Ceraeochrysa tucumana (Navás, 1919), tendo a presença relatada em todas as amostragens. Não foi encontrado diferença entre os horários de coleta para os gêneros de crisopídeos. Nas coletas noturnas, foram capturados seis indivíduos, pertencentes as espécies Leucochrysa (Nodita) vignisi Freitas & Penny, 2001; Ceraeochrysa achillea Freitas e Penny, 2009; Chrysopodes spinella (Adams e Penny, 1987) e C. tucumana. Foi possível verificar associação entre espécies de crisopídeos com plantas do gênero Casearia / The objective of this work was to study the diversity and faunistic analysis of lacewings species in Semideciduous Forest located in Três Pontas, southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Active capture was performed with an sweep net made of cheesecloth and traps with molasses cane sugar to 10% as attractive. Samples were weekly with active collected in period from 13/IX/2008 to 05/IX/2009 and two collections with attractive traps in each season. Sampling insect nets were opened at 7:00 pm and finished 17:00 h am. After this time, on certain dates, were distributed attractive traps, which were collected the next day until 7:00 pm. The insects were mounted on entomological pins, labeled, sorted and identified. Plants that have high concentrations of lacewings were collected, prepared and dried specimens sent to a specialist for identification. 1,467 lacewings were captured, distributed in 33 species belonging to the tribes Chrysopini and Leucochrysini. The species most frequent was Ceraeochrysa tucumana (Navás, 1919) and reported presence in all the samples. No difference was found between sampling times for the genus of Chrysopidae. In nocturnal collections were captured six individuals of the species Leucochrysa (Nodita) vignisi Freitas & Penny, 2001; Ceraeochrysa achillea Freitas and Penny, 2009; Chrysopodes Spinella (Adams and Penny, 1987) and C. tucumana. There was an obvious association between species of lacewings with plants of the genus Casearia

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 166500 bytes, checksum: 3302c1d593be1217f7c0c242556c0bb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Three isolates of predators fungi of the genus Monacrosporium (M. sinense SF-53, M. appendiculatum CGI and M. sinense SF-139) were evaluated in vivo regarding the capacity of supporting passage through the gastrointestinal tract of calves without losing the ability to entrap infective Cooperia sp. and Haemonchus sp. larvae. The isolates SF-53 and CGI were managed orally, separately to the calves, fresh mycelium form at dose only of 100 g. Collected fecal Samples 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after the treatments were allocated in Petri dishes with 5-cm diameter, added of 750 infective Cooperia sp. and Haemonchus sp. larvae. At the end of the experiment, reproductive structures (conidia) from both isolates were visualized in every the studied times. There was significant reduction of the average number of nematodes larvae recovered of the Petri dishes when compared with the control group. Such evidences confirm the transit of these fungi by the digestive tract of the calves without loss of the predatory viability. There are no evidences that the isolated SF-139 has passed by the gastrointestinal tract of calf after oral administration, fresh mycelium form at dose only of 87 g. / Três isolados de fungos predadores do gênero Monacrosporium (M. sinense SF-53, M. appendiculatum CGI e M. sinense SF-139) foram avaliados in vivo quanto à capacidade de suportar a passagem pelo trato gastrintestinal de bezerros sem perda da habilidade para predar larvas infectantes de Cooperia sp. e Haemonchus sp. Os isolados SF-53 e CGI foram administrados por via oral, separadamente aos bezerros, na forma de micélio fresco em dose única de 100 g. Amostras fecais coletadas 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após os tratamentos foram alocadas em placas de Petri com 5 cm de diâmetro, adicionadas de 750 larvas infectantes de Cooperia sp. e Haemonchus sp. Ao final do experimento, estruturas reprodutivas (conídios) de ambos isolados foram visualizadas em todos os tempos estudados. Houve redução significativa do número médio de larvas de nematóides recuperadas das placas de Petri quando comparado com o grupo controle. Tais evidências confirmam o trânsito destes fungos pelo trato digestivo dos bezerros sem perda da viabilidade predatória. Não existem evidências de que o isolado SF-139 tenha passado pelo trato gastrintestinal do bezerro após administração oral, na forma de micélio fresco, em dose única de 87 g.

Diante da importância das culturas do milho, soja e cana-de-açúcar no cenário agrícola brasileiro, sendo grandes geradores de divisas, a maior produtividade dessas plantas é ideal para a economia. Tal produtividade, no entanto, é comumente afetada por insetos praga, como é o caso de Spodoptera frugiperda para o milho, Anticarsia gemmatalis para a soja e Diatraea saccharalis na cana de açúcar. Na modernidade, alternativas de controle para esses insetos, como o controle biológico tem sido buscadas, e por meio do presente estudo buscou-se avaliar a preferência de Euborellia annulipes e Harmonia axyridis por essas três pragas. Objetivou-se ainda verificar a ocorrência de canibalismo e predação intraguilda entre os predadores, avaliando também taxas de consumo da presa pelos predadores em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. A ocorrência de competição entre eles com relação à presa também foi verificada, a fim de avaliar o potencial de uso desses predadores no controle biológico aplicado. Os estudos foram laboratoriais e permitiram detectar que ambas as espécies são potenciais predadores para as pragas testadas. Não foram observadas claras preferências por presas, apesar de diferentes taxas predatórias terem sido encontradas para cada uma das presas. / Given the importance of corn, soybean and sugarcane crops in Brazilian agriculture as big exchange generators, greater plant productivity of these plants is ideal to national economy. Pest insects, such as Spodoptera frugiperda in corn, Anticarsia gemmatalis in soybean and Diatraea saccharalis in sugarcane commonly affect such productivity. Nowadays, alternative control techniques for these insects, such as biological control, have been sought after, and through the current work, it was aimed to evaluate the preference of Euborellia annulipes and Harmonia axyridis for these three pests. It was also an objective to verify the occurrence of cannibalism and intraguild predation among predators, evaluating consumption rates of the prey insects by the predators in different development stages as well. The occurrence of competition between them in relation to their prey was also verified, to evaluate these predators\'s potential use in applied biological control. These studies were conducted in a lab setting, and allowed detecting that both species are potential predators for the tested pests. No distinct preferences by prey were observed, albeit the existence of differing predation rates being found for each prey.

The purpose of this treatise was to synthesize the current research, nationally and internationally, both qualitative and quantitative, concerning online child sexual abuse. The study focused on crimes of a sexual nature perpetrated against children, with or without consent, in an online environment. The aim was to clearly articulate the characteristics of victims, including both their vulnerabilities and their protective factors and to provide offender profiles, including their methodologies. Method: A systematic search for peer reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2006 was conducted. The final sample included 73 articles, which were arranged in order of publication, and the top and bottom interquartile range was selected for review and coding. Results: 36 articles were thematically coded in order to identify the most prominent themes in the articles. The result of this review was a typology of victims and offenders, as well as offender methodologies that reflects an aggregation of the most prominent research on the subject of online child sexual abuse. Conclusion: Much of the common knowledge concerning online child sexual offenders and their victims is incorrect. The typologies identified in this review show a much more diverse picture of both offenders and victims than is held in popular knowledge. This research has identified the damage that misinformation can do, and has highlighted the need for accurate, empirically sound information to be made available to parents, teachers, health care professionals and youth.

This essay contains a discoursive analysis of fifteen travel reports from five of the largest papers in Sweden. The travel reports contains recaptions from wildlife tourism experiences were the predators are the main target, or at least one of the main targets. Seven of the reports are from Sweden and eight of them from Russia, Rumania, Finland, Turkey and the United States. Predators in this essay aims to those in Sweden called ”the big five”, these are: bears, wolves, lynxes , wolverines and golden eagles. The purpose was to study the general but also divergent discourses in the reporters perceptions of wildlife tourism with focus on predators in these travel reports. The theories used in the thesis is about the ”tourist gaze” and the ”post-modern tourist”. The questions in my study have been formed based on these two theories and reads as follows: What was the unique object that the reporters wanted to experience? What specific symbols did the reporters highlight as important to the overall experience? Which parts of the experience were new to the reporters? What evidence did the reporters highlight to prove that the experiences were authentic? How did the postmodern tourist reveal itself in the travel reports? I came to the conclusion that the unique object that reporters wanted to experience were the predators, in cases when the predators were the only purpose of the trip. When the case was otherwise, the unique object contained of other cultural or natural values. The symbols that were important to the experience were different cultural and natural values that mainly focused on wilderness and rural traits. In cases where the predators were not the unique object they were rather symbols for the untamed, wild nature. The lifestyle and characteristics of the hosts in the form of locals and staff were also important symbols. Parts of the various experience rooms and the hosts natural lifestyles were new to the reporters and differed from the reporters’ modern lifestyle. The characteristics of the predators were symbols for the experience’s authenticity Other symbols were the hosts' stories about the place, about the predators and their everyday lives. While local food and other forms of local cultural expressions were also important symbols. The postmodern tourist spoke throughout the travel reports. This type of predator tourism can be considered to be very well adapted to the post-modern tourist. To watch and track wild predators in their natural environment is very suitable for the post-modern tourist's ideas about seeking out the authentic and natural along with a small group of travelers. The reporters consciously disassosiated themselves from the great hordes of mass tourists, highlighted the natural and authentic characteristics of hosts and experienceroom, something that tells that the postmodern tourist used the touristic gaze to look at and retell their experience.

Au cours des dernières décennies, d'énormes quantités de haies, de lisières ont étédétruites en Europe tandis que le régime des incendies majeurs augmente dans les milieuxméditerranéens. La perte de ces milieux de type lisières s'accompagne d'une chutecatastrophique de la biodiversité. Notamment par la perte des refuges disponibles pour lafaune. Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'importance des abris à différentes échelles et sur différentsmodèles biologiques. Premièrement, l'influence de la disponibilité en abris au pied des haiessur la biodiversité a été démontrée à l'aide d'inventaires et grâce à une expérimentation surle terrain. Pour cela, une nouvelle approche d'inventaire qui combine les avantages desinventaires rapides et des techniques non létales a été mise au point. A une échelleintermédiaire, l'impact positif de l'ouverture du milieu forestier sur des populations dereptiles a été mis en évidence. Enfin, un suivi au niveau individuel de tortues d'Hermann apermis de suivre les conséquences de modifications l'habitat suite à un incendie majeur ; ilsuggère que les habitats brûlés restent favorables sur le long terme.En conclusion, l'importance des abris pour la biodiversité a été démontrée à plusieurséchelles d'espace, de temps et de précision. La conséquence pratique est que les fichestechniques de gestion des haies et des lisières devraient en tenir compte, ce qui n'est pas lecas actuellement. / During the last decencies, massive amounts of hedgerows and forest hedges have beendestroyed in Europe whereas increasing fire regimes threatened Mediterranean habitats.The loss of these hedge habitats is concomitant to a drastic loss of biodiversity. Notablythrough the decrease of shelter available to the fauna. This thesis aims to investigate therole of refuges considering different scales and biological systems. First, the positiveinfluence of the availability of shelter at the base of hedgerows on biodiversity has beendemonstrated using surveys and a field experiment. For that, a novel technique has beendeveloped by combining the advantages of rapid biodiversity assessments with non-lethalprocedures. At an intermediary scale, the positive impact of habitat opening on ophidianpopulations has been shown in a forest context. Finally, individual monitoring of Hermanntortoises allowed us to examine the impact of a major fire in habitat changes; the resultssuggest that burnt habitats remain suitable on the long term.In conclusion, the importance of refuges on biodiversity have been demonstrated atdifferent time, spatial and accuracy scales. In practice, technical recommendations shouldtake into account this key element to manage hedgerows and other hedge habitats; thiscurrently not the case.

Mid-latitude shelf-seas are highly productive regions that host a rich diversity of animals including large numbers of marine mammals and seabirds. These large vertebrate predators play a crucial role in the functioning of shelf-sea ecosystems. However, the combined effects of multiple anthropogenic stressors are driving unprecedented declines in many of their populations. Mitigating this depends upon effective conservation and integrated ecosystem based approaches to management, which require a comprehensive understanding of the habitat needs of marine predators. The foraging efficiencies of marine predators are closely tied to the availability of a number of oceanographic features. As such, these physical habitats represent critical locations within a species’ range whose preservation and protection should be of high priority. The collection of studies presented in this thesis aims to improve our understanding of the physical oceanographic processes that underlie the at-sea behaviours and distributions of marine mammals and seabirds in coastal and shelf-sea environments. A combination of at-sea boat surveying, animal-borne biologging, satellite remote-sensing, passive acoustics and numerical modelling was used to collect information on the distributions and foraging behaviours of a range of marine predators alongside the bio-physical characteristics of the oceanographic habitats they occupied. These data were then used to (1) examine the use of oceanographic habitats generated around tidal-mixing fronts and coastal topographic structures by a range of piscivorous species including bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus, common dolphins Delphinus delphis, harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena and northern gannets Morus bassanus, and (2) identify the physical processes underlying their creation. Original aspects of this work include the examination of the fine-scale bio-physical mechanisms that link marine predators to tidal-mixing fronts and coastal tidal-topographic structures. Main findings indicate that offshore habitats around tidal-mixing fronts are used by both common dolphins and northern gannets for foraging. Individuals associated with patches of increased sub-surface primary productivity, which were generated via a bi-weekly cycle of episodic turbulent mixing and stratification following an adjustment in the spatial position of a front with the spring-neap cycle. Moreover, around fronts, the dives of gannets were likely to be short and of a V-shaped strategy (with little active swim phase), which likely reflects an increase in the accessibility and catchability of their prey. In a coastal estuarine system, bottlenose dolphins were shown to associate with predictable downwelling features generated during flood tidal flows that were thought to act as a foraging aid. Together, these findings highlight the fundamental role physical oceanographic processes play in the structuring of marine ecosystems by providing vulnerable marine predators with prosperous and reliable foraging resources that they can exploit. This work has implications for both future studies of marine predator foraging ecology and the management of anthropogenic activities in coastal and shelf-seas.

The use of livestock guarding dogs (LGDs) to mitigate farmer-predator conflict in Namibia was evaluated. As farmer-predator conflict has two sides, LGDs were evaluated in terms of livestock production and conservation. The main objectives in terms of livestock production were to document: 1) the perceived ability of LGDs to reduce livestock losses in a cost-effective manner; 2) the farmers’ satisfaction with LGD performance; and 3) factors influencing LGD behaviour. The main objectives in terms of conservation were to record: 1) predator killing by farmers relative to LGD introduction; 2) direct impacts of LGDs on target (damage-causing) species; and 3) the impact of LGDs on non-target species. This evaluation was conducted on LGDs bred by the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) and placed on farms in Namibia. The data were collected during face-to-face interviews with farmers using LGDs. Historical data from the CCF programme were used in conjunction with a complete survey of the farmers in the CCF LGD programme during 2009-2010. In terms of livestock production, 91 percent of the LGDs (n = 65) eliminated or reduced livestock losses. Subsequently, 73 percent of the farmers perceived their LGDs as economically beneficial, although a cost-benefit analysis showed that only 59 percent of the LGDs were cost-effective. Farmers were generally satisfied with the performance of their LGDs. However, farmer satisfaction was more closely linked to good LGD behaviour than the perceived reduction in livestock losses. The most commonly-reported LGD behavioural problems (n = 195) were staying at home rather than accompanying the livestock (21 percent) and chasing wildlife (19 percent). LGD staying home behaviour was linked to a lack of care on subsistence farms, as high quality dog food was not consistently provided. Care for LGDs declined with LGD age on subsistence, but not commercial, farms. In terms of conservation, predator-killing farmers killed fewer individuals in the year since LGD introduction than previously; this result was only significant for black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas. However, 37 LGDs killed jackals, nine killed baboons Papio ursinus, three killed caracals Caracal caracal and one killed a cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (n = 83). Farmers and LGDs combined killed significantly more jackals in the survey year than the same farmers (n = 36) killed before LGD introduction. Conversely, five farmers killed 3.2 ± 2.01 cheetahs each in the year before LGD introduction, whereas LGDs and these farmers combined killed only 0.2 ± 0.2 cheetahs per farm in the survey year. Only 16 LGDs (n = 83) killed non-target species. The high LGD success rate in terms of livestock production was facilitated by livestock husbandry practices in the study area. In terms of conservation, LGDs were more beneficial for apex predators than for mesopredators and had a minor impact on non-target species.

Huge populations of sardine and anchovy exist in the four major upwelling systems around the world. These fish are both important ecologically and economically. Pelagic fish dominate the mid trophic level and can exert both a top-down control of zooplankton and a bottom-up control on predatory fish and marine top predators. They also make up a substantial contribution of the world catches in seas around the world where they co-exist in upwelling areas. The fluctuations of sardine and anchovy are largely influenced by recruitment from the larval stage and by the physical environmental forces that determine the planktonic compositions upon which they feed. In southern Africa, the biology and behaviour of two threatened seabird species, African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) and Cape gannets (Morus capensis), are directly influenced by the availability of sardine (Sardinops sagax) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus). This study aimed to provide further insight into the fluctuations of sardine and anchovy in relation to the variability of environmental factors such as wind, sea surface temperature, rainfall and plankton abundance, focusing specifically on Algoa Bay in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Algoa Bay is particularly important as it is home to the world’s largest African penguin colony and the world’s largest gannetry. Therefore, to further investigate the populations of these two seabird species, the fluctuations of their food source were studied.

Orientador: Angelo Pires do Prado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maia_IvanildaCerqueira_M.pdf: 170154 bytes, checksum: 003448dc78ec303062274bbf02b63778 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Os sistemas de produção animal em confinamento são ambientes artificiais que favorecem o aparecimento da comunidade de artrópodes, devido à oferta de recursos que beneficiam o desenvolvimento desses organismos em acúmulo de esterco. Muitos ácaros encontram condições adequadas de sobrevivência nesses ambientes. Neste trabalho estudamos a dinâmica da associação forética entre ácaros e coleópteros predadores, analisando a ocorrência, abundância das famílias de ácaros associadas a histerídeos, bem como a diversidade acarofauna, a ocorrência de forésia entre os mesmos, através do estudo das infrapopulações e infracomunidades e dos índices de prevalência, dominância e uniformidade em granja de aves poedeiras em São João da Boa Vista - SP. Foram usadas duas metodologias de coletas para este estudo: amostras coletadas manualmente do esterco e armadilhas de solo. Foram realizadas oito coletas nas estações do ano 2002 e 9 coletas no ano de 2001. Foram encontradas 4 espécies de ácaros associadas aos histerídeos. A família Ascidae foi registrada como sendo nova associação com histerídeos no esterco de granjas. A prevalência de ácaros foréticos predominou em Hololepta quadridentata / Abstract: Animal production systems under confinement are artificial agroecosystems which favor the development of an exuberant arthropod fauna, due to their high manure offer. These environments may provide adequate survival conditions for a number of mites. The purpose of this work was to study the phoretic association dynamics between mites and predaceous coleopterans, also focusing on the occurrence and abundance of histerids-associated mite families, as well as their infrapopulations and infracommunities, related indexes of constancy, dominance and prevalence. The sampling methodology included hand-collected manure samples and pitfalltraps. Eight gathering activities occurred in different seasons in 2002, and 9 gathering activities during the period of 2001. Associated to histerids 4 mites species were found. A new association has been found between histerids and the Ascidae family in poultry farms manure. Phoretic mites prevalence was prevailing in Hololepta quadridentata / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Parasitologia