In 2013–2014, a cross-sectional, exploratory, survey design was used to obtain a conservative estimate of relapse among a sample of recovering addiction professionals in the United States and to identify potential predictors for relapse. The sample (n = 265) was drawn from the International Certification and Reciprocity Consortium. The relapse rate for the sample was 14.7%. Two predictors for relapse were identified in the stepwise logistic regression. The more mutual-aid group meetings respondents attended per month, the less likely they were to have experienced relapse (Wald = 7.956, p =.005), and the longer participants had been in recovery when their careers began, the less likely they were to have experienced relapse (Wald = 4.366, p =.037). The authors provide suggestions regarding the recovery health of recovering addiction professionals as well as recommendations for future research.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) such as exposure to abuse, dysfunction, and neglect have been shown to affect adult health outcomes. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) captures national data on risk factors and chronic disease and first included ACE items in 2009. The purpose of this study was to determine whether specific ACEs predicted depressive disorders or poor general health in adulthood. ACEs included: living with someone who suffered from a mental illness, and primary exposure (physical abuse) and secondary exposure (interpersonal violence in home) to violence. BRFSS data from 2009- 2012 were included. Analyses were performed using SPSS and SAS. Descriptive statistics were completed for ACEs, race, gender, history of depressive disorder (DD), and general health status (GH). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict DD and GH, controlling for race, gender, and age. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. A total of 1,148 individuals were including in the analyses, with 31.4% having DD, 26.9% reported poor GH, 27.4% lived with someone who had a mental illness, 31.3% exposed to primary violence, and 30.2% exposed to secondary violence. Individuals who lived with someone who suffered from a mental illness were three times more likely to have DD (OR 3.28, CI 2.40-4.47) compared to those who did not, however, this exposure did not significantly affect GH. Those exposed to primary violence were 40% more likely to have DD (OR 1.40, CI 1.02-1.92) and were two times more likely to report poor GH (OR 2.09, CI 1.51-2.89) compared to those not exposed. Individuals exposed to secondary violence were 70% more likely to have DD (OR 1.70, CI 1.24-2.32) and were 48% more likely to report poor GH (OR 1.48, CO 1.06-2.05). This suggests that exposure to specific ACEs negatively impacts adult health, resulting in a higher likelihood of DD and poor GH.

An increased understanding of resilience may determine how human psychological development can result in positive outcomes despite adversarial situations. However, current studies have not provided a relevant predictive model that can adequately predict resilience, particularly among young adults exposed to domestic violence. Based on Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the purpose of this quantitative noncomparative study was to examine whether domestic violence, age, gender, ethnicity, individual emotional and physical abilities, types of domestic violence exposure, and frequency of domestic violence exposure could adequately predict resilience among young adults. Quantitative data were collected from 118 young adults in the Midsouth region of the United States. The data were collected via a questionnaire and analyzed using a stepwise multiple linear regression. The results of the analysis were significant, indicating that the frequency of domestic violence exposure was a significant negative predictor of resiliency. These results suggested a need for further examination of environmental protective factors, according to Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, that may affect resilience development. By discovering factors that predict resilience, whether positive or negative, stakeholders can target interventions and develop policies that can eradicate the harmful social and psychological influences of domestic violence on children.

Job satisfaction among jail correctional officers is important because it ensures the continuity of officers who can promote and maintain a safe environment inside the jail for all staff and inmates. Most job satisfaction studies on correctional officers, however, are focused on prison officers and not county jail officers. The purpose of this correlational study was to test and extend Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory by exploring job satisfaction and motivation among jail correctional officers in Miami-Dade Florida. Survey data were collected from 149 correctional officers using Specter's (1994) Job Satisfaction Survey. Data were analyzed through correlational and multiple regression analyses. Findings of the correlation results indicated positive relationships at the .05 level between the motivators and hygiene predictors with job satisfaction. Regression results indicated a statistically significant relationship between the motivators and hygiene predictors with job satisfaction (p = 0.00). The implications for social change include recommendations to jail administrators to provide channels through which their employees can inform them of prevalent issues to aid in increasing job satisfaction. Implementation of this recommendation may improve job satisfaction among jail correctional officers, thereby improving perceptions that the jail correctional officers are appreciated and trusted, increase their sense of self-sufficiency, improve morale problems, and help jail administrators invest in the well-being of current and future jail correctional officers that are needed to maintain the safety and security of correctional facilities.

Individuals who suffer from depression can be stigmatized by labeling and resort to negative stigma coping orientations such as secrecy and withdrawal, resulting in internalized self-stigma. Self-stigma can have negative effects such as low self-esteem, low self-efficacy, isolation, and feeling like a failure. Guided by modified labeling theory, the purpose of this study was to fill a gap in the literature on predictors of two orientations (challenging and deflecting) of positive stigma coping. Challenging stigma involves taking action, and deflecting is a cognitive strategy; both are used to positively cope with the stigma of mental illness. Predictors included symptom severity, depression literacy, stereotype awareness, treatment seeking, social support, and stigma sentiments in a sample of undergraduates (N = 195). Results from a canonical correlation found that individuals with high scores on deflecting and, simultaneously, low scores on challenging tended to have high scores on stigma sentiments and low scores on both symptom severity and treatment seeking. Analyzed in independent regressions, challenging was significantly predicted only by symptom severity (+), while deflecting was predicted by symptom severity (-), depression literacy (+), and stigma sentiments (+). These findings reinforce the potential for individuals who suffer from depression to address stigma using healthier and more affirming coping orientations. Implications for positive social change include a decrease in self-stigma regarding depression, less negative stigma coping, an increased awareness of how depression stigma affects individuals who suffer from the disorder, and a decrease in the social stigma of depression. Educators and practitioners can apply this information in academia, counseling, and clinical practice.

High attrition rates and a nursing shortage across the nation have led schools of nursing to seek out ways to better identify which applicants will be most successful in graduating from the nursing program and passing the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN). Nursing programs have historically included standardized entrance exam scores and prerequisite scores among their admission criteria but have not used standardized critical thinking assessments (CTA), even though critical thinking is an integral part of being a successful nursing professional. Using Astin's input-environment-output (I-E-O) model, the purpose of this retrospective correlational study was to determine whether a significant relationship exists between prerequisite grade point average (GPA), Test for Essential Academic Skills (TEAS) composite scores, entrance and exit CTA scores, and nursing GPA and the outcome of interest, passing the NCLEX-RN exam. Archival data for 64 students enrolled in a baccalaureate degree program at a Texas university were analyzed using binary logistic regression. A significant positive relationship was found between prerequisite GPA, TEAS composite scores, entrance and exit CTA scores, and nursing GPA, and the outcome of interest, passing the NCLEX-RN exam. However, in looking at each independent variable separately, no significant relationship was revealed between the individual scores of the prerequisite GPA, TEAS composite, entrance and exit critical thinking assessment, nursing GPA, and the outcome of passing the NCLEX-RN exam on the first attempt. These findings have implications for positive social change by illuminating the complexities of nursing program retention and graduation and informing efforts to train the most talented nurses.

Many companies in the private sector have established workplace health promotion programs (WHPP) that enhance employee health, engagement, and performance. Employee participation is voluntary and usually low, which limits the health effectiveness of WHPP. Further, the influence of implicit factors such as attitudes, health self-perceptions, or job satisfaction is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to addresses the problem of low employee participation in WHPP and to contribute to an understanding of wellness in the workplace. The theoretical framework was the theory of attitude-behavior consistency and models of expectancy-value. The research was designed as a quantitative cross-sectional study that used the Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle instrument. Research questions examined the influence of psychosocial and demographic variables on employee participation in WHPP. The survey was administered as an online self-assessment. The questionnaire was completed by 115 members of 3 professional networking groups. The respondents were based in Silicon Valley, California, and employed for at least 1 year by a company with WHPP. Statistical analysis with an independent-samples t test, partial correlation, and standard multiple regression indicated no significant association between gender and WHPP participation and no statistically significant relationship between psychosocial variables and WHPP participation in men and women, controlling for age. Data showed statistically significant positive correlational relationships among several variables. The study contributes to the literature on health behavior in the workplace by providing a theory-based approach to analyzing personal and attitudinal variables of WHPP participation.

Although the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) and is available for males and females, completion of the 3-shot series in Georgia remains relatively low. The purpose of this study was to examine the predictors of HPV vaccination initiation and completion for male and female adolescents, ages 13 to 17 years old, in Georgia between 2013 and 2015. The theoretical foundation of the study was the structural model of health behavior which is an ecological model. Logistic regression was performed to determine if there was any relationship between the independent variables of parental knowledge, providers' recommendation, and physical access to vaccination sites, and the dependent variables of vaccination initiation and completion while controlling for and separately testing the impact of age, race, and gender. The data sets from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Survey-Teen from 2013-2015 were used. There was no significant difference in HPV vaccination initiation or completion for any of the 3 years that were analyzed related to parental knowledge, as indicated by a p-value.

In the school district under study, students with learning disabilities were underperforming when compared to students without disabilities. Research has indicated that improved self-efficacy can promote improved student outcomes and that self- efficacy can be taught. Despite this known association, the school district under study has not provided students with such support. The current study addressed ways in which that gap may be attenuated. Guided by the framework of Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and social cognitive theory, the purpose of this study was to explore (a) whether students' perceptions of self-efficacy differed depending on whether or not they had diagnosed learning disabilities and (b) whether learning disability status and gender were predictors of self-efficacy. Bandura's Children's Perceived Self-Efficacy scale was used to examine students' (N = 394) levels of self-efficacy in this causal-comparative study. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics (scale reliability analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and multiple regression). Results indicated that students with learning disabilities had lower levels of perceived self-efficacy, whether measured using the 7 subscales or the 3 overall scales, and that these differences were independent of gender. These results indicate a need for administrators and teachers to implement strategies to improve levels of self-efficacy for students with learning disabilities. Ultimately, improving students' levels of self-efficacy could contribute to improved academic outcomes, thus promoting social change.

Most studies examining predictors of treatment outcomes among problem drinkers have used a traditional statistical approach that examines group outcomes (e.g. analysis of variance, multiple regression analysis). Contrary to traditional methods, a person-centered approach identifies commonalities among clusters of individuals and provides the opportunity to examine the relationship between multiple individual differences and outcomes in a longitudinal manner. Specifically, the person-centered approach makes it possible to cluster individuals into subgroups based on their change patterns, and to examine the relationship between those subgroups and other variables of interest (e.g., drinking problem severity). This approach allows the inclusion of a relatively large number of variables to test complex hypotheses. The present study is a secondary data analysis of early (first three-month) Timeline Followback (TLFB) post-treatment drinking data from 200 problem drinkers who completed a short outpatient intervention. Using a growth mixture modeling (GMM) analysis, the goal was to identify different outcome drinking trajectories and examine the relationship between problem severity levels, treatment modality (i.e. individual versus group format), and goal choice (i.e. low-risk drinking versus abstinence) to those trajectories. Results demonstrated the existence of different outcome subgroups among problem drinkers. In addition, problem severity level was associated with outcomes and class membership. Observed significant differences in the relationships between predictor variables and specific outcome subgroups, and evidence of different drinking fluctuation patterns in the outcomes suggest that using a person-centered approach adds value beyond traditional statistical outcome analyses. The person-centered approach can facilitate the identification of relevant variables for patient-treatment matching hypotheses for problem drinkers.