The objectives of this research firstly is to assess and establish the guidelines in respect of the medium of instruction as a determinant of the forms of the educational system in South Africa. Subsequently, the researcher wishes to establish the precise policy in respect of the instructional medium in South Africa. Thirdly, the researcher wishes to establish which languages are preferred as instructional media by South African learners, and why. Finally, the researchers wishes to establish the learners' approach and attitude in respect of a particular instructional medium. The research method followed, focuses in the first place on an extensive literature study to primarily establish the guidelines in respect of the instructional medium as a determinant of the educational system, as well as to acquire information in respect of the instructional medium in South Africa. In addition, empirical research was done to determine which languages are preferred in practice by learners as media of instruction, and why attempts at assessing attitudes in respect of a specific instructional media were also made. By using a questionnaire as measuring instrument, quantitative research was done in respect of 28 % of the grade eleven learners in Vanderbijlpark. Qualitative research was also done by way of personal interviews using a structured questionnaire with the aid of teachers. The findings briefly indicate that the Afrikaans -speaking learners in South Africa realize the value of mother tongue instruction, consequently also then preferring it as the instructional medium. Both English -speaking and African language users in South Africa prefer English as a medium of instruction as they believe their entrance into the job market will then be assured. Only a small percentage of users of African languages prefer their mother tongue as instructional language. The literature study revealed that mother tongue instruction is indispensable in respect of academic performance. Learners perform better academically should they for a period receive instruction in their mother tongue, even should it be up to the fourth grade when basic skills such as reading, writing and arithmetic are acquired. It was finally established, that South African legislation indeed provides for mother tongue instruction for all, but that the policy is not applied in practice. It is the considered opinion of the researcher that mother tongue instruction in South Africa is a treasure to be cherished and preserved by both Afrikaans and English speaking learners, also that it should be extended to users of African languages, as only mother tongue instruction for all in South Africa would indeed mean real equal educational opportunities. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [84]-89).

Chez l’Homme, le contrôle de tout mouvement nécessite la prise en compte d’informations sensorielles issues de différents systèmes. Une partie de ces informations constitue la proprioception, un « sixième sens » méconnu mais primordial dans le contrôle du mouvement. Ce sens permet aux personnes de déterminer les positions spatiales et les vitesses de déplacement des différents segments corporels les uns par rapport aux autres. Le système de traitement des informations proprioceptives repose sur des mécanismes nerveux complexes, et dont l’évaluation est difficile. Il est toutefois possible, à l’instar d’une acuité visuelle relative au sens de la vision par exemple de déterminer une acuité proprioceptive. Des travaux portant sur l’articulation de la cheville ont établi un lien entre acuité proprioceptive et niveau de performance dans une activité donnée. Dans ce contexte une optimisation du système proprioceptif, basé sur une stimulation de la peau présente un grand intérêt. Diverses solutions de supports externes de cheville ont ainsi été développées pour ce travail de thèse qui s’est intéressé à la possibilité d’intégration d’une « fonction proprioceptive » à une chaussure de sport destinée notamment à la course à pied et/ou au tennis. Les effets comportementaux de cette fonction dans des tâches motrices globales ont été étudiés. Ce travail a mis en évidence i) que l’application d’un support externe de cheville permettait d’augmenter la quantité de signal proprioceptif transmise au système nerveux lors d’une tâche simple d’équilibre orthostatique et ii) que ce signal n’était pris en compte que chez certains individus possédant un profil sensoriel intégrant peu les informations proprioceptives de la cheville. Enfin, il semble que les effets comportementaux de supports externes de cheville dans des tâches plus complexes soient en revanche très limités. / In humans, every single movement needs regulation based on sensory information arising from different systems. A part of this sensory information forms the sense of proprioception, a little known “sixth sense” that is yet essential in movement regulation. This sense allows people to know the position and speed of their body segments relative to each other. The central processing of proprioceptive information is complex, and its assessment is difficult. It is yes possible to determine a proprioceptive acuity, in the manner of a visual acuity related to the sense of vision. Studies on the ankle joint evidenced that the proprioceptive acuity correlates to the performance level in a given activity. In this context, optimizing the proprioceptive system by stimulating the skin would be of great interest. Various external ankle supports solutions were developed for this thesis that interested in the possibility to implement a “proprioceptive function” in a sport shoe, especially intended for running and/or playing tennis. Behavioral effects of this function in global motor tasks were specifically studied. This thesis showed that (i) wearing an external ankle support increase the amount of proprioceptive signal conveyed to the central nervous system in a simple upright standing task and (ii) that this signal is effectively used only in individuals with a preferred sensory strategy that do not use much of the ankle proprioceptive information. Eventually, the behavioral effects of such external ankle supports in more complex tasks are very limited.

A presente tese tem por objetivo propor uma reformulação do papel do Estado na garantia da liberdade de expressão. Em um primeiro momento, expõem-se as principais premissas teóricas em torno do caráter multifuncional do princípio da liberdade de manifestação do pensamento, sua análise histórica em sede de Direito Comparado e a sua posição preferencial no processo de ponderação. Demonstra-se, em um segundo momento, a possibilidade de conflito entre a liberdade de expressão e os demais bens constitucionais. Na Terceira Parte, elabora-se uma síntese das principais idéias em torno da concepção democrática, ilustrando a atuação da jurisprudência estrangeira e a possibilidade de instituição de uma doutrina da equidade no ordenamento brasileiro. / This thesis intends to restructure States way of act on the guarantee of freedom of expression. First of all, will be presented the main theories about the multi-faced character of fundamental rights. After that, will be demonstrated that free speech can be in conflict with other constitutional principles. Finnaly, a synthesis of the main ideas around the democratic ideal, illustrated by precedent cases of foreign Courts, showing that is possible to institute a fairness doctrine in Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nakamura_pm_me_rcla.pdf: 977354 bytes, checksum: 873bca04b790978eafb71273c0bd0d92 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / É bem conhecida a influência da música no desempenho do exercício no domínio moderado e nos estados de ânimo. Poucos estudos investigaram essa relação em exercícios no domínio intenso e severo. Além disso, a audição de música é bastante disseminada entre praticantes de atividade física, os quais devem selecionar músicas de acordo com suas preferências pessoais. Entretanto, a relação entre a preferência musical e o desempenho e o estado de ânimo não está esclarecido. Desse modo, dois estudos foram propostos. O objetivo do estudo 1 foi de verificar a influência da audição da música preferida e não preferida no desempenho, nas respostas fisiológicas, na percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e nos estados de ânimo em exercícios no domínio severo no cicloergômetro. O objetivo do estudo 2 foi de verificar a influência da audição da música preferida e não preferidas nas mesmas variáveis do estudo 1 em exercícios no domínio intenso no cicolergômetro. No primeiro estudo foram determinados os parâmetros da Potência Crítica (PCrit) em diferentes protocolos, Música Preferida (MP), Não Preferida (NP) e Sem Música (SM). Foram submetidos para o estudo quatro mulheres e seis homens. Após ouvirem ou não a música os sujeitos realizaram o aquecimento e o teste. Foram avaliados a Freqüência Cardíaca (FC), concentração de lactato sanguíneo [LAc]s, PSE e estado de ânimo. A FC, PSE, [LAC]s e os parâmetros da PCrit não apresentaram diferença estatística para os três diferentes protocolos. Porém os estados de ânimo para os adjetivos positivos apresentaram maiores valores no momento da fadiga para a MP. Conclui-se que a audição da música preferida só é capaz de influenciar os estados de ânimo no domínio severo. Participaram do estudo 2, cinco mulheres e seis homens,os quais foram submetidos a 2 protocolos de teste. No primeiro foi obtido os... / The music influence in the performance, in moderate exercise and mood states has already been well elucidated in literature. However, some studies have found improvement in these variables in the intense and severe exercise. Besides, listening to music is enough disseminated among physical activity apprentices, who can select music in accordance to their personal preferences. However, the relation musical preference between the performance and mood state is not explained. Therefore, two goals were proposed. The first study was to analyze the influence of listening preferred and non-preferred music considering the performance, physiologic responses, Rating Perceived Exertion (RPE) and mood states in the severe exercise on ergometer cycle. The second goal was to analyze the influence of listening preferred and non-preferred music according to the same variables of the first goal, but in the intense exercise on the ergometer cycle. The study one determined Critical Power model parameters (CP) in different protocols, Preferred Music (PM), Non- Preferred Music (NP) and Without Music (WM). Four women and six men were submitted to the study. After listening or not to the music the subjects carried out the warm-up and the test. The Heart Rate (HR), Blood Concentration Lactate ([LA]), RPE and mood states were examined. Significant differences were not found in HR, [LA], RPE and CP parameters. However, the data showed that the positive mood states in fatigue moment was higher in PM than in NP and WM. The data also showed that the audition of the preferred music is only able to influence the mood state in severe exercise. Four women and six men were submitted on the second study. CP parameters were determined across the two loads after two tests (Load CP and Load below CP). In this study, the HR, [LA], RPE and mood states were examined during twenty minutes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Eduardo Kokubun / Banca: Fábio Yuzo Nakamura / Banca: Silvia Deutsch / Resumo: É bem conhecida a influência da música no desempenho do exercício no domínio moderado e nos estados de ânimo. Poucos estudos investigaram essa relação em exercícios no domínio intenso e severo. Além disso, a audição de música é bastante disseminada entre praticantes de atividade física, os quais devem selecionar músicas de acordo com suas preferências pessoais. Entretanto, a relação entre a preferência musical e o desempenho e o estado de ânimo não está esclarecido. Desse modo, dois estudos foram propostos. O objetivo do estudo 1 foi de verificar a influência da audição da música preferida e não preferida no desempenho, nas respostas fisiológicas, na percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e nos estados de ânimo em exercícios no domínio severo no cicloergômetro. O objetivo do estudo 2 foi de verificar a influência da audição da música preferida e não preferidas nas mesmas variáveis do estudo 1 em exercícios no domínio intenso no cicolergômetro. No primeiro estudo foram determinados os parâmetros da Potência Crítica (PCrit) em diferentes protocolos, Música Preferida (MP), Não Preferida (NP) e Sem Música (SM). Foram submetidos para o estudo quatro mulheres e seis homens. Após ouvirem ou não a música os sujeitos realizaram o aquecimento e o teste. Foram avaliados a Freqüência Cardíaca (FC), concentração de lactato sanguíneo [LAc]s, PSE e estado de ânimo. A FC, PSE, [LAC]s e os parâmetros da PCrit não apresentaram diferença estatística para os três diferentes protocolos. Porém os estados de ânimo para os adjetivos positivos apresentaram maiores valores no momento da fadiga para a MP. Conclui-se que a audição da música preferida só é capaz de influenciar os estados de ânimo no domínio severo. Participaram do estudo 2, cinco mulheres e seis homens,os quais foram submetidos a 2 protocolos de teste. No primeiro foi obtido os... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The music influence in the performance, in moderate exercise and mood states has already been well elucidated in literature. However, some studies have found improvement in these variables in the intense and severe exercise. Besides, listening to music is enough disseminated among physical activity apprentices, who can select music in accordance to their personal preferences. However, the relation musical preference between the performance and mood state is not explained. Therefore, two goals were proposed. The first study was to analyze the influence of listening preferred and non-preferred music considering the performance, physiologic responses, Rating Perceived Exertion (RPE) and mood states in the severe exercise on ergometer cycle. The second goal was to analyze the influence of listening preferred and non-preferred music according to the same variables of the first goal, but in the intense exercise on the ergometer cycle. The study one determined Critical Power model parameters (CP) in different protocols, Preferred Music (PM), Non- Preferred Music (NP) and Without Music (WM). Four women and six men were submitted to the study. After listening or not to the music the subjects carried out the warm-up and the test. The Heart Rate (HR), Blood Concentration Lactate ([LA]), RPE and mood states were examined. Significant differences were not found in HR, [LA], RPE and CP parameters. However, the data showed that the positive mood states in fatigue moment was higher in PM than in NP and WM. The data also showed that the audition of the preferred music is only able to influence the mood state in severe exercise. Four women and six men were submitted on the second study. CP parameters were determined across the two loads after two tests (Load CP and Load below CP). In this study, the HR, [LA], RPE and mood states were examined during twenty minutes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A presente tese tem por objetivo propor uma reformulação do papel do Estado na garantia da liberdade de expressão. Em um primeiro momento, expõem-se as principais premissas teóricas em torno do caráter multifuncional do princípio da liberdade de manifestação do pensamento, sua análise histórica em sede de Direito Comparado e a sua posição preferencial no processo de ponderação. Demonstra-se, em um segundo momento, a possibilidade de conflito entre a liberdade de expressão e os demais bens constitucionais. Na Terceira Parte, elabora-se uma síntese das principais idéias em torno da concepção democrática, ilustrando a atuação da jurisprudência estrangeira e a possibilidade de instituição de uma doutrina da equidade no ordenamento brasileiro. / This thesis intends to restructure States way of act on the guarantee of freedom of expression. First of all, will be presented the main theories about the multi-faced character of fundamental rights. After that, will be demonstrated that free speech can be in conflict with other constitutional principles. Finnaly, a synthesis of the main ideas around the democratic ideal, illustrated by precedent cases of foreign Courts, showing that is possible to institute a fairness doctrine in Brazil.

Submitted by João Valente (joaopaulovalente@hotmail.com) on 2013-09-21T14:35:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_FINAL.pdf: 645576 bytes, checksum: 5dcd3933e691c9eb4d85777d7f20904f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2013-09-27T13:44:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_FINAL.pdf: 645576 bytes, checksum: 5dcd3933e691c9eb4d85777d7f20904f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-09-30T12:35:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_FINAL.pdf: 645576 bytes, checksum: 5dcd3933e691c9eb4d85777d7f20904f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T12:35:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_FINAL.pdf: 645576 bytes, checksum: 5dcd3933e691c9eb4d85777d7f20904f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-19 / Neste trabalho, propusemos um modelo DSGE que busca responder algumas questões sobre políticas de afrouxamento monetário (Quantitative Easing - QE) recentemente implementadas em resposta à crise de 2008. Desenvolvemos um modelo DSGE com agentes heterogêneos e preferred-habitat nas compras de títulos do governo. Nosso modelo permite o estudo da otimalidade da compra de portfolio (em termos de duration dos títulos) para os bancos centrais quando estão implementando a política. Além disso, a estrutura heterogênea nos permite olhar para distribuição de renda provocada pelas compras de títulos. Nossos resultados preliminares evidenciam o efeito distributivo do QE. No entanto, nosso modelo expandido apresentou alguns problemas de estabilidade. / In this paper, we proposed a DSGE model that seeks to answer some questions about the recent implemented Quantitative Easing (QE) programs. Our framework is a DSGE model with heterogeneous agents and preferred-habitat in purchases of government bonds. It allows the study of optimality purchasing portfolio (in terms of duration of the bonds) for central banks when they are implementing the policy. Furthermore, the heterogeneous structure allows us to look at income distribution caused by purchases of these securities. Our preliminary results show some distributive effect of QE. However, our expanded model showed some stability problems.

In the first article, the seismic properties for a suite of rocks along the West Cycladic Detachment System (Greece) are calculated, using Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements and the minerals’ elastic stiffness tensors. Muscovite and glaucophane well defined crystallographic preferred orientation increases the seismic anisotropy. Maximum Pwave velocities have the same orientation as the Miocene extension and maximum S-wave anisotropy is subhorizontal, parallel with mineral alignment, suggesting strong radial anisotropy with a slow subvertical axis of symmetry. In the second article, teleseismic receiver functions are calculated for an array of stations in the Cyclades and decomposed into back-azimuth harmonics to visualise the variations in structure and anisotropy across the array. Synthetic receiver functions are modeled using the first order structural observations of seismic discontinuities and EBSD data. They indicate 5% of anisotropy with slow symmetry axis in the upper crust, and demonstrate the importance of rock textural constraints in seismic velocity profile interpretation.

It is proposed to continue operating the graphite moderated Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) fleet past its design life. Nuclear graphite's properties change in reactor and our limited mechanistic understanding of the relationship between graphite structure, across different lengthscales, and its properties limits our ability to predict its future behaviour. An improved understanding of the relationship between graphite's structural features, the relationship between features across different lengthscales and their effect on material properties would all contribute to a mechanistic understanding of graphite behaviour. Thermal expansion generates thermal strains and stresses in the graphite core during thermal transients, such as during reactor start-up and shut-down. Thermal expansion is a function of graphite crystal thermal expansion, crystallographic preferred orientation and microstructure, although the exact relationship between these is not understood. It is also altered by neutron irradiation. This thesis investigates graphite microstructure, virgin and irradiated, and its crystallographic preferred orientation, specifically as they pertain to thermal expansion. The microstructure of British nuclear graphites PGA and Gilsocarbon, used in the Magnox and AGR fleet respectively, have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Trepanned AGR graphite, that is, graphite drilled from the reactor brick during routine inspection is examined. These samples are from the 2012 Hinkley Point B inspection campaign and are taken from several points through the brick thickness. This provides a 'snap shot' of current AGR graphite condition. Deep trepan samples removed from further into the brick thickness are observed for the first time. Neutron damage was observed in Magnox graphite, irradiated in an inert environment in the material test reactor programme INEEL. The spatial variation in texture of PGA and Gilsocarbon, and the change in such texture after prestress was observed using synchrotron x-ray diffraction. Numerical models were used to identify the required texture change to produce changes in CTE, observed by other authors, during in-situ stress. PGA filler lamellae are arranged in parallel arrays and Gilsocarbon's smaller platelets are arranged in bunched clusters. Severe radiolytic oxidation is observed at all trepan locations, with oxidation decreasing away from the fuel. Radiolytic oxidation occurs at platelet edges. Texture measurements have indicated that PGA graphite exhibits significant spatial variation in texture. Gilsocarbon exhibits less variation but the variation observed is large enough to cause increased thermal stresses. Texture measurements of prestressed graphite have indicated that texture changes also vary spatially. Texture results and SEM observations indicate that spatial variation in texture is caused by spatial variation in microstructure. Changes to the filler particle during prestress may alter local texture. These results indicate there is a link between nuclear graphite's microstructure and its texture. The texture, a function of lamellae or platelet arrangement, determines its thermal expansion. Spatial variations in microstructure formed during manufacturing leads to spatial variations in CTE and possibly other texture sensitive properties, such as dimensional change. Deformation of the lamellae or platelets during stress; thermal creep or irradiation creep is expected to contribute to the observed change in properties associated with these stimuli.