Orientador: Márcia Guimarães da Silva / Banca: Rosane Ribeiro Figueiredo Alves / Banca: Luciane Alarcão Dias Melício / Resumo: Eventos inflamatórios na interface mateno-fetal estão pronunciados em gestações complicadas por prematuridade e a corioamnionite é reconhecida como a principal causa de morbimortalidade perinatal. As membranas corioamnióticas desempenham papel fundamental na imunidade inata local e inibem o crescimento de micro-organismos, em parte, pela expressão de β defensinas humanas (HBDs). Essas moléculas são antimicrobianos naturais que apresentam atividade antibatcteriana, antifúngica e antiviral e são produzidas por células epiteliais. Quantificar a expressão gênica e avaliar a imunolocalização de HBD-1, HBD-2 e HBD-3 em membranas corioamnióticas de gestações complicadas por prematuridade. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo e transversal. Fragmentos das membranas corioamnióticas foram coletadas de gestantes atendidas no Serviço de Obstetrícia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. O grupo estudo foi constituído por 25 membranas corioamnióticas de gestantes em Trabalho de Parto Prematuro na presença ou não de Rotura Prematura de Membranas Pré-Termo que tiveram parto prematuro como desfecho gestacional. Como grupo controle, 27 membranas corioamnióticas de gestações de termo em trabalho de parto foram analisadas. Fragmentos das membranas corioamnióticas foram fixadas em formalina a 10%, embebidas em parafina e seccionadas para análise da imunolocalização de HBD-1, HBD-2 e HBD-3 pela técnica de imunoistoquímica. Outros fragmentos das membranas corioamnióticas foram congelados em nitrogênio líquido e submetidos à extração do RNA total para posterior quantificação da expressão de RNAm de HBD-1, HBD-2 e HBD-3 empregando-se a técnica de PCR em tempo real utilizando o sistema TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems). Os resultados obtidos no estudo foram submetidos aos testes z e de Mann Whitney. O software empregado ... / Abstract: Inflammatory events can be pronounced in the maternal-fetal interface in pregnancies complicated by prematurity and chorioamnionitis is a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The chorioamniotic membranes play fundamental role in the local innate immunity and inhibit the microorganisms growth, partly by the expression of human β defensins (HBDs). These molecules are natural antimicrobials that present antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities and are produced by epithelial cells. To quantify the expression and to evaluate the immunolocalization of HBD-1, HBD-2 and HBD-3 in chorioamniotic membranes from pregnancies complicated by prematurity. This was a prospective controlled study. Fragments of chorioamniotic membranes were collected from pregnant women admitted at the Obstetrics Unit of the Clinical Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The study group consisted of 25 chorioamniotic membranes samples from pregnant women with preterm labor, in the presence or not of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM), who delivery prematurely. In the control group, 27 chorioamniotic membranes from pregnancies at term in the presence at labor were analysed. Samples of the chorioamniotic membranes were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin and sectioned for immunolocalization of HBD-1, HBD-2 and HBD-3 by immunohistochemistry technique. Other chorioamniotic membranes samples were collected in liquid nitrogen and total RNA was extracted to quantify mRNA expression of HBD-1, HBD-2 and HBD-3 using real time quantitative PCR employing the TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems). Statistical analyses were performed using z and Mann Whitney tests in SigmaStat Software and the level of significance adopted was of 5%. In relation to demographic and obstetrics data no statistically significant difference concerning maternal ... / Mestre

Orientador: Iracema de Mattos Paranhos Calderon / Banca: Roseli Mieko Yamamoto Nomura / Banca: Tamara Beres Lederer Goldberg / Resumo A inadequação do estado nutricional materno influencia o resultado da gestação. Especificamente as gestantes com sobrepeso e obesidade têm risco aumentado para intercorrências clínicas na gestação e consequente resultado adverso perinatal, que podem influenciar na saúde da mãe e do seu filho, não só durante a gestação e no pós-parto, como na vida adulta. OBJETIVO  Avaliar resultados maternos, do parto e dos recém-nascidos de gestações associadas a sobrepeso e obesidade. Avaliar resultados maternos, do parto e dos recém-nascidos de gestações associadas a sobrepeso e obesidade. Estudo prospectivo e descritivo, de uma coorte de 258 gestantes, que iniciaram o pré-natal antes da 20ª. semana. Não foram incluídas ou foram descontinuadas as gestantes classificadas como baixo peso, as gestações múltiplas e aquelas com malformações fetais. De acordo com o IMC pré-gestacional, as gestantes foram alocadas em três grupos: EUTROFIA  IMC pré-gestacional entre 18,5 e 24,9 Kg/m2 (N = 65); SOBREPESO  IMC pré-gestacional entre 25,0 e 29,9 Kg/m2 (N = 66) e OBESIDADE  IMC pré-gestacional ≥ 30,0 Kg/m2 (N = 127). Variáveis maternas, do parto e placenta e dos recém-nascidos foram comparadas entre os grupos. Na análise estatística foram empregados teste do Qui-quadrado, análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida do teste de Tukey e análise de regressão logística, com cálculo de odds ratio e respectivo IC95%. Adotou-se 95% como intervalo de confiança (p < 0,05). As adolescentes ( 19 anos) eram mais eutróficas e as gestantes com idade ≥ 35 anos tinham mais sobrepeso e obesidade (p < 0,001). O DM pré-gestacional apresentou associação significativa com a obesidade (15,74%). O ganho de peso foi menor nas gestantes classificadas como obesas (9,56  7,50 Kg) e maior proporção dessas gestantes (45,6%) apresentou GP < 8 Kg (p < 0,001) e aquelas com sobrepeso e obesidade praticaram mais exercício (p = 0,0100). ... / Abstract: Overweight and obesity are associated with increased risks of pregnancy complications and adverse perinatal outcomes, as well as short- and long-term risks for maternal and child health. To assess delivery, maternal and child outcomes in pregnancies associated with overweight and obesity. This descriptive prospective study included 258 pregnant women who started receiving prenatal care at 20 weeks of gestation. Cases of maternallow weight during pregnancy, multiple gestation, and fetal malformation were excluded. According to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), study participants were allocated into three groups: EUTROPHY- 18.5 < prepregnancy BMI< 24.9 Kgfm2 (n= 65); OVERWEIGHT - 25.0< prepregnancy BMI < 29.9 Kgfm2 (n = 66); and OBESITY- prepregnancy BMI ~ 30.0 Kgfm2 (n = 127). Statistical analyses were performed using the Chi-square test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the test of Tukey and logistic regression analysis calculating odds ratio and 95%CI (p < 0.05). Most eutrophic women were adolescents (:-;;;19 years) whereas overweight and obesity were mostly observed in women aged ~ 35 years (p < 0.001). Pregestational DM showed a significant association with obesity (15.74%). Weight gain (WG) was lower among women classified as obese (9.56 ± 7.50 Kg). In largest proportion (45.6%) of women with GP < 8 Kg was found in the obesity group, (p < 0,001). Exercising was more frequent in the overweight and obesity groups (p = 0.0100). A greater proportion of obese mothers (13.39%) had large for gestational age babies (p = 0.0209), and highest mean chest perimeter, abdominal perimeter, placental weight, and placental index. Overweight and obesity increased the risk of gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, and mild hyperglycemia. The infants born to obese mothers stayed in hospital for a longer time (3.86 ± 3.93) (p = 0.005). Our results confirm adverse outcomes and underscore the importance of identifying and ... / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-04-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_acp_dr_botfm_parcial.pdf: 553327 bytes, checksum: c2410e255893ef752e174e125ce2c711 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-04-28T18:31:58Z: martins_acp_dr_botfm_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-04-28T18:32:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000716371.pdf: 530039 bytes, checksum: 1fef52ae8881853b9ff392c716297d0d (MD5) / Not available

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:32:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000750044.pdf: 1066568 bytes, checksum: b9c9827836a3a05f6103e4c726fd72d6 (MD5) / Eventos inflamatórios na interface mateno-fetal estão pronunciados em gestações complicadas por prematuridade e a corioamnionite é reconhecida como a principal causa de morbimortalidade perinatal. As membranas corioamnióticas desempenham papel fundamental na imunidade inata local e inibem o crescimento de micro-organismos, em parte, pela expressão de β defensinas humanas (HBDs). Essas moléculas são antimicrobianos naturais que apresentam atividade antibatcteriana, antifúngica e antiviral e são produzidas por células epiteliais. Quantificar a expressão gênica e avaliar a imunolocalização de HBD-1, HBD-2 e HBD-3 em membranas corioamnióticas de gestações complicadas por prematuridade. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo e transversal. Fragmentos das membranas corioamnióticas foram coletadas de gestantes atendidas no Serviço de Obstetrícia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. O grupo estudo foi constituído por 25 membranas corioamnióticas de gestantes em Trabalho de Parto Prematuro na presença ou não de Rotura Prematura de Membranas Pré-Termo que tiveram parto prematuro como desfecho gestacional. Como grupo controle, 27 membranas corioamnióticas de gestações de termo em trabalho de parto foram analisadas. Fragmentos das membranas corioamnióticas foram fixadas em formalina a 10%, embebidas em parafina e seccionadas para análise da imunolocalização de HBD-1, HBD-2 e HBD-3 pela técnica de imunoistoquímica. Outros fragmentos das membranas corioamnióticas foram congelados em nitrogênio líquido e submetidos à extração do RNA total para posterior quantificação da expressão de RNAm de HBD-1, HBD-2 e HBD-3 empregando-se a técnica de PCR em tempo real utilizando o sistema TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems). Os resultados obtidos no estudo foram submetidos aos testes z e de Mann Whitney. O software empregado... / Inflammatory events can be pronounced in the maternal-fetal interface in pregnancies complicated by prematurity and chorioamnionitis is a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The chorioamniotic membranes play fundamental role in the local innate immunity and inhibit the microorganisms growth, partly by the expression of human β defensins (HBDs). These molecules are natural antimicrobials that present antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities and are produced by epithelial cells. To quantify the expression and to evaluate the immunolocalization of HBD-1, HBD-2 and HBD-3 in chorioamniotic membranes from pregnancies complicated by prematurity. This was a prospective controlled study. Fragments of chorioamniotic membranes were collected from pregnant women admitted at the Obstetrics Unit of the Clinical Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The study group consisted of 25 chorioamniotic membranes samples from pregnant women with preterm labor, in the presence or not of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM), who delivery prematurely. In the control group, 27 chorioamniotic membranes from pregnancies at term in the presence at labor were analysed. Samples of the chorioamniotic membranes were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin and sectioned for immunolocalization of HBD-1, HBD-2 and HBD-3 by immunohistochemistry technique. Other chorioamniotic membranes samples were collected in liquid nitrogen and total RNA was extracted to quantify mRNA expression of HBD-1, HBD-2 and HBD-3 using real time quantitative PCR employing the TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems). Statistical analyses were performed using z and Mann Whitney tests in SigmaStat Software and the level of significance adopted was of 5%. In relation to demographic and obstetrics data no statistically significant difference concerning maternal ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 soares_rr_me_botfm.pdf: 364377 bytes, checksum: 7efb179111fa9d8dfaa36aa0c665dc61 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Para avaliar a história natural da Mola Hidatiforme (MH) em adolescentes e comparar o curso dessa doença entre adolescentes e não-adolescentes, com ênfase em fatores de risco para a evolução à neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional pós MH. Esse estudo coorte não concorrente colaborativo internacional incluiu pacientes com MH acompanhadas no Centro de Doença Trofoblástica Gestacional, da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, SP; do Hospital Universitário de Caracas, da Universidade Central de Venezuela e da Maternidad Concepción Palácios, Caracas, Venezuela, entre janeiro de 1990 e dezembro de 2009. Grupos etários (12-19 anos = adolescentes e 20-53 anos adultas) foram usados como variáveis preditivas. Idade gestacional ao diagnóstico (semanas), tamanho uterino compatível com a idade gestacional, sangramento uterino, anemia, cistos teca-luteínicos > 6 cm, hiperemese, presença de pré-eclâmpsia, níveis séricos de hCG e tipo histológico da MH (parcial ou completa) foram usadas como variáveis moderadoras/mediadoras. MH evoluindo para Neoplasia Trofoblástica Gestacional (NTG) foi considerada variável de desfecho. Das 955 pacientes avaliadas, 295 eram adolescentes (30,9%). Análise de regressão logística mostrou que MH completa foi mais frequente em adolescentes que em adultas (6,19 e 3,61 respectivamente OR: 0,58 IC: 95% 0,40 – 0,85). Houve significante associação entre MH completa e o risco de desenvolvimento de NTG pós MH, independentemente da idade (OR: 2,55; IC: 95% 1,87 - 3,47). Entretanto, a incidência de NTG pós Mola Completa em adolescentes foi menor (20,1%; 51/254) do que em adultas (31,3%; 162/517) (p = 0,16; OR: 0,79; IC: 95% 0,57-1,09). Embora MH seja duas vezes mais freqüente durante a adolescência do que na fase adulta (≥ 20 anos), nenhum aumento na incidência de NTG pós-molar foi observado entre adolescentes. De fato, a adolescência pareceu ter um efeito protetor contra o NTG pós-molar / To assess the natural history of hydatidiform mole (HM) in adolescents, and compare the course of this disease between adolescents and non-adolescents, with emphasis on the risk factors for post-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). This collaborative international nonconcurrent cohort study included HM patients attending the Botucatu Center of Trophoblastic Diseases (São Paulo State University, Brazil), Caracas University Hospital (Universidad Central da Venezuela), and Maternidad Concepción Palácios de Caracas (Venezuela) between January/1990 and December/2009. Life stage (12-19 yrs= adolescence; 20-53 yrs= adulthood) was used as the predictive variable. Gestational age at diagnosis (weeks), uterine size compatibility with gestational age, vaginal bleeding, anemia, thecaluteinic cyst > 6cm, hyperemesis, preeclampsia, serum hCG level, and HM histologic type (partial or complete) were used as moderating/mediating variables. HM development into GTN was considered the outcome variable. Of the 955 patients with HM enrolled, 295 were adolescents (30.9%). Logistic regression analysis showed that complete HM was more frequent in adolescents than in adults (6.19 and 3.61, respectively, OR: 0.58; 95% IC: 0.40 – 0.85). There was a significant association between complete HM and risk of developing post-molar GTN regardless of age (OR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.87-3.47). However, the incidence of GTN following complete mole was lower in adolescents (20.1%, 51/254) than in adults (31.3%, 162/517) (p = 0.16; OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.57- 1.09). Although complete HM is two-fold more frequent during adolescence than during adulthood (≥ 20years), no increase in the incidence of postmolar GTN was observed in adolescents. Indeed, adolescence seemed to have a protective effect against post-molar GTN

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:59:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pio_dam_me_botfm.pdf: 418812 bytes, checksum: 67f703457804df16fa3f3a35d602fa6f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As síndromes hipertensivas são as complicações mais frequentes na gestação constituindo, no Brasil, como primeira causa de mortalidade materna. Devido à importância do tema ligado à gestação de alto risco, várias discussões vêm sendo realizadas no âmbito das políticas públicas em saúde e no campo das recomendações de procedimentos técnicos. Na gravidez, há situações favoráveis e adversas, que podem provocar e acentuar angústias e transtornos, manifestados no plano psicológico e psicossomático. É consensual na psicologia e na psicanálise a importância das primeiras relações. A mãe é considerada a principal referência emocional no início da vida, importante para a construção psíquica, afetiva e social do filho. Para a mulher, por sua vez, o processo de tornar-se mãe, provoca conflitos primitivos e transformações profundas e abrangentes. Objetivou-se compreender a constituição da relação afetiva mãe-bebê, na gravidez de alto risco, considerando a vivência psíquica das mulheres com o diagnóstico de pré-eclâmpsia. O estudo foi realizado com a participação de nove gestantes, em sua maior parte durante a internação no Hospital Materno-Infantil (HMI), da Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA). Foi realizada entrevista semi-estruturada na gestação. O estudo teve abordagem qualitativa, com análise de conteúdo temática e enfoque norteado por referenciais psicanalíticos. Os temas emergentes foram: Sentimentos frente à descoberta da gravidez; As Expectativas: da ambivalência ao vínculo mãe-bebê; Maternidade e maternagem: crise vital ou risco? e, A hipertensão na gestação: perspectivas psicossomáticas e repercussões emocionais da doença. O desejo da maternidade foi manifesto, na maior parte das gestantes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / The hypertension syndromes are the most frequent complications in pregnancy and in Brazil, the first cause of maternal mortality. Due to the importance of the subject connected to high-risk pregnancy, several discussions have been held within the framework of public policies in health and in the field of technical procedures recommendations. In pregnancy, there are favorable and unfavorable situations, which can cause and exacerbate distress and inconvenience, manifested in psychological and psychosomatic plan. It is consensus in psychology and psychoanalysis the importance of early relationships. The mother is considered the main emotional reference in early life, important to mental, affective and social construction of the child. For the woman, the process of becoming a mother provokes primitive conflicts besides deep and wide range transformations. The purpose was to understand the constitution of affective mother-baby relationship, high-risk pregnancy, considering the psychic experience of women with pre-eclampsia diagnosis. The study was conducted with the participation of nine pregnant women, mostly during the hospitalization in Hospital Materno-Infantil (HMI), Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA). Structured way interview in gestation was held. The study had qualitative approach with thematic content analysis and approach guided by benchmarks psychoanalytic articles. The emerging themes were: Feelings about the discovery of pregnancy; The expectations: from ambivalence to the connection between mother-baby; Maternity and mothering: vital crisis or risk? and, hypertension in pregnancy: Psychosomatic perspectives and emotional repercussions of the disease. The desire of motherhood was stated in most pregnant women, despite the risk, with a mental representation of the baby and... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Orientador: Mary Angela Parpinelli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T14:35:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matias_JacintaPereira_D.pdf: 7455343 bytes, checksum: 539cc9a97df5792813218e5f0cde9a01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Objetivos: analisar a tendência da mortalidade de mulheres em idade reprodutiva por grupos de causas, enfatizando a mortalidade materna. Métodos: estudo populacional de série temporal, através de banco de dados eletrônico com informações da declaração de óbito (DO) emitido pela Fundação SEADE, correspondente ao total de óbitos de mulheres de 10 a 49 anos, residentes no município de Jundiaí, São Paulo, no período de 1985 a 2006. Realizou-se a conversão das causas básicas de todas as DO anteriores a 1996, codificadas pela Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID), 9ª revisão, e a recodificação pela CID, 10ª. revisão. Calcularam-se os coeficientes específicos de mortalidade por capítulos da CID10, por algumas causas e por subgrupos etários por 100.000 mulheres. As estimativas populacionais e o número de nascidos vivos (NV) foram obtidos dos registros da Fundação SEADE. A análise de tendência foi realizada pelo método de regressão de Poisson ajustado pelos períodos de 1985-89, 1990-94, 1995-99, 2000-06, e por faixa etária. Os riscos relativos e os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados. Calculou-se a razão de morte materna (RMM) oficial e corrigida para o período de 1999 a 2006. A investigação das causas maternas declaradas ou presumíveis foi realizada através dos arquivos do comitê municipal de investigação da morte materno-infantil (CMIMM). Resultados: a mortalidade geral de mulheres em idade reprodutiva apresentou tendência decrescente a partir do período de 1995-99, RR 0,85 (0,77-0,93), e de 2000-06, RR 0,47 (0,43-0,51). As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), as neoplasias e as causas externas foram os principais grupos de causas. As mortes por DCV reduziram significativamente a partir de 1995 e passaram para a 2a causa de morte no período de 2000-06. A mortalidade por neoplasias manteve-se estável, com pequena variação nos coeficientes (23,8 em 1985-89 para 25,7 em 2000-06) e passou a ocupar a primeira causa de morte, no último período. Os coeficientes de mortalidade por causas externas foram significativamente decrescentes, no último período, e mantiveram-se como a terceira causa de morte. Não houve tendência de redução da mortalidade por agressões e por AIDS. A mortalidade materna foi a 10a causa de morte no último período. A RMM corrigida foi de 29,4 mortes por 100.000 NV, para o período de 1999 a 2006, com subnotificação de 50% e fator de correção 2. As mortes maternas foram por causas majoritariamente diretas, sendo as síndromes hipertensivas e a infecção as mais prevalentes. Conclusões: os resultados mostraram melhoria das condições de vida e de saúde das mulheres, entretanto a ausência de queda da mortalidade por causas evitáveis, como agressões e AIDS, aponta para a necessidade de políticas públicas sociais e de programas preventivos. A prevalência das causas obstétricas diretas, principalmente as síndromes hipertensivas, sugere a necessidade de revisão de protocolo assistencial e falha na integração entre os níveis de assistência obstétrica ambulatorial e hospitalar. É necessário aperfeiçoar a atribuição da causa materna de morte e promover a publicação periódica da investigação das mesmas pelo CMIMM / Abstract: Objectives: to analyze the mortality trend of reproductive age women per causal groups, emphasizing maternal mortality. Methods: a time series population study with death certificate (DC) information, through electronic database issued by the SEADE Foundation, corresponding to the total number of deaths from women age 10 to 49 years old, residing in the municipality of Jundiaí, São Paulo, in the period from 1985 to 2006. The basic cause of all DC conversion before 1996 was performed. Causes were coded by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 9th revision, recoding was performed by the ICD, 10th revision, was performed. The specific rates of mortality per ICD 10 chapters were calculated by some causes and age subgroups per 100.000 women. The population estimates and the number of live births (LV) were obtained from the SEADE Foundation records. The trend analysis was performed by the Poisson regression model adjusted for the periods of 1985-89, 1990-94, 1995-99, 2000-06, and age group. The related risks and confidence intervals of 95% (CI 95%) were calculated. The official maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was calculated and corrected for the period from 1999 to 2006. The investigation of the stated or presumptive maternal causes was performed through the files of ¿Comitê Municipal de Investigação da Morte Materno-infantil¿ (CMMMI). Results: the general mortality of reproductive age women displayed a decreasing trend from the period of 1995-99, RR 0.85 (0.77-0.93), and of 2000-06, RR 0.47 (0.43-0.51). The cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neoplasm and external causes were the main groups of causes. The deaths per CVD were reduced from 1995, with significant trend and turned into the second cause of death in the period of 2000-06. The mortality per neoplasm was kept stable, with little rate variation (23.8 in 1985-89 to 25.7 in 2000-06) and started occupying the first cause of death in the latter period. The mortality rates per external causes decreased, with a significant trend in the latter period, and continued as the third cause of death. There wasn¿t decrease in mortality per aggressions and AIDS. The maternal mortality was the 10th cause of death in the latter period. The corrected MMR was 29.4 deaths per 100.000 LB, for the period from 1999 to 2006, with an underreporting rate of 50% and a correction factor of 2. The maternal deaths were mostly direct causes and hypertensive syndromes and infection predominated. Conclusions: the results point out to an improvement in and health and quality of life in these women. However, an increase in mortality for avoidable causes, such as aggressions and AIDS, points to the need of social public policies and prevention programs. The prevalence of direct obstetric causes as determining factors, mainly the hypertensive syndromes, suggests the need of healthcare protocol review and possible failure of integration between the obstetric outpatient and healthcare levels. It is necessary to improve the attribution of the maternal mortality cause and promote periodic publication of death causes investigation by the CMMMI / Doutorado / Tocoginecologia / Doutor em Tocoginecologia

M.Tech. (Radiography) / Monitoring the growth and wellbeing of the foetus is a major purpose of antenatal care. The use of diagnostic ultrasound to assess foetal wellbeing has become an important part of prenatal care in both low and high risk pregnancies. Pre-eclampsia and foetal growth restriction (FGR) remains important causes of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Pre-eclampsia is characterised by an abnormal vascular response to placentation and is a multisystem disorder of unknown cause specific to pregnancy which affects the health of both mother and fetus. Prep-eclampsia complicates between 2 and B % of all pregnancies and is the second most common cause of maternal deaths in the developing world. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of uterine artery spectral Doppler screening in the prediction of pregnancies with a high risk of developing pre-eclampsia or FGR before the clinical onset of the disease. The research objectives were to: 1) Determine the sensitivity of first and second trimester uterine artery spectral Doppler assessment in predicting pre-eclampsia or FGR Identify associations between normal and abnormal uterine artery Doppler waveforms and pregnancy outcomes. 2) Determine the most effective Doppler indices 3) Develop ultrasound management guidelines The data was statistically analyzed to determine the sensitivity of uterine artery Doppler screening. In this study uterine artery Doppler screening performed well. in the risk assessment of the most severe cases of pre-eclampsia and FGR. A larger prospective multicenter trial in South Africa is long overdue and therefore a follow-up study to assess Doppler as a screening tool in a high risk population, as per the guidelines formulated.

In the United States alone, hundreds of millions of blood tests are performed annually, and a significant number of those tests are compromised due to hemolysis: e.g., 31% compromised in emergency rooms (inpatient) and 10% at blood banks, clinics, and other outpatient venues. Currently there is no way to reliably detect hemolysis without plasma separation. As a result, significant delays ensue, potentially negatively affecting patient diagnosis and treatment. In addition to in vitro hemolysis, which compromises the quality of blood tests, hemolysis can also occur in vivo. The in vivo occurrence of hemolysis is an indication of life-threatening complications. Being able to detect early signs of in vivo hemolysis would significantly improve outcomes for many patients, including pregnant women affected by HELLP (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Low Platelet counts) syndrome. Therefore, there is a critical need to be able to detect hemolysis near the patient, immediately following the collecting of blood sample. The goal of this research is to provide an alternative to the traditional testing of blood samples, which requires large volumes of blood, centrifugation, and bulky instrumentation. The proposed alternative hemolysis detection system is a simple miniature setup that produces test results in minutes. This miniature, near-patient sensor would improve patients’ diagnosis, treatments, general satisfaction, and overall experience. The potential reduction of healthcare costs associated with hemolysis would be another significant benefit. The technology demonstrated in this dissertation is based on a novel combination of microfluidics, spectroscopy, and optical-fiber sensing. The microfluidics provide the capability to handle small volumes of liquid and to filter particles from solution. Novel membrane fabrication and modular integration provides the means to characterize and culture the captured particles. Spectroscopy and optical fibers provide the means to characterize the filtrate. These capabilities can be used for not only the detection of hemolysis but also other biomedical applications. . The first step in detecting hemolysis is to separate blood cells and other unwanted particulates from the plasma needed for optical analysis of concentration of hemoglobin. To that end, we focused initially on the problem of particle separation—specifically, within a microfabricated chamber with a custom-designed transparent membrane. To create a miniature microfluidic system capable of processing microliter blood samples, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication techniques were required. The fabrication process included steps such as low-stress vapor deposition, photolithography, plasma, and wet etching. The resulting microdevice proved capable of filtering a variety of biological test fluids, including human lung fibroblast cancer cells from medium. The transparent membrane also allows for spectroscopic studies in broader applications, such as spectroscopic analysis or culturing of the cells retained on the filter. These capabilities were demonstrated using microbeads and cancer cells in solution. Optical techniques are used to analyze the separated blood plasma for concentration of hemoglobin. To integrate spectroscopic capabilities with the above microfluidics system, an optical fiber–based miniature probe was attached to the microfabricated chamber. As proof of concept, this system was tested in an application that required the measurement of physiologically relevant concentrations of cobalamin (vitamin B12). This application was used to address human error in drug administration showing measurements of cobalamin concentration as an example drug that can be monitored. The clinical means range of concentrations is from 1 µg/ml to 1000 µg/ml. The achieved results showed measurements of concentrations between 1 µg /mL to 5 mg/mL to monitor the physiological range and potential overdose in microliter of volume. This device has potential for numerous applications, ranging from single cell spectroscopy to measurements of glucose concentrations. This integrated system was then applied to the detection of hemolysis. The complete system conducts optofluidic spectroscopy with the optical fiber probe connected to the microfabricated chamber, which locally filters out blood cells, and reliably determine amount of free hemoglobin with the need for centrifuging. The utility of the device was demonstrated by its accurate measurement of hemoglobin concentrations in blood plasma. Finally, to apply the concept of the detection system to clinical condition with a reliable, and low-cost system, especially useful for developing countries, a smartphone-based technology, is proposed. This technology delivers ultra-fast results for the detection of early signs of HELLP syndrome and preeclampsia with the goal to decrease mortality and morbidity. The smartphone-based diagnostics is low cost, high speed of operation together with high accuracy. Detection of 1 mg/dL of free hemoglobin was achieved which is comparable to gold standard assay which are time consuming, difficult to operate and expensive. This technology, in summary, integrates microfluidics with microfiltration and spectroscopic technology to conveniently separate and characterize blood plasma. The device can also provide important information about other complex biological samples. These measurements require only very small sample volumes.

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