O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar comparativamente as parcelas operacionais das práticas mortuárias entre sociedades pescadoras-coletoras que viveram no litoral centronorte de São Paulo entre em 5040 a 1381BP. Foram estudados os dados mortuários dos sítios Piaçaguera, Tenório, Mar Virado e Buracão. Entre a Baixada Santista e o litoral norte, um significativo número de sepultamentos foi escavado por arqueólogos da Universidade de São Paulo entre em 1962 a 2004. Foram formuladas 57 variáveis culturais e biológicas distribuídas entre 203 inumações. O Capítulo 1 apresenta as estratégias teóricas gerais e específicas em arqueologia das práticas mortuárias. As características estruturais e ambientais dos sítios arqueológicos foram esboçadas no Capítulo 2. O Capítulo 3 inclui as terminologias e classificações para a descrição dos sepultamentos e seus conteúdos. Nos Capítulos 4 e 5 são comparados os dados mortuários e descritos os contextos arqueológicos dos sepultamentos: corpo, acompanhamentos funerários e outras associações. No Capítulo 6 é apresentada uma síntese sobre a distribuição dos sexos e grupos etários entre os sítios e sobre as modificações diversas nos esqueletos, patológicas ou não. Apresentamos uma síntese das variações e similaridades no interior de instâncias específicas das práticas mortuárias entre os sítios e seus reflexos quanto as dinâmicas socioculturais envolvidas, carreadas intencionalmente ao sistema de símbolos mortuários pelas sociedades dos vivos / The objective of this work is to analyze the operational portions of the mortuary practices comparatively among fisher-gatherer societies that lived in the coast center-north of Sao Paulo (5040 to 1381BP). Between the Santos and the northern coast, a significant number of burials was excavated by archeologists of the University of Sao Paulo enters in 1962 to 2004. They were studied the mortuary data of the archaeological sites Piaçaguera, Tenorio, Mar Virado and Buracao: 57 cultural and biological variables were formulated distributed among 203 inhumations. The Chapter 1 presents the general and specific theoretical strategies in Archaeology of the Mortuary Practices. The structural and environmental characteristics of the archeological sites were sketched in the Chapter 2. The Chapter 3 includes the terminologies and classifications for the description of the burials and their contents. In the Chapters 4 and 5 the mortuary data are compared and described the archeological contexts of the burials: body, attendances mortuaries and other associations. In the Chapter 6 a synthesis is presented on the distribution of the sexes and age groups among the sites and about the several pathological or non-patologic modifications in the skeletons. We presented the synthesis of the variations and similarities inside specific instances of the mortuary practices between the four groups and their reflexes the the involved sociocultural dynamics, carted intentionally to the system of mortuary symbols by the societies

Dans cette étude paléontologique, plusieurs méthodes ont été mises au point pour tester les hypothèses sur l’utilité des mustélidés en tant que signal paléoécologique, paléoenvironnemental et chronologique pour les sites préhistoriques du Paléolithique. Les genres Gulo, Martes, Mustela et Meles du Pléistocène et de l’Holocène de la moitié Sud de la France sont étudiés sous l’angle de l’anatomie comparée, de la biométrie et de la morphométrie géométrique sur un matériel très varié : crânien, dentaire et post-crânien. Les mustélidés proviennent de nombreux sites différents par leur âge, climat et altitude : Saint- Vallier, la Caune de l’Arago, Orgnac 3, le Lazaret, le Portel-Ouest, La Fage, La Marche, Siréjol, Villereversure, La Tanne du Beau Prince, la grotte des frères Traversat, Tuchan et Ambrussum. Cette approche systémique a permis de découvrir de nouveaux outils de sexage des mustélidés, sur les I3 notamment. L’indice de constriction orbitaire que nous avons établi livre une diagnose sexuelle très claire sur les blaireaux. La pente de la droite de régression des P4 et des Canines supérieures chez Mustela montre une distinction entre M. martes et M. foina. Nous confirmons la grande variabilité morphologique de ces petits Carnivores, qui reflète les environnements dans lesquels ils vivent ou ont vécu et qui est plus importante que la distinction spécifique chez Martes martes et Martes foina. De même, nous proposons Melesmeles atavus comme sous-espèce chronologique du Pléistocène moyen et présent à la Caune de l’Arago.De plus, les M. thorali, M. palerminea, M. praenivalis présentent plutôt des mandibules robustes et des dents graciles par rapport à leurs homologues actuels. / In this paleontological study, several methods have been developed to test hypotheses about the utility of mustelids as a paleoecological, palaeoenvironmental and chronological signal for prehistoric Paleolithic sites. The genera Gulo, Martes, Mustela and Meles of the Pleistocene and the Holocene of the half of the South of France are studied from the angle of comparative anatomy, biometry and geometrical morphometry on a very varied material: cranial, dental and postcranial. Mustelids come from various sites differed by age, climate and altitude: Saint-Vallier, Caune de l'Arago, Orgnac 3, Lazaret, Portel-Ouest, La Fage, La Marche, Siréjol, Villereversure, the Tanne du Beau Prince, Frères Traversat’s cave, Tuchan and Ambrussum. This systemic approach made it possible to discover new tools for sexing mustelids, particularly on I3. The post-orbital constriction index that we have established provides a very clear sexual diagnosis of badgers. The slope of the regression line of P4 and upper Canines of Mustela shows a distinction between M. martes and M. foina. We confirm the great morphological variability of these small carnivores, that reflects the environments in which they live or have lived and which is more important than the specific distinction in Martes martes and Martes foina. Similarly, we propose Meles meles atavus as a chronological subspecies of the Middle Pleistocene and present at the Caune de l'Arago. In addition, M. thorali, M. palerminea, M. praenivalis have strong mandibles and slender teeth compared to their current counterparts.

This thesis presents a holistic study of connections in the Altai Mountains of the eastern Eurasian Steppe, as shown by rock-art. Currently divided by four countries, pecked images (petroglyphs) and painted images from the 2^nd-1^st millennium BCE have been subjected to very separate research traditions, exacerbated by language barriers. This thesis focusses on the entire Altai Mountain range as a study area, integrating research published in Chinese and Russian, with supplementary literature in Kazakh and Mongolian consulted. To demonstrate the potential for connectivity and, consequently, movement, a map of accessibility was generated, showing that there are various optimal routes for movement throughout the Altai. The locations of rock-art sites relative to these routes indicate that movement was a key feature contributing to the creation of rock-art. Examining topographic features in the vicinity of rock-art sites of three regions (Mongolia, Russia, PRC) highlighted an association between watercourses and sites, whilst studying the micro-landscape within panels found that the creators of rock-art were not representing the tangible spatial relationship of figures to the landscape. More broadly, similarities between motifs at rock-art sites, as well as on portable art, demonstrate that the people making them, regardless of whether they were aware of it or not, were part of a wider understanding of how to depict subjects. Evidence of this understanding can be found even in regions with very different cultural backgrounds to the Steppe, such as the Chinese Central Plains, demonstrating that groups outside of the Steppe were aware of and using this way of representing. By combining analysis of motifs with that of the landscape, this thesis demonstrates that rock-art as a practice was inherently linked with to the landscape, whereas content and style are more indicative of a wide-ranging belief system amongst Steppe pastoralists, which was expressed aesthetically.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

L’archéologie paléolithique peine à esquisser la complexité des sociétés humaines. Le principal obstacle qui demeure concerne les réalités sociales, culturelles, et finalement humaines, que sous-tendent les vestiges qu’elle exhume. La méthode élaborée dans le cadre de cette thèse a pour ambition de compléter la réflexion menée sur la définition des « cultures » et des « territoires » préhistoriques, en les abordant du point de vue des unités sociales et de leurs dynamiques. Cette étude s’est également efforcée de réviser l’analyse des styles et le rôle des objets ornés dans les dynamiques sociales des chasseurs-cueilleurs préhistoriques. À cette fin, la réflexion menée repose sur un postulat fondamental : le fait anthropologique que la culture matérielle est partie prenante des processus d’identification et d’interactions sociales, à la fois participant et étant influencée par ces comportements. Le style des objets (manière de faire) et leur répartition dépendent donc des interactions entre individus et groupes, en lien étroit avec leur environnement naturel et social. Il est donc fait appel à des récurrences anthropologiques qui fournissent des clés de lecture pour la distribution et l’évolution des styles de la culture matérielle au regard des contextes et dynamiques sociales qui en sont responsables. Cette méthode est testée sur une approche synchronique et diachronique des objets ornés du Magdalénien, mis au jour dans le centre-ouest de la France (environ 18 000 à 12 000 ans BP). Cette étude est complétée d’une discussion transdisciplinaire des hypothèses interprétatives ainsi formulées. / Palaeolithic archaeology struggles to reach human societies complexity. The main issue relates to social, cultural, and overall human realities underlying the excavated remains. The methodology herein developed aims at clarifying the characterization of prehistoric “cultures” and “territories” by approaching them through social units and their dynamics. Moreover, the present study endeavours to revise style analysis and the part played by ornamented goods within prehistoric hunter-gatherers’ social interactions. The keystone to this issue relies on the anthropological fact that material culture is “an active constitutive dimension of social practice in that it both structures human agency and is a product of that agency” (Jones, 1997). Consequently, its styles depend on interaction modalities and evolution, in relation to their natural and social environment (mainly resources and human demography). Therefore, this research invokes social anthropology’s recurrences which provide a fundamental framework to interpret distribution and changes of styles depending on the context and social dynamics influences. The present methodology is experimented on a synchronic and diachronic approach of Magdalenian portable art from western central France (ca. 18 000 to 12 000 years BP). This study is completed by a transdisciplinary discussion of the herein devised interpretative hypotheses.

<p>The main purpose of this study is to view the aims of the local authority of Botkyrka for their prehistoric village, and to compare those with the actual activities in the village.</p><p>Because of no official formulated aims, the study were laboured through interviews, observations, analysis of evaluations and a parallell literature study.</p><p>For the visiting pupils today, the village has an introduction, but not a follow-up. Pedagogically the follow-up is the most important part, seeing that it’s there the knowledge is created in relation to the experience.</p><p>Through experience-pedagogy, based on learning by doing, try to attain an experience intended to generate knowledge. But in this case, the focus lands on doing, and the reflection fails to occur. This is a learning based on the situation, rather than on the reflection, situated learning.</p> / <p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att synliggöra Botkyrka kommuns syften och mål med den i kommunen belägna, järnåldersbyn. Samt att väga dessa gentemot den faktiska verksamheten.</p><p>På grund av saknandet av officiellt formulerade syften och mål, baseras studien på intervjuer, observationer och analyser av utvärderingar, samt en parallellt pågående litteratur studie.</p><p>För de besökande har byn idag en introduktionsdag, men ingen uppföljning. Pedagogiskt är uppföljningen den viktigaste delen i en upplevelse pedagogisk verksamhet. Efter som det är där kunskap skapas i relation till upplevelsen.</p><p>Avsikten i denna järnåldersby är att genom metoden learning by doing, skall barnen nå en upplevelse och inlevelse som skall generera kunskap. Men i detta fall, så har fokusen landat på görandet, och reflektionen uteblir. Detta sorts lärande, baserat på situationen snarare än på reflektionen, kallas Situerat lärande.</p>

<p>This is a study about life and death in prehistory, based on the material remains from the Early Bronze Age on the Greek mainland (<i>c.</i> 3100-2000 BC). It deals with the settings of daily life in the Early Helladic period, and the lives and experiences of people within it.</p><p>The analyses are based on practices of Early Helladic individuals or groups of people and are context specific, focussing on the interaction between people and their surroundings. I present a picture of the Early Helladic people living their lives, moving through and experiencing their settlements and their surroundings, actively engaged in the appearance and workings of these surroundings. Thus, this is also a book about relationships: how the Early Helladic people related to their surroundings, how results of human activity were related to the natural topography, how parts of settlements and spheres of life were related to each other, how material culture was related to its users, to certain activities and events, and how everything is related to the archaeological remains on which we base our interpretations.</p><p><i>Life and death in Early Helladic</i> <i>Greece</i> is the overall subject, and this double focus is manifested in a loose division of the book into two halves. The first deals primarily with settlement contexts, while the second is devoted to mortuary contexts. After an introduction, the study is divided into three parts, dealing with the house, the past in the past and the mortuary sphere, comprising three stops along the continuum of life and death within Early Helladic communities. Subsequently, mortuary practices provide the basis for a concluding part of the book, in which the analysis is taken further to illustrate the interconnectedness of different parts of Early Helladic life (and death).</p>

Excavations conducted at Indian Sands (35-CU-67C), located along Oregon's southern coast, during 2002 and 2003 identified two discreet, artifact-bearing stratigraphic units. The uppermost unit is a deflated surface containing burnt shell and lithic artifacts associated with early Holocene ¹⁴C dates, while the underlying unit contained only lithic tools and debitage, some of which were associated with a ¹⁴C date of 10,430 ± 150 RCYBP. The late Pleistocene lithic assemblage at 35-CU-67C provides the earliest evidence for human presence on the Oregon coast to date. Analysis performed on the late Pleistocene assemblage addresses the validity of existing hypotheses regarding the nature of early Oregon coastal hunter-gatherer technological and subsistence strategies. These hypotheses are focused on whether early populations on the Oregon coast practiced a generalist-forager or collector subsistence strategy. Using theoretical approaches that deal with the organization of hunter-gatherer technology, analyses were conducted on the lithic tool and debitage assemblages at 35-CU- 67C in order to infer past hunter-gatherer behavior. Through the implementation of multiple tool and debitage analysis methodologies, issues of hunter-gatherer mobility, raw material procurement, stages of lithic reduction, tool production, and site function are presented. The data generated by the late Pleistocene lithic assemblage at 35-CU-67C are compared with the overlying surficial assemblage, additional early sites along the North American Pacific coast, and to contemporaneous sites located further inland within the Pacific Northwest region. Results of the lithic analyses at 35-CU-67C show distinct similarities in debitage trends between the assemblages of each stratigraphic unit. However, when tool assemblages from these units are compared, discrepancies in the types and amount of tools are found. Reasons for intra-site variability and similarity are explained through raw material studies and site function at 35-CU-67C. Additionally, similarities between the early tool assemblage at 35-CU-67C and those found in early tool assemblages on the extended Pacific coast and interior Pacific Northwest regions are discussed. This thesis demonstrates that early southern Oregon coastal populations had a tendency towards high mobility and used a generalized toolkit organization. Early lithic technology used at 35-CU-67C emphasized multidirectional core technology and biface manufacture in the form of preforms and leaf-shaped projectile-points. This type of technological organization is to be expected from hunter-gatherers practicing a generalist-forager subsistence strategy. Based on the 10,430 ± 150 RCYBP date and technological organization at 35-CU-67C, early Oregon coastal occupation is seen as encompassing a generalist-forager subsistence strategy most likely adapted to both coastal and terrestrial environments. / Graduation date: 2005

This is a study about life and death in prehistory, based on the material remains from the Early Bronze Age on the Greek mainland (c. 3100-2000 BC). It deals with the settings of daily life in the Early Helladic period, and the lives and experiences of people within it. The analyses are based on practices of Early Helladic individuals or groups of people and are context specific, focussing on the interaction between people and their surroundings. I present a picture of the Early Helladic people living their lives, moving through and experiencing their settlements and their surroundings, actively engaged in the appearance and workings of these surroundings. Thus, this is also a book about relationships: how the Early Helladic people related to their surroundings, how results of human activity were related to the natural topography, how parts of settlements and spheres of life were related to each other, how material culture was related to its users, to certain activities and events, and how everything is related to the archaeological remains on which we base our interpretations. Life and death in Early Helladic Greece is the overall subject, and this double focus is manifested in a loose division of the book into two halves. The first deals primarily with settlement contexts, while the second is devoted to mortuary contexts. After an introduction, the study is divided into three parts, dealing with the house, the past in the past and the mortuary sphere, comprising three stops along the continuum of life and death within Early Helladic communities. Subsequently, mortuary practices provide the basis for a concluding part of the book, in which the analysis is taken further to illustrate the interconnectedness of different parts of Early Helladic life (and death).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 12, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 680-736).