The topic of stress is one that has been explored for many years, as individuals have aimed to understand this phenomenon, as well as provide insight into why stress occurs and how it occurs. Besides the interest in this phenomenon, it becomes apparent when examining literature pertaining to this topic that little or no consensus exists surrounding its definition. However, what these diverse accounts do share is an extremely individualised conceptualisation of stress, which homogenises the stress experience. Hobfoll (1998) critically argues that as much as stress is interpreted and experienced at the level of the individual, the experience and interpretation transpires within a social context, a context that constructs and hence influences the experience itself (Hobfoll, 1998). One particular vehicle that plays a role in constructing one's perceptions regarding the phenomenon of stress is that of the Print Media. This study therefore aims to challenge these individualistic conceptualisations by exploring the ways in which the Print Media constructs our perceptions of the organisational phenomenon of stress. The sample for this research consists of four newspaper groups, namely the Business Day, Sunday Times, Mail and Guardian, as well as all those newspapers that fall under the company title Independent Newspapers. Only articles found between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 2004 are drawn upon. The data is organised and analysed on the 'thematic method of analysis' which consists of both 'theory-led' and 'inductive' thematic analysis. This analysis provides insight into the construction and understandings of organisational stress presented by the Print Media, understandings that tend to, on the whole, construct the stress experience at the level of the individual, independent of the role of the organisation in the process. However, there is a group of articles that move away from these constructions to critically note the role of the organisation and the social in one's understandings of organisational stress, and in the stress experience itself. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Johannesburg, 2018 / Environmental communication in media has been studied largely in American and European contexts, since the 1990s. These studies have revealed the trends in reporting on the greatest environmental threats of our time, and the predominant framing of environmental risks, most notably those posed by climate change. Despite the crucial role that media plays in developing environmental narratives, few studies on environmental media reporting in developing nations, especially African nations, have been conducted. This research thus evaluates the media role in communicating environmental issues and environmental science in the South African media context. By conducting coverage and content analysis on three environmental issues at the core of the industrial development that underpins the South African economy: acid- mine drainage, fracking and climate change and energy, in five commercial newspapers, it is shown that South African media coverage of environmental issues is still limited by demographic factors which influence the news agenda of publications; that social framing of environmental news is important to environmental journalists and raising the environmental agenda in the newsroom; and government voices speak loudest on these important environmental issues / MT 2019

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Darbe atlikta turinio (content) analizė, siekiant išsiaiškinti koks socialinis įvaizdis apie bendruomenes formuojamas spaudoje. Taip pat atliktas veiklos tyrimas, tikintis pakeisti X bendruomenės socialinį įvaizdį. Iškeltos hipotezės: 1. Tikėtina, kad spauda pateikia įvairų (tiek „laukiančios“, tiek „galinčios“) bendruomenės įvaizdį, atspindėdama nepakankamai reikšmingą visuomenės požiūrį į bendruomenę ir jos veiklą. 2. Tikėtina, kad bendruomenei kryptingai bendradarbiaujant su spauda, galimi įvaizdžio pokyčiai (nuo „laukiančios“ iki „galinčios“). Tyrimo objektas. Spaudos poveikis formuojant bendruomenės, kaip ,,galinčios“ ar ,,laukiančios“ institucijos socialinį įvaizdį. Tyrimo dalykas. Bendruomenės socialinio įvaizdžio ypatumai ir jo formavimo galimybės spaudoje. Remiantis tyrimo objekto bei dalyko formuluote iškeltas tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti, kokį bendruomenės įvaizdį pateikia spauda (bendruomenės, kaip ,,galinčios“ ar ,,laukiančios“ institucijos), bei atskleisti bendruomenės įvaizdžio formavimo galimybes. Duomenų patikimumo garantas siejamas su turinio (content) analizės tyrimo rezultatais. Tyrimo intersubjektyvumo kontrolė buvo vykdoma pasitelkiant ekspertų apklausą (apklausos taikymas turinio analizės situacijoje išsamiai aprašytas Kardelio, 2002). Šio magistro darbo ekspertų grupę sudarė keturi asmenys: bendruomenės kurso dėstytoja, vienas bendruomenės centro pirmininkas ir jo pavaduotojas, šio darbo autorė. Svarbiausios tyrimo išvados: 1. Mokslinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This paper work deals with the content analysis in order to find out what social image of communities is formed in the press. In addition to this, an activity research has been carried out with a view to changing social image of X community. The following hypothesis were made: 1. Presumably, the press presents a diverse image (both „expectant“ and „capable“) of community, reflecting insufficiently meaningful attitude of society towards the community, its activities and influence on social, economical, environmental, educational and cultural sectors. 2. Presumably, if the community purposefully cooperates with the press, there is a possibility of changes in image (from „expectant” to „capable”). Research object. Influence of the press on developing a social image of a community as „capable” or „expectant” institution. Research subject. Peculiarities of social image of a community and opportunities of its development in the press. Based on the statement of the research object and subject, the aim of the research was stated – to find out what image of community is made by the press (community as ,,capable” or ,,expectant” institution) and to reveal opportunities of developing image of a community. Guarantee of data reliability is related to the results of the research of content analysis. The control of research intersubjectivity was carried out with the help of experts’ survey (the use of this survey in the situation of content analysis was thoroughly described by... [to full text]

Text in Afrikaans / Die navorsingsonderwerp van hierdie proefskrif is ondersoekende joernalistiek en die moontlike of waarskynlike invloed wat die spesifieke joernalistieke praktyk op die proses van sosiale verandering kan uitoefen. Daar word van die aanname uitgegaan dat koerantberigte weens ondersoekende joernalistiek in sommige gevalle kan lei tot die bewusmaking van ongeregtighede en/of onregmatige dade in die samelewing en dat die joernalistieke praktyk 'n bydraende faktor of soms 'n katalisator tot optredes van owerhede en uiteindelik sosiale verandering kan wees. Om die aanname toe te lig, word eerstens gekyk na die betekenis van sosiale verandering. Antwoorde word onder meer gesoek op vrae soos: (i) Wat is sosiale verandering? en (ii) Wat is die invloed van die media op sosiale verandering? Tweedens word daar gekyk na wat ondersoekende joernalistiek behels en hoe dit verskil van veral die konvensionele joernalistieke praktyk. Derdens word 'n profiel van Vrye Weekblad gegee ten einde die koerant as gevallestudie te regverdig. Vierdens word 'n model vir die kwalitatiewe inhoudsontleding van voorbeelde van ondersoekende joernalistiek geformuleer. Vyfdens word die model empiries getoets op ondersoeke wat deur Vrye Weekblad gedoen is. Laastens word gepoog om die teoretiese perspektiewe oor sosiale verandering en die invloed van die media te versoen met die empiriese ontledings van die voorbeelde van ondersoekende joernalistiek in Vrye Weekblad. / The research topic of this thesis is investigative journalism and the possible or probable influence that this specific journalistic practice may have on the process of social change. The study proceeds from the assumption that investigative newspaper reports can in some instances lead to an awareness of injustices and/or illegal actions in society. This form of journalistic practice could therefore be a contributing factor, and in some cases, a catalyst for government action and ultimately social change. To elaborate on this assumption, attention is firstly given to the meaning of social change. In this respect answers to the following questions are sought: (i) What is social change? and (ii) What is the influence of the media on social change? Secondly, attention is given to the characteristics of investigative journalism and how this practice differs from conventional journalism. Thirdly a profile of Vrye Weekblad is offered in order to justify the case study. Fourthly a model for the qualitative content analysis of instances of investigative journalism is formulated. Fifthly this model is tested empirically on investigations undertaken by Vrye Weekblad. Finally an attempt is made to reconcile the theoretical perspectives on social change and the influence of the media with the empirical analyses of investigative journalism in Vrye Weekblad. / Communication Science / D. Litt et Phil. (Kommunikasiekunde)

Text in Afrikaans / Die navorsingsonderwerp van hierdie proefskrif is ondersoekende joernalistiek en die moontlike of waarskynlike invloed wat die spesifieke joernalistieke praktyk op die proses van sosiale verandering kan uitoefen. Daar word van die aanname uitgegaan dat koerantberigte weens ondersoekende joernalistiek in sommige gevalle kan lei tot die bewusmaking van ongeregtighede en/of onregmatige dade in die samelewing en dat die joernalistieke praktyk 'n bydraende faktor of soms 'n katalisator tot optredes van owerhede en uiteindelik sosiale verandering kan wees. Om die aanname toe te lig, word eerstens gekyk na die betekenis van sosiale verandering. Antwoorde word onder meer gesoek op vrae soos: (i) Wat is sosiale verandering? en (ii) Wat is die invloed van die media op sosiale verandering? Tweedens word daar gekyk na wat ondersoekende joernalistiek behels en hoe dit verskil van veral die konvensionele joernalistieke praktyk. Derdens word 'n profiel van Vrye Weekblad gegee ten einde die koerant as gevallestudie te regverdig. Vierdens word 'n model vir die kwalitatiewe inhoudsontleding van voorbeelde van ondersoekende joernalistiek geformuleer. Vyfdens word die model empiries getoets op ondersoeke wat deur Vrye Weekblad gedoen is. Laastens word gepoog om die teoretiese perspektiewe oor sosiale verandering en die invloed van die media te versoen met die empiriese ontledings van die voorbeelde van ondersoekende joernalistiek in Vrye Weekblad. / The research topic of this thesis is investigative journalism and the possible or probable influence that this specific journalistic practice may have on the process of social change. The study proceeds from the assumption that investigative newspaper reports can in some instances lead to an awareness of injustices and/or illegal actions in society. This form of journalistic practice could therefore be a contributing factor, and in some cases, a catalyst for government action and ultimately social change. To elaborate on this assumption, attention is firstly given to the meaning of social change. In this respect answers to the following questions are sought: (i) What is social change? and (ii) What is the influence of the media on social change? Secondly, attention is given to the characteristics of investigative journalism and how this practice differs from conventional journalism. Thirdly a profile of Vrye Weekblad is offered in order to justify the case study. Fourthly a model for the qualitative content analysis of instances of investigative journalism is formulated. Fifthly this model is tested empirically on investigations undertaken by Vrye Weekblad. Finally an attempt is made to reconcile the theoretical perspectives on social change and the influence of the media with the empirical analyses of investigative journalism in Vrye Weekblad. / Communication Science / D. Litt et Phil. (Kommunikasiekunde)

This paper explores the Swedish extradition of Balts who fought for the Axis powers in the Baltic eastern front during World War II. While previous research has focused on the fate of the detained, this study examines the political crisis that ensued from the extradition process. By employing a perspective of sovereignty, the study investigates the power struggle between the government, the Swedish press, and the parliament.   The theoretical framework of domestic sovereignty is utilised to analyse the power dynamics involved in the extradition. Drawing upon classical political thinkers, this study defines domestic sovereignty as the exclusive concentration of power within a central authority, without power-sharing among various entities. This concept differs from Westphalian sovereignty, where a central authority is independent from other sovereign states within its territory.   Through the lens of domestic sovereignty, this paper addresses two key questions. Firstly, it demonstrates that the prolonged and intensified extradition process resulted from the government's diminished ability to uphold domestic sovereignty. The press exerted influence over both the government and parliament, thereby creating a shared power structure. Secondly, the investigation suggests that the government proceeded with the extradition when it successfully reclaimed domestic sovereignty and reasserted itself as the sole authority.   To enhance the analysis, a critical discourse analysis is employed. This approach identifies the press as an influential agent capable of shaping public opinion and constituting discourse, rather than merely reflecting it. In this case, the press is recognised as a powerful actor engaged in a struggle for influence. The analysis incorporates text materials from four sources: newspaper articles covering the extradition, An interpellation in the Swedish parliament, documents from the foreign affairs committee of the parliament and government, and the diaries and notes of Swedish foreign minister Östen Undén.   Furthermore, the study investigates the parallels between domestic sovereignty and Westphalian sovereignty. As the government faced pressure from the Soviet Union, its Westphalian sovereignty was challenged, leading to it reclaiming its domestic sovereignty. This finding highlights the interconnectedness between these two forms of sovereignty in the context of the Swedish extradition of Balts during World War II.