There is an under-developed scale of research conducted on sustainable production and consumption of environmentally friendly packaging Tanzania. Using the main concepts from institutional theory along with the diffusion of innovation model, this paper will examine the environmentally friendly packaging innovations in the Tanzanian food and beverage industry. The purpose of this research is to understand the factors that enable adoption. It suggests that mimetic, coercive and normative pressures exist within manufacturing firms that can regulate and coordinate solutions. A level of understanding of perceived fidelity and perceived effort required were established to develop conditions where firms can create strategies for the adoption environmentally sustainable packaging. The research setting is in the manufacturing industry. The data gathered for this study was collected by distributing a survey to respondents using convenience and snow-balling technique. Manufacturing businesses and packaging suppliers of the food and beverage industry participated. The respondents were requested to forward the survey by passing on the google form link to business owners, company CEOs, CFOs, COOs. 29 firm responses from the target population were measured to establish the pressures that they face and their intention to adopt. After applying regression analysis to the data, coercive pressure and intention to adopt with perceived fidelity as a moderator suggested a significant relationship. Similarly, perceived effort required positively moderated the relationship between mimetic pressure and intention to adopt. However, the results showed that no significant relationship from each of the three isomorphic constructs namely normative, mimetic and coercive and intention to adopt. This was contradictory to previous researchers of isomorphic pressures and should be subjected to future research. / Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

The main historical archive of all tropical storms and hurricanes in the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico from 1851-present is known as HURDAT. This official database of historical Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) is maintained by the National Hurricane Center (NHC). The original database of 6-hourly tropical cyclone positions and intensities was assembled in the 1960s in support of the Apollo space program to help provide statistical TC track forecasting guidance (Landsea et al. 2008; Jarvinen et al. 1984; Neumann, personal communication). Today, HURDAT is widely utilized and relied upon by many groups including research scientists conducting climatic change studies (e.g. Landsea et al. 1999), operational hurricane forecasters, insurance companies, and emergency managers (Jarrell et al. 1992). The accuracy of the HURDAT database is important to many; however, the original database contains many systematic biases and random errors (Landsea et al. 2008). Therefore, a reanalysis of the HURDAT database is necessary. The Atlantic Hurricane Reanalysis Project (AHRP) is an ongoing effort to correct the errors in HURDAT, and to provide as accurate of a HURDAT database as is possible with utilization of all available data. For this thesis, HURDAT is reanalyzed for the period 1944-1953, the first decade of the ?aircraft reconnaissance era.? The track and intensity of each existing tropical cyclone in HURDAT is reassessed, and previously unrecognized tropical cyclones are noticed, analyzed, and recommended to the National Hurricane Center Best Track Change Committee (NHCBTCC) for inclusion into HURDAT (existing TCs may be removed from the database as well if analyses indicate evidence that no tropical storm existed). Changes to the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, major hurricanes, accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), and U.S. landfalling hurricanes are recommended for most of the years of the decade studied. An error analysis for the decade is also provided. It is noted that all changes to HURDAT mentioned in this thesis are preliminary and have not yet been approved by the NHCBTCC. In addition to the HURDAT reanalysis, the second part of this study is conducted to determine whether the apparent recent increase in Atlantic Basin Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS) Category 5 hurricanes is real or whether the increase is an artifact of recent technological advances and better observational capabilities. Several previous studies have stated that there has been an increase in the number of intense hurricanes both in the Atlantic Ocean and globally (e.g. Webster et al. 2005) and attribute this increase to anthropogenic global warming (AGW) and/or global climate change. Other studies (e.g. Landsea 2007) claim that the apparent increased hurricane activity in the record is an artifact of better observational capabilities and improved technology for detecting these intense hurricanes. This study delves deeper into the question of whether the recently observed increase in the number of Category 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic basin (late 1940s vs. 1990s-2000s period) is an artifact of better observations/technology or rather possibly due to climate changes. Ten Category 5 hurricanes were recorded in the Atlantic Basin from 1992-2007 [Hurricane Andrew (1992) to Hurricane Felix (2007)]. A new (fairly objective) methodology was created to determine how many of these ten recent Category 5s would have been recorded as Category 5s if they had occurred during the late 1940s using only the observations that would have been available with late 1940s technology. A new best track intensity was drawn for the entire lifetime of these ten recent Category 5s (using late 1940s technology), and it is found that only two of these ten (Andrew and Mitch) would have been recorded as Category 5 hurricanes if they had occurred during the late 1940s period. The results suggest that intensity estimates for extreme tropical cyclones prior to the satellite era are unreliable.

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Over the last decade there has been a steady growth of work related initiatives in education which have more latterly involved primary schools. There is, however, no clear evidence as to the impact these have made on teachers working with young children. Casual observation would suggest that work-related education remains peripheral in many primary schools and appears to be fragmented even when visible. The reasons for this are unclear but there are indications that certain pressures upon schools along with particular perspectives of teachers and industrialists have proved influential to the decision This study aims to determine what has motivated certain primary school teachers who are positively biased to embark upon work-related education and to ascertain the factors that have informed their views. It also seeks to discover why these teachers feel this aspect of work is important and what they hope to achieve from the activities in which they engage. At the same time the study enquires into the view of industrialists relating to work-related education in primary schools; explores what efforts are being made in this field; and aims to establish what industrialists hope to achieve. The study reveals that the greatest motivation for teachers involved in this study to engage in workrelated education is to prepare young people for life in a rapidly changing world. A positive link is exhibited between teachers who engage in work-related activities and their personal experience of business or industry. It is also revealed that industry, as represented by some of the large corporations, perceive links with primary schools to be essential. These links are, however, less common than links with secondary schools. A lack of some common understanding between educationalists and industrialists as to the outcomes of such endeavours is also disclosed. These points are discussed and a plan of action is offered.

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Observations of decreases in plasma volume, shifts in plasma and lymph protein concentrations, and increases in capillary permeability at high altitude have been reported in the literature by several investigators. This investigation was begun in an attempt to elucidate the possible significance of these phenomena in future space exploration, and because of the lack of knowledge concerning the underlying mechanisms. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of exposure to hypobaric pressures on the capillary permeability to the normal plasma and lymph proteins.

Individuals of Mexican descent have resided in the United States for more than a century and a half and during that time have experienced varying degrees of acceptance. As American society has generally adopted the view that "foreigners" should assimilate to mainstream American culture, many individuals of Mexican descent have faced demands to distance themselves from their culture in order to adopt the behaviors and values consistent with White American culture. While many ethnic groups may have faced similar circumstances, the experiences of individuals of Mexican descent may differ from those of others due to the close proximity of Mexico to the United States and the constant flow of Mexican immigrants, which together may contribute to their retention of their native culture. As individuals of Mexican descent experience greater contact with their native and White American culture, particularly while in pursuit in success, it becomes necessary to understand what pressures individuals experience when among their White American and same-ethnicity peers. Furthermore, it is necessary to examine how they negotiate their bicultural contexts in response to the pressures they face. Using a sample of university student who were of Mexican descent, this study employed qualitative methods and select measures to explore their perceptions of pressures faced and adaptive strategies utilized when among their White American and same-ethnicity peers. The results from the present study indicated that the participants believed their culture continues to be seen as inferior and is unaccepted by White Americans. As a result of their beliefs, which were reinforced by their minority status, stereotypes, and intergroup experiences, many reported experiencing distress when among their White peers. Among their same-ethnicity peers, many reported experiencing pressure to remain connected to their culture. Despite different definitions of what remaining connected meant, the most commonly referenced criterion included being fluent in Spanish and having to overcome struggles. In order to negotiate their bicultural settings, the majority of the participants utilized an adaptive approach to their bicultural contexts that allowed them the flexibility to draw from both cultures in a manner that was consistent with their values, beliefs, and cultural identity. / text

For almost every organism there are large gaps in our knowledge about the processes that leads to speciation. The changes an organism undergoes before divergence has occurred have remained a mystery, as it is difficult to say whether or not a species is going to diverge and when. To investigate this unknown the European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and the northern pike (Esox lucius) were studied, as they produce a repeatable and predictable pattern of speciation in sympatry. To investigate the changes in phenotypes and behaviour in whitefish that precedes divergence, two lake populations were examined, Gräsvattnet and Ringsjön. Gräsvattnet was used as a control, with a population of whitefish but an absence of pike, whereas Ringsjön has a population of whitefish that invaded from Gräsvattnet and a pike population. The presence of pike presumably exerts divergent selection on the whitefish population. Fish and zooplankton were surveyed in both lakes from 1970 to the present day, which allows us to compare how whitefish populations and their resources change in the presence and absence of pike. The results found in Ringsjön show; (1) a change in habitat use, (2) a change in diet from pelagic to benthic, (3) an increase in the relationship between individual body size and diet and (4) a decrease in average size over the course of the study. (1)The presence of pike is believed to have forced the whitefish into the pelagic which could be seen in the result, with an increase in individuals caught in the pelagic. (2) The change in diet is thought to be caused by a resource competition created by individuals being forced to use the pelagic. Although insignificant this led to an overall reduction in zooplankton abundance by almost 40% which could have intensified competition. The resource competition could then have been intensified further by the change in composition of zooplankton relative abundance. (3) The increase in relationship between individual body size and diet is thought to increase due to the resource competition between smaller and larger individuals in the pelagic. Smaller individuals are better competitors than larger individuals for pelagic resource which could have led to the larger individuals switching to a more benthic diet. (4) The decrease in average size is thought to be caused by negative selection for larger individuals. Larger individuals have switched to a more benthic diet, and although the individuals are larger they still face the risk of predation in the littoral zone as they have not outgrown the gape size of the pike. This could have led to the average size reduction that may be the first steps in speciation, and ultimately leading to the divergence of two morphs by sympatric speciation in Ringsjön. In Gräsvattnet over the course of the study there were few and small changes in whitefish size, zooplankton relative abundance in the diet and in the environment. The results in Gräsvattnet could however suggest resource competition for benthic resources. Although resource competition is thought to be an important factor in the speciation of whitefish, without predation pressure no speciation occurs. This result could suggest the importance of predation pressure in the speciation of whitefish.

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