Background: Preterm infants and neonates may present with dysphagia due to immaturity or the presence of medical conditions. Enteral feeds are used to ensure optimal nutrition is achieved while the neonates are developing appropriate oral feeding skills. Varied interventions may be used to transition neonates to full oral feeds as oral feeding is often a prerequisite for discharge from hospital. Aims: The main aim of this study was to summarize, interpret and analyse the literature on the different interventions used for the transition to full oral feeds in preterm infants and neonates to identify research gaps and to inform clinical practice on the best intervention options. A secondary aim was to validate the findings of the scoping review for the South African context. Methods: A scoping review was conducted. Relevant studies were identified by searching six databases, Google and Google scholar. Inclusion criteria included studies written in English, peer reviewed and published between 1998–2018, that described the interventions used to transition preterm infants and neonates to full oral feeds. Data were extracted from the articles using a data charting form and analysed descriptively and thematically. The findings were shared with health care professionals who work with premature infants and neonates who then participated in a semi-structured interview to provide feedback relevant to the South African context. Results: Forty-seven articles were included. Six broad intervention categories were identified: oral-motor, oral-sensory, other senses, timing, cue-based and utensils. Non-nutritive sucking (NNS) interventions were reported most frequently across single and combined interventions. Outcome measures reported included: time taken to full oral feeds, earlier hospital discharge, long-term feeding outcomes, weight and sucking proficiency. Improved outcomes were associated with NNS and NNS with oral stimulation. Nine health care professionals were interviewed. They confirmed using a number of the interventions, with NNS reported the most. Health care professionals also provided insight into the challenges of implementing some interventions due to limited resources and staffing in the South African context. Conclusions: There are a range of interventions reported in the literature and many of them are used in South Africa. Positive outcomes such as earlier transition to full oral feeds; earlier hospital discharge; improved weight gain and improved sucking proficiency have been reported with NNS and combined NNS and Oral Stimulation interventions, however further studies are needed.

No description available.

Background: Given that 43-97% of preterm infants face postnatal growth restriction by hospital discharge, monitoring of growth is challenging but critical for clinical management of preterm infants. Currently, serial anthropometric measurements of weight and height are used to monitor growth but lack sensitivity. Thus, by the time significant deviations in growth trajectory are identified, an infant has already reached sub-optimal growth. A biomarker that is predictive of sub-optimal growth can serve as a preventative tool in clinical decision making. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) may be one such potential metabolic biomarker, as it has been used as a measure of protein adequacy and thus, may additionally indicate quality of growth. While protein intake has a well-established correlation with growth, it is currently unknown if BUN is correlated with postnatal growth and if it can be used as a biomarker for growth. Objectives: 1) to examine the relationship between BUN and macronutrient intake factors such as protein intake, protein-to-energy (P:E) ratios, and carbohydrate to non-protein energy (CHO:NPE %) to better understand BUN response; 2) to examine the potential of using BUN as a predictive metabolic biomarker of growth status in a multiple linear regression. We hypothesize that BUN will positively correlate with protein intake, P:E and negatively with CHO:NPE ratio. It will also be positively correlated with growth parameters: growth velocity, length gain, head circumference gain and fat free mass. Methods: Very low birth weight preterm infants (n=101) born ≤30 weeks of gestation at McMaster Children’s Hospital’s level III NICU were included. BUN was assessed at three time points: baseline (SDay1), study day 14 (SDay14) and study day 21 (SDay21). Intake of protein and energy were collected for the 24-hour period prior to the BUN measure, their averages computed over SDay14 and SDay21 and included as confounding predictor variables. Other confounding variables such as maternal characteristics and baseline study group characteristics were also considered. Growth velocity, length gain and head circumference gain at SDay14 and SDay21, and body composition (FFM%, FFMI) between 36-40 weeks were examined as dependent growth variables. After an initial univariate analysis of baseline and maternal confounders, multiple linear regression models were then developed in a block design as follows: for the analysis of BUN vs macronutrient factors- block 1: 24-hour macronutrient intake factors + relevant baseline and/or maternal confounders; block 2: average macronutrient factors; for the analysis of BUN vs growth- block 3: BUN. Results: In the analysis of BUN and macronutrient intake, BUN was found to have a significant positive correlation with P:E ratio at all time points. Protein intake was positively correlated with BUN only at SDay1 and SDay21. CHO:NPE ratio did not correlated with BUN at any time point. The R2 for the multiple regression of BUN and macronutrient factor analysis at SDay1, SDay14 and SDay21 was 0.19, 0.42 and 0.44 respectively. In the analysis of BUN vs growth, SDay1 BUN had a significant negative correlation with SDay21 growth velocity (p=0.02). The addition of SDay1 BUN to the model of SDay21 growth velocity was significant (p<0.01 of F change statistic, R2= 0.17). SDay21 BUN also had a significant negative correlation with SDay21 growth velocity (p<0.01) and its addition was significant to the model (p<0.01 of F change statistic, R2 =0.22). BUN was not related to SDay 14 growth velocity, or to length gain, head circumference gain or any body composition estimates at any time point. Additionally, P:E was found to be significantly negatively correlated with growth. Conclusion: BUN is a statistically and clinically significant marker of nutritional adequacy, both of protein intake and energy in relation to protein intake. Addition of BUN adds to the explanation of variation in growth, and this is statistically significant, however, the additional variation explained may be too small to be clinically significant. Additionally, we observed that P:E ratio was significantly negatively correlated with growth. Thus, it may be more clinically pertinent to use high BUN values as a marker of inadequate energy to protein intake to prevent future sub-optimal growth. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Le lait maternel est considéré comme l’aliment de référence pour le développement des nouveau-nés. Cependant dans le cas des grands prématurés qui ont des besoins nutritionnels particulièrement élevés, le lait maternel ne permet pas toujours d’apporter des quantités optimales pour certaines molécules, en raison de déficiences intrinsèques ou des conditions d’administration.Nous avons étudié les relations entre l’alimentation actuelle des mères et la composition en acides gras polyinsaturés de leur lait. Les laits maternels du Sud de la France et de la région Nord/Ouest présentent un déséquilibre de la composition en défaveur des acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) n-3 du lait, notamment en acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA). Ceci est en relation avec une consommation faible en poissons et produits de la mer, ainsi qu’une consommation importante d’AGPI n-6. Une deuxième partie du travail a porté sur la relation entre certaines molécules bioactives du lait et le développement intestinal des nouveau-nés. Le protocole de prise en charge nutritionnelle des nouveau-nés prématurés conduit à l’administration d’une faible quantité de molécules bioactives (AGPI n-3, phospholipides et plasmalogènes, sCD14, sphingomyélinase acide) ne permettant pas de couvrir les besoins, notamment en DHA, et probablement pas d’assurer une santé intestinale optimale pendant les premières semaines de vie. Un délai nécessaire pour atteindre la maturité digestive plus court est associé à la consommation d’AGPI pendant les deux premières semaines de vie, et de phospholipides (sphingomyéline et plasmalogènes) à partir de la deuxième semaine de vie. La consommation de sCD14 chez les enfants ne consommant que du lait de don est inversement corrélée au délai de maturité digestive. Nous avons constaté que cette molécule influence la réponse inflammatoire de cellules intestinales fœtales à une stimulation bactérienne chronique.Nous avons aussi étudié certaines propriétés physico-chimiques de laits d’espèces animales potentiellement intéressantes pour l’amélioration de la qualité des substituts ou des suppléments de lait et il apparait que le lait de chamelle présente des teneurs en sphingomyéline et plasmalogènes comparables à celles du lait humain. L’utilisation des traitements technologiques, comme la pasteurisation et l’homogénéisation, altère les propriétés du lait au niveau des teneurs en molécules bioactives (sCD14, sphingomyélinase acide) ainsi qu’au niveau de la structure du globule lipidique.En conclusion, ce travail ouvre la voie à une réflexion sur la formulation de nouveaux substituts et de suppléments de lait maternel à élaborer pour une meilleure prise en charge des nouveau-nés. / Human milk is considered as the gold standard to newborn development. However, in case of very preterm infants who have particularly high nutrients needs, it does not always provide optimal quantities of several bioactive molecules, due to composition or supply conditions.We investigated the relationship between current maternal nutrition and polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFA) composition of human milk. Human milk from mothers of South and North-West of France had imbalance PUFA composition to the detriment of n-3 PUFA, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This was linked to low consumption of fish and seafood products, and to an important n-6 PUFA intake.A second part of our work was focused on bioactive compounds of human milk and newborn intestinal development. Nutritional care of preterm infants leads to low intake of bioactive compounds (PUFA n-3, phospholipids and plasmalogens, sCD14, acid sphingomylinase), insufficient to cover the needs of HAD and to ensure optimal intestinal health during the first weeks of life. A shorter time to reach digestive maturity was associated with PUFA consumption during the first two weeks of life, and with phospholipids (sphingomyelin and plasmalogens) from the second week. sCD14 intake by preterm fed only with donor human milk was inversely correlated with digestive maturity time. This molecule influences the inflammatory response of fœtal intestinal cells to chronic bacterial stimulation.We had also investigated the physicochemical properties of milk from different animal species potentially interesting for improving infant formula or milk fortifier. Camel milk showed sphingomyelin and plasmalogen contents close to human milk. Technological treatments, such as pasteurisation or homogenisation, lead to alteration of milk properties, either in bioactive molecules content (sCD14, acid sphingomyelinase) or in fat globule structure.In conclusion, this work provides new possibilities for the conception of infant formula and fortifier to improve newborn care.

Estudo exploratório, transversal que objetivou identificar os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento associados às alterações de linguagem em crianças aos 18 meses acompanhadas em um serviço especializado de um município paulista. Participaram crianças atendidas no Serviço de Estimulação Precoce entre 01 de janeiro de 2013 e 31 de dezembro de 2015. Os dados foram obtidos através dos prontuários do serviço. As variáveis estudadas foram: peso ao nascer, idade gestacional, índice de Apgar, ocorrências clínicas (pré-natal, parto e pós-parto) e anomalias congênitas. Na fase descritiva, caracterizou-se os participantes, a partir das variáveis de interesse, sendo calculadas frequências e porcentagens das variáveis. Na fase analítica, buscou-se associações entre a variável dependente (atraso no desenvolvimento) e as demais variáveis, utilizou-se ainda modelos de regressão logística multinomial para estimar a chance de ocorrência das variáveis categóricas. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (CAAE 61587916.0.0000.5393; Ofício CEP-EERP-USP nº373/2016), após anuência da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Nos três anos elencados para o estudo observou-se que 78 prontuários (56,9%) eram de crianças que deram entrada no serviço no ano de 2013, 49 (35,8%) em 2014, e 10 (7,3%) no ano de 2015. A maioria das crianças era do sexo masculino, com nascimentos distribuídos em sua maioria, entre os hospitais 1 e 2 e grande parte foi identificada com mais de um risco ao nascimento. A média da idade materna foi de 28 anos, com registros que indicavam, em sua maioria, mais de uma intercorrência durante a gestação, parto e pós-parto. Após a caracterização inicial das variáveis, as crianças foram divididas em três grupos: G1 - detectadas com atrasos no desenvolvimento da linguagem, encaminhadas para terapia fonoaudiológica aos 18 meses; G2 - crianças que passaram pelo retorno aos 18 meses e foram reagendadas para retorno aos dois anos, devido a dúvida quanto ao atraso ou não nas habilidades esperadas, recebendo alta neste; G3 - encaminhadas antes dos 18 meses para terapia, devido atraso significativo no desenvolvimento global. A partir dessa distribuição, buscou-se verificar associação entre os grupos e as variáveis mencionadas. O teste exato de Fisher indicou associação significante (p<0,001) entre os grupos em relação à variável anomalias congênitas. A análise de regressão logística indicou que crianças sem registros de intercorrências durante a gestação e no parto e nascimento, tiveram menores chances de evoluir com atrasos no desenvolvimento da linguagem. Aquelas nascidas prematuras apresentaram chance 8,51 vezes maior de terem, como desfecho, atraso na linguagem do que as crianças nascidas a termo e pós-termo. Crianças com valores de Apgar inferior a 4 no primeiro minuto e 7 no 5º minuto tiveram maior chance de apresentar atrasos; o baixo peso ao nascer também aumentou as chances deste desfecho. Os resultados deste estudo apontam para a necessidade da pronta detecção e encaminhamento precoce dessas crianças para serviços especializados, visando minimizar e/ou até evitar agravos futuros / This exploratory, cross-sectional study aimed at identifying the developmental risk factors associated with language changes in children at 18 months followed at a specialized service in a city of São Paulo. Participants were children attending the Early Stimulation Service between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2015. Data were obtained from the service charts. The variables studied were birth weight, gestational age, Apgar score, clinical occurrences (prenatal, delivery and postpartum) and congenital anomalies. In the descriptive phase, the participants were characterized by the variables of interest, and the frequencies and percentages were calculated. In the analytical phase, we sought associations between the dependent variable (developmental delay) and the other variables, and multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the chance of occurrence of the categorical variables. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing (CAAE 61587916.0.0000.5393; CEP-EERP-USP no. 373/2016), after consent of the Municipal Health Department. In the three years listed for the study, it was observed that 78 medical records (56.9%) belonged to the children who entered the service in 2013, 49 (35.8%) in 2014, and 10 (7.3%), in the year 2015. Most of the children were male, with births mostly distributed between hospitals 1 and 2, and most of them were identified as having more than one birth risk. The mean of maternal age was 28 years, with records indicating, for the most part, more than one intercurrence during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum. After the initial characterization of the variables, children were divided into three groups: G1 - children who were detected with delays in language development, referred for speech therapy at 18 months. G2 was related to children who returned for appointment at 18 months of age, and were rescheduled for return with two years, due to doubts related to delay or due they had no expected abilities; those children received discharge at two years old; and G3 was for children who was referred before 18 months for therapy, due to significant delay in overall development. From this distribution, we sought to verify association between the groups and the mentioned variables. The Fisher exact test indicated a significant association (p<0.001) between the groups in relation to the variable congenital anomalies. Logistic regression analysis indicated that children with no records of intercurrences during gestation, delivery and childbirth were less likely to evolve with delays in language development. Those children born premature presented an 8.51 times greater chance of having, as an outcome, delay in language than children born at term and post-term. Children with Apgar values less than 4 in the first minute and 7 in the fifth minute had a greater chance of delays; low birth weight also increased the odds of this outcome. The results of this study point to the need for prompt detection and early referral of these children to specialized services, in order to minimize and / or avoid future disorders

INTRODUÇÃO: As crianças pré-termo, principalmente aquelas de muito baixo peso (MBP) podem apresentar alterações no seu padrão craniofacial, no desenvolvimento da cavidade bucal e no padrão eruptivo dental. Este estudo teve como objetivos descrever as características faciais, palatinas e a erupção dentária em crianças pré-termo que receberam assistência respiratória; comparar os efeitos da ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) e do CPAP sobre as mesmas variáveis; observar o impacto do aleitamento, uso de chupeta e presença de displasia brocopulmonar em crianças pré-termo com idades entre 12 e 24 meses. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo crianças pré-termo, procedentes do Ambulatório de Seguimento de Recém- Nascidos Pré-Termo do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo e do Ambulatório de Seguimento dos Prematuros A5 RN 002 do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, com peso ao nascimento inferior a 2000g. Foram constituídos dois grupos a partir dos dados sociodemográficos coletados dos prontuários de internação neonatal das crianças participantes. O Grupo 1 (G1) constituise de 34 crianças pré-termo que receberam VMI por intubação orotraqueal (IOT) por um período igual ou maior que 7 dias, e o Grupo 2 (G2) é composto por 34 crianças pré-termo que receberam CPAP por um período de tempo igual ou maior que 72 horas. Foi realizada entrevista com a mãe ou responsável pela criança, com objetivo de obter as informações relativas à duração do aleitamento, uso da chupeta, presença/ausência de displasia broncopulmonar como sequela da prematuridade. As crianças foram submetidas a um exame de inspeção da cavidade bucal para detectar a presença de alterações no rebordo ou palato, para classificar o formato do palato (quadrado, estreito e ovoide) e para visualizar a erupção dos dentes decíduos, classificada em atrasada, normal ou adiantada para a idade. Foram realizadas medidas faciais, com emprego de um paquímetro, dos pontos antropométricos como: larguras facial e mandibular, terços superior, médio e inferior da face, altura facial e índice facial. Foi realizada análise descritiva e inferencial (teste t-Student, teste F da ANOVA, teste Mann- Whitney, Kruskal-Walis, teste exato de Fisher e o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson). Os cálculos foram realizados com auxílio do software R 3.1.1 (R Core Team, 2014). Utilizou-se nível de significância de 5% para o teste de hipóteses. RESULTADOS: Os grupos G1 e G2 foram homogêneos em relação ao gênero (p=1; feminino: n=17; masculino n=17 para ambos os grupos) e em relação à raça (p= 0,627; não caucasiano: n=14 CPAP; n=17 IOT). Porém, quando se analisou a duração da assistência respiratória, as crianças do G1 permaneceram um tempo médio de dias em IOT (25,3 ± 25,8) significantemente maior (p < 0,001) quando comparado ao CPAP. Em relação à erupção dentária, os grupos G1 e G2 foram homogêneos, p=1 (atrasada: 47,1%; normal: 38,2% e adiantada:14,7%), entretanto, o grupo G1 apresentou porcentagens significantemente maiores do formato do palato estreito (p=0,005) e valores significantemente maiores para a altura do terço inferior da face (p=0,019) quando comparadas às crianças do G2. As crianças com palato ovoide apresentaram um terço inferior da face significantemente menor (p = 0,038) quando comparado aos outros tipos de formato de palato, porém para as outras medidas da face e para os outros formatos de palato não houve diferença. Os grupos G1 e G2 não diferiram em relação às alteração de palato, medidas faciais e uso da chupeta. Da mesma maneira, o aleitamento materno não influenciou as medidas faciais da população estudada. Crianças submetidas à IOT, com sequela da DBP, apresentam altura do terço inferior da face significantemente maior (p= 0,019). CONCLUSÕES: As crianças pré-termo que receberam assistência respiratóra (CPAP ou IOT) não apresentam alterações em rebordo, palato, medidas faciais e na erupção dentária. Entretanto, quando estas foram submetidas à IOT, observou-se presença de palato de formato estreito e profundo, enquanto naquelas em CPAP o palato é de formato quadrado. As crianças pré-termo com hábitos nutritivos e não nutritivos não apresentam alteração no formato palatino nem nas medidas faciais. A presença da DBP em crianças submetidas à IOT acarreta maior altura no terço inferior da face / INTRODUCTION: Preterm children, especially those of very low birth weight, (VLBW), may show changes in the craniofacial pattern in the development of the oral cavity and tooth eruption pattern. This study aimed to describe the facial and palate characteristics as well as tooth eruption in preterm infants who have receiving mechanical ventilation; compare the effects of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and CPAP on the same variables; observe the impact of breastfeeding, use of pacifier and presence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm children aged 12-24 months. METHODS: The study included preterm infants, coming from the Pre-Term Newborn Follow-up Clinic of the University Hospital at University of São Paulo and from the Preterm Follow-up Clinic A5 RN 002 of the Children\'s Institute of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo, weighting less than 2000g at birth. Based on the sociodemographic data collected from newborn hospital records of participating children, two groups were divided. Group 1 (G1) consisted of 34 preterm infants who received IMV by tracheal intubation (TI) for a period equal to or greater than 7 days and Group 2 (G2) consisted of 34 preterm infants who received CPAP for a period of time equal to or greater than 72 hours. An interview was conducted with the mother or the child\'s guardian in order to obtain information on breastfeeding duration, nursing nipple use, presence/absence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia as prematurity-related sequelae. The children underwent an oral cavity inspection to detect the presence of changes in alveolar ridge or palate, so as to sort palate shape (square, narrow, oval) and to view the eruption of primary teeth, classified as delayed, average or early for the age. Facial measures were taken with the use of a caliper on anthropometric points, such as facial and mandibular width, upper, middle and lower thirds of faces, facial height and facial index. A descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out (t-Student test, ANOVA F test, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney test, Fisher\'s exact test and Pearson\'s correlation coefficient). Calculations were performed with the aid of the R 3.1.1 software (R Core Team, 2014). A 5% significance level was used to test the hypotheses. RESULTS: Groups G1 and G2 were homogeneous with respect to gender (p=1; female: n=17; male n=17 for both groups) and to race (p=0.627; non-Caucasian: n=14 CPAP; n=17 TI). However, when analyzing the duration of the mechanical ventilation, G1\'s children remained a significantly higher average of days in TI (25.3 ± 25.8) (p < 0.001) as compared to CPAP. Concerning tooth eruption, groups G1 and G2 were homogeneous, p=1, (delayed: 47.1%; average: 38.2% and early: 14.7%), however, G1 showed significantly higher percentages of narrow palate shape (p = 0.005) and significantly higher values for the height of the lower third of faces(p = 0.019) when compared to children of the G2. Children with oval palate have shown a significantly smaller lower third of the face (p = 0.038) when compared to other types of palate shapes, nevertheless, for other facial sizes and other palate shapes, no difference has been observed. The groups G1 and G2 did not differ with regard to palate change, facial sizes and use of pacifiers. Moreover, breastfeeding has also not affected the facial sizes of the study population. The height of the lower third of the face is significantly higher (p=0.019) in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia sequelae who have received TI. CONCLUSIONS: Preterm infants who have received mechanical ventilation (CPAP or TI) have shown no changes on the ridge, palate, facial sizes and tooth eruption. However, when submitted to TI, the presence of narrow- and deep-shaped palate was noted, while infants who have undergone CPAP showed square-shaped palates. Preterm infants with nutritive and nonnutritive sucking habits have shown no changes in palatal shape or facial sizes. The presence of BPD in children who have undergone TI entails greater height in the lower third of the face

Introdução: O agrupamento de cuidados é uma estratégia que visa evitar a manipulação intermitente dos neonatos pré-termos, proporcionando um período maior de repouso, fundamental para seu adequado crescimento e desenvolvimento. Esta prática é amplamente utilizada nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN). Objetivo: Estabelecer evidências acerca da efetividade do agrupamento de cuidados na organização do ciclo sono-vigília, na estabilidade das respostas fisiológicas e mímica facial em pré-termos com idade gestacional até 32 semanas. Método: Revisão sistemática que identificou estudos publicados e indexados nas bases eletrônicas Cochrane, LILACS, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science. Foram utilizados os descritores/termos livres clustered care, neonatal individualized developmental care program OR NIDCAP, kangaroo mother care OR KMC e skin to skin para identificação dos estudos. Além destas bases, foram realizadas buscas por estudos não publicados em revistas indexadas como anais de eventos científicos, teses e dissertações indexadas nas bases eletrônicas de bancos de teses disponibilizados em páginas eletrônicas de universidades e pela ferramenta Google scholar. A análise e seleção das publicações foram realizadas por dois revisores independentes, as publicações com análises discrepantes para inclusão ou não na revisão foram submetidas à avaliação de um terceiro revisor. As publicações que atenderam os critérios de inclusão foram selecionadas para a leitura e análise na íntegra. Após esta avaliação, as que preencheram os critérios de inclusão, foram incluídas na revisão sistemática. Resultados: Foram identificadas 1255 publicações nas bases de dados, das quais 18 foram selecionadas como prováveis inclusão e analisadas na íntegra. Destas, cinco ensaios clínicos randomizados do tipo cross-over foram incluídos na presente revisão. Os sujeitos que compuseram a amostra dos ensaios clínicos analisados foram os neonatos pré-termos com idade gestacional igual ou inferior a 32 semanas. O agrupamento de cuidados foi comparado com um procedimento doloroso. Os resultados mostraram que os RNs apresentam alterações na mímica facial (olhos espremidos), alterações comporamentais (extenção de braços, língua protusa, mãos abertas com adução dos dedos, bocejo) e diminuição na saturação de oxigênio mais significativamente no grupo submetido ao procedimento doloroso comparado ao grupo de cuidados agrupados (p<0,004). No entanto, valores semelhantes nas alterações faciais e fisiológicas ocorreram no grupo submetido ao agrupamento de cuidados e os sinais de estresse avaliados após o agrupamento de cuidados, persisitiu por maior tempo, comparado com a fase de recuperação do neonato no grupo do procedimento doloroso. Quanto à frequência cardíaca, os neonatos com idade gestacional inferior a 30 semanas apresentaram elevados índices quando o procedimento doloroso foi precedido pelo agrupamento de cuidados (p<0,0001). Conclusões: As evidências encontradas sugerem que o agrupamento de cuidados causa alterações na resposta comportamental (ciclos sono-vigília), instabilidade nos parâmetros fisiológicos (frequência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio) e sinais de estresse demonstrado através da mímica facial (sobrancelhas salientes e sulco nasolabial) em recém-nascidos com idade gestacional menor ou igual a 32 semanas. A adoção da prática de agrupamento de cuidados não garante que os neonatos pré-termos submetidos a este tipo de cuidado apresentem respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais mais estáveis. / Introduction: The clustered care is a strategy to avoid the intermittent preterm infants handling, providing them a longer rest period, essential to their health growth and development. This procedure is widely used in the context of Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). Objective: To establish evidence concerning the effectiveness of the clustered care in organizing the sleep-wake cycle in the physiological responses and facial expressions in gestational age up to 32 weeks preterm infants. Methods: A systematic review that identified the studies published in the Cochrane, LILACS, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases. The descriptors used to identify the studies were: \"clustered care, neonatal individualized developmental care program OR NIDCAP, kangaroo mother care OR KMC e skin to skin. Also these database, it was identified the studies not published in indexed journals including studies presented in scientific events and thesis and dissertations available in the electronic databases hosted in the universities homepages and publications identified by the Google scholar gate. The selection of publications and analysis of them were performed by two independent reviewers. The publications with conflicting evaluation between the two reviewers were submitted to evaluation by a third reviewer. The publications that met the inclusion criteria were selected for analysis of the full text. After this analysis, those studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the systematic review. Results: We identified 1255 publications in databases, 18 of them were selected as probable inclusion and were analyzed in its entirety. From these 18 studies, five cross-over randomized clinical trials were included in this systematic review. The subjects who comprised the samples of analyzed trials were premature infants up to 32 week gestational age. The clustered care group was compared with a painful procedure. The results showed that newborns exhibited alterations in the facial expressions (eyes squeezed), behavior changes (arms extension, protruding tongue, open hands with fingers adduction, yawn) and oxygen saturation decreasing more significant in the group undergoing painful procedure compared with the clustered care group (p <0.004). However, similar values in facial and physiological changes occurred in the clustered care group and stress signals evaluated after grouping care, persisted for a longer time compared to the recovery phase in the newborn of painful procedure group. As for heart rate, neonates with gestational age below 30 weeks showed high levels when the painful procedure was preceded by clustered care (p <0.0001). Conclusions: The evidence suggests that the clustered care causes changes in the behavioral responses (sleep-wake cycles), instability in physiological parameters (heart rate and oxygen saturation) and stress signals demonstrated through facial expressions (protruding eyebrows and nasolabial folds) in the premature infants up to 32 weeks gestational age. he grouping of care does not guarantee that the preterm group undergoing care exhibit more stability in physiological and behavioral responses. The adoption of the clustered care practice does not guarantee that the preterm infant underwent to it exhibit more stability in the physiological and behavioral responses.

INTRODUÇÃO: As crianças pré-termo, principalmente aquelas de muito baixo peso (MBP) podem apresentar alterações no seu padrão craniofacial, no desenvolvimento da cavidade bucal e no padrão eruptivo dental. Este estudo teve como objetivos descrever as características faciais, palatinas e a erupção dentária em crianças pré-termo que receberam assistência respiratória; comparar os efeitos da ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) e do CPAP sobre as mesmas variáveis; observar o impacto do aleitamento, uso de chupeta e presença de displasia brocopulmonar em crianças pré-termo com idades entre 12 e 24 meses. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo crianças pré-termo, procedentes do Ambulatório de Seguimento de Recém- Nascidos Pré-Termo do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo e do Ambulatório de Seguimento dos Prematuros A5 RN 002 do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, com peso ao nascimento inferior a 2000g. Foram constituídos dois grupos a partir dos dados sociodemográficos coletados dos prontuários de internação neonatal das crianças participantes. O Grupo 1 (G1) constituise de 34 crianças pré-termo que receberam VMI por intubação orotraqueal (IOT) por um período igual ou maior que 7 dias, e o Grupo 2 (G2) é composto por 34 crianças pré-termo que receberam CPAP por um período de tempo igual ou maior que 72 horas. Foi realizada entrevista com a mãe ou responsável pela criança, com objetivo de obter as informações relativas à duração do aleitamento, uso da chupeta, presença/ausência de displasia broncopulmonar como sequela da prematuridade. As crianças foram submetidas a um exame de inspeção da cavidade bucal para detectar a presença de alterações no rebordo ou palato, para classificar o formato do palato (quadrado, estreito e ovoide) e para visualizar a erupção dos dentes decíduos, classificada em atrasada, normal ou adiantada para a idade. Foram realizadas medidas faciais, com emprego de um paquímetro, dos pontos antropométricos como: larguras facial e mandibular, terços superior, médio e inferior da face, altura facial e índice facial. Foi realizada análise descritiva e inferencial (teste t-Student, teste F da ANOVA, teste Mann- Whitney, Kruskal-Walis, teste exato de Fisher e o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson). Os cálculos foram realizados com auxílio do software R 3.1.1 (R Core Team, 2014). Utilizou-se nível de significância de 5% para o teste de hipóteses. RESULTADOS: Os grupos G1 e G2 foram homogêneos em relação ao gênero (p=1; feminino: n=17; masculino n=17 para ambos os grupos) e em relação à raça (p= 0,627; não caucasiano: n=14 CPAP; n=17 IOT). Porém, quando se analisou a duração da assistência respiratória, as crianças do G1 permaneceram um tempo médio de dias em IOT (25,3 ± 25,8) significantemente maior (p < 0,001) quando comparado ao CPAP. Em relação à erupção dentária, os grupos G1 e G2 foram homogêneos, p=1 (atrasada: 47,1%; normal: 38,2% e adiantada:14,7%), entretanto, o grupo G1 apresentou porcentagens significantemente maiores do formato do palato estreito (p=0,005) e valores significantemente maiores para a altura do terço inferior da face (p=0,019) quando comparadas às crianças do G2. As crianças com palato ovoide apresentaram um terço inferior da face significantemente menor (p = 0,038) quando comparado aos outros tipos de formato de palato, porém para as outras medidas da face e para os outros formatos de palato não houve diferença. Os grupos G1 e G2 não diferiram em relação às alteração de palato, medidas faciais e uso da chupeta. Da mesma maneira, o aleitamento materno não influenciou as medidas faciais da população estudada. Crianças submetidas à IOT, com sequela da DBP, apresentam altura do terço inferior da face significantemente maior (p= 0,019). CONCLUSÕES: As crianças pré-termo que receberam assistência respiratóra (CPAP ou IOT) não apresentam alterações em rebordo, palato, medidas faciais e na erupção dentária. Entretanto, quando estas foram submetidas à IOT, observou-se presença de palato de formato estreito e profundo, enquanto naquelas em CPAP o palato é de formato quadrado. As crianças pré-termo com hábitos nutritivos e não nutritivos não apresentam alteração no formato palatino nem nas medidas faciais. A presença da DBP em crianças submetidas à IOT acarreta maior altura no terço inferior da face / INTRODUCTION: Preterm children, especially those of very low birth weight, (VLBW), may show changes in the craniofacial pattern in the development of the oral cavity and tooth eruption pattern. This study aimed to describe the facial and palate characteristics as well as tooth eruption in preterm infants who have receiving mechanical ventilation; compare the effects of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and CPAP on the same variables; observe the impact of breastfeeding, use of pacifier and presence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm children aged 12-24 months. METHODS: The study included preterm infants, coming from the Pre-Term Newborn Follow-up Clinic of the University Hospital at University of São Paulo and from the Preterm Follow-up Clinic A5 RN 002 of the Children\'s Institute of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo, weighting less than 2000g at birth. Based on the sociodemographic data collected from newborn hospital records of participating children, two groups were divided. Group 1 (G1) consisted of 34 preterm infants who received IMV by tracheal intubation (TI) for a period equal to or greater than 7 days and Group 2 (G2) consisted of 34 preterm infants who received CPAP for a period of time equal to or greater than 72 hours. An interview was conducted with the mother or the child\'s guardian in order to obtain information on breastfeeding duration, nursing nipple use, presence/absence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia as prematurity-related sequelae. The children underwent an oral cavity inspection to detect the presence of changes in alveolar ridge or palate, so as to sort palate shape (square, narrow, oval) and to view the eruption of primary teeth, classified as delayed, average or early for the age. Facial measures were taken with the use of a caliper on anthropometric points, such as facial and mandibular width, upper, middle and lower thirds of faces, facial height and facial index. A descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out (t-Student test, ANOVA F test, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney test, Fisher\'s exact test and Pearson\'s correlation coefficient). Calculations were performed with the aid of the R 3.1.1 software (R Core Team, 2014). A 5% significance level was used to test the hypotheses. RESULTS: Groups G1 and G2 were homogeneous with respect to gender (p=1; female: n=17; male n=17 for both groups) and to race (p=0.627; non-Caucasian: n=14 CPAP; n=17 TI). However, when analyzing the duration of the mechanical ventilation, G1\'s children remained a significantly higher average of days in TI (25.3 ± 25.8) (p < 0.001) as compared to CPAP. Concerning tooth eruption, groups G1 and G2 were homogeneous, p=1, (delayed: 47.1%; average: 38.2% and early: 14.7%), however, G1 showed significantly higher percentages of narrow palate shape (p = 0.005) and significantly higher values for the height of the lower third of faces(p = 0.019) when compared to children of the G2. Children with oval palate have shown a significantly smaller lower third of the face (p = 0.038) when compared to other types of palate shapes, nevertheless, for other facial sizes and other palate shapes, no difference has been observed. The groups G1 and G2 did not differ with regard to palate change, facial sizes and use of pacifiers. Moreover, breastfeeding has also not affected the facial sizes of the study population. The height of the lower third of the face is significantly higher (p=0.019) in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia sequelae who have received TI. CONCLUSIONS: Preterm infants who have received mechanical ventilation (CPAP or TI) have shown no changes on the ridge, palate, facial sizes and tooth eruption. However, when submitted to TI, the presence of narrow- and deep-shaped palate was noted, while infants who have undergone CPAP showed square-shaped palates. Preterm infants with nutritive and nonnutritive sucking habits have shown no changes in palatal shape or facial sizes. The presence of BPD in children who have undergone TI entails greater height in the lower third of the face

Health and feeding outcomes for preterm infants depend upon healthcare providers’ ability to recognize non-verbal signs of distress during bottle-feeding. Methods of training future providers’ to interpret feeding behavior in preterm infants are unclear. This study used a pre-test/post-test design to compare the effects of in- vivo simulation and video-simulation training on students’ knowledge of feeding abnormalities, clinical judgment, and documentation accuracy. Fifty-two graduate level speech-language pathology students were assigned to the in-vivo (N= 27) or video-simulation (N= 25) group. Results revealed that both methods proved beneficial for increasing knowledge and clinical judgment skills. Participants trained using video-simulation training documented a greater number of distress signs. The use of patient simulators to train graduate level speech-language pathology students to use correct clinical judgment for managing abnormal feeding behavior is efficacious.

In the past decades there has been an improvement in the medical treatment of children born preterm or with reduced foetal growth. This has resulted in a much higher survival rate of these children, but also in a higher number of surviving children with chronic conditions. These changes have, in turn, increased interest in investigating the connection between birth-characteristics and outcomes in later life. The overall aim of the present thesis was to study the relations between birth-characteristics, subsequent hospitalisations, and childbearing by means of data available in Swedish population-based registries. The study population in this thesis consisted of women (and men in Paper III) born in 1973-75 according to the Medical Birth Register and the Total Population Register. Information available in other registries, such as the Hospital Discharge Register, was obtained by individual record linkage. In Paper I, 148,281 women, alive and living in Sweden at 13 years of age, were included. Of the women, 4.1% were born preterm and 5.4% were born small for gestational age, and approximately 30% of all women had given birth between 13 and 27 years of age. We found that reduced foetal growth and possibly preterm birth were related to the likelihood of giving birth during the study period. The intergenerational effects of preterm birth and reduced foetal growth were investigated in Paper II and the study population consisted of 38,720 mother-offspring pairs. An intergenerational effect of reduced foetal growth was found, and reduced foetal growth in the mother also increased the risk for preterm birth in the child. Paper III was concerned with 304,275 men and women living in Sweden at 13 years of age. Of these men and women, 30% were hospitalised during adolescence and early adulthood (i.e. between 12 and 23 years of age). We found that men and women born small for gestational age or preterm were more likely to be hospitalised, and that those born small for gestational age seemed to be more at risk compared to those born preterm. Finally, in Paper IV, the relation between hospitalisations during adolescence and the likelihood of giving birth was studied in 142,998 women living in Sweden at 20 years of age. We found that a majority of the causes of hospitalisation during adolescence were positively connected to the likelihood of giving birth between 20 and 27 years of age. The relations presented in Papers I-IV were evident although socio-economic characteristics were adjusted for.