En studie gjord av den internationella mäklarfirman Knight Frank placerar den svenska bostadsmarknaden på en fjärde plats i rankingen över världens hetaste bostadsmarknader. Många kommuner i Sverige har upplevt en kraftig prisutveckling på bostäder de senaste åren och det är därför viktigt att studera den svenska bostadsmarknaden och dess priser. Syftet med denna studie är således att undersöka vilka faktorer det är som påverkar prisutvecklingen på småhus i Sveriges kommuner. Studien är en tvärsnittsstudie över 288 kommuner där förändringen i bostadspriserna studeras under åren 1996 till 2015. Studien har utförts med hjälp av en statistisk metod i form av en regressionsanalys som har delats upp i två perioder: 1996 till 2005 och 2006 till 2015. Den beroende variabeln är prisutvecklingen på bostäder och de förklarande variablerna är utbudet av bostäder, förvärvsinkomst, arbetslöshet, befolkning och kommunalskatt. Regressionsanalysen visar att befolkningsökningen är den variabel som är signifikant med prisutvecklingen under den första perioden och alla förklarande variabler utom kommunalskatten ärsignifikanta under den andra perioden. Genom den deskriptiva statistiken kan vi även se ett samband mellan utbud av bostäder per invånare och prisutvecklingen på bostäder. / According to a study by the international real estate firm Knight Frank, the Swedish housing market is in a fourth place in the rankings of the world's hottest housing markets. Many municipalities in Sweden have experienced a strong price trend in housing during recent years. Therefore, it is important to study the Swedish housing market and its prices. The purpose of the study is to examine which factors affect the increase in house prices in Sweden's municipalities. We have made a cross-sectional study of 288 municipalities and studying the change in housing prices from year 1996 to 2015. The study was conducted using a statistical method in form of a regression analysis that has been divided into two time periods: 1996 to 2005 and 2006 to 2015. The dependent variable is the change in housing prices and the explanatory variables are the supply of housing, professional income, unemployment rate, population rate and municipal taxes. The regression analysis show that population growth is the variable that is significant to the price trend during the first period. All the explanatory variables except municipal taxes is significant during the second period. Through the descriptive statistics, we can also see a connection between supply of housing per capita and increases in house prices.

Sverige är ett av de länderna som har haft en väldigt kraftig uppgång på bostadspriserna de senaste åren enligt Statistiska centralbyråns (SCB) siffror. Utvecklingen har inte endast påverkat huvudstaden utan även andra städer i landet. Faktorerna bakom prisuppgången må vara många men studiens syfte är att uppskatta sambandet mellan bestämningsfaktorerna: befolkningstäthet, förvärvsinkomst, nyproducerade bostadsrätter i förhållande till folkmängd, bolåneränta samt arbetslöshet med bostadsrättspriserna. Fokus kommer ligga på storstadsregionerna Stor-Stockholm, Stor-Göteborg och Stor-Malmö mellan år 2008-2016. Bostadspriserna analyseras ur ett grundläggande nationalekonomiskt perspektiv och undersökningen har formats med hänsyn till det statistiska materialet som funnits åtkomligt, för att testas med hjälp av paneldata där fixed effect har innefattas. Studien omfattar 45 kommuner med en tidsperiod på 9 år och mängden observationer uppgår till 405, där datamaterialet bedöms vara komplett utan några bortfall under tidsperioden, det vill säga balanserad. Studiens resultat visar ett positivt samband mellan befolkningstäthet och bostadsrättspriserna, en ökning med en invånare per ökar bostadspriserna med 15,8 kr per kvm, såvida de andra variablerna hålls konstanta (modell 7). Regressionresultatet visar på att befolkningstätheten är den faktor som har den främsta påverkan på bostadsrättspriserna i jämförelse med studiens övriga faktorer. Resultatet påvisar även ett positivt samband mellan förvärvsinkomst och bostadspriserna samt ett negativt samband mellan faktorerna arbetslöshet och ränta på bostadsrättspriserna i samtliga modeller. Däremot visar nyproduktionen ett oväntat resultat. Studien skall bland annat bidra till en ökad förståelse för sambandet mellan de utvalda bestämningsfaktorerna och dess inverkan på bostadspriserna. Vidare är studiens källor tillförlitliga och har en stark validitet som ger en ökad förståelse för sambandet. / Sweden is one of the countries that has had a very strong increase in the housing prices during the recent years according to SCB’s calculations. The development has not only been seen in Stockholm but it has also affected the smaller cities as well. The factors behind the massive price increases may be many, but the purpose of the essay has been to estimate the relationship between the factors: population density, income, new constructed condominiums in relation to the population, interest rate and unemployment have on condominiums rates. The main focus will lay on the following big cities, Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö from the years of 2008-2016. The housing prices will be analyzed from an economic perspective. Further, the study has been formed by the statistical material that has been accessible and then been tested using panel data that includes fixed effect. The study encompasses 45 municipalities with a time period of 9 years (2008-2016) which comprises to 405 observations, where the data is strongly balanced, meaning that the database is complete. The result of the essay shows a positive correlation between population density and housing prices, an increase of one inhabitant per increases housing prices by 15.8 kr per square meter, if all the other variables are hold constant (model 7). The regression results indicate that population density is the factor that has the main impact on housing prices in comparison to all other factors. The results also shows a positive correlation between income and housing prices, as well as a negative correlation between the factors unemployment and the interest rate on housing prices in all models. On the other hand, new production shows an unexpected result. Furthermore, the essay considered to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between the selected factors and its impact on the housing prices in Sweden's three largest cities, Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö during the period 2008-2016.

This diploma thesis analyses electro energy market organisation in the European Union and the United States of America. Liberalisation tendencies occurred in both areas during the 90's. The liberalisation is supposed to increase quality and reliability of electricity supplies as well as decrease electricity price. Electro energy industry belongs to the so called network industries, whose specifics prevent smooth liberalisation process. The vertically integrated companies or utilities in the US behave monopolistically on the market making the industry work inefficiently. Consequently, prices paid by customers are too high. The liberalisation should enable new participants to enter the market more easily as result of competition introduction and thereby also lead to pricing based on supply and demand interaction. The thesis also deals with price development in European and American areas liberalised to different extent. You can see number of similar tendencies and problems despite different way of electro energy market organisation in the EU and the US.

The housing market has lately turned very intense with many speculators and hectic auctions. The high demand and stagnating supply has led to significant increase in housing prices around the Stockholm area. This has resulted in apartments being bought or sold before the ordinary viewings where one out of five apartments is today being sold before the actual viewing.  We have conducted a qualitative study where we have evaluated how selling before ordinary viewings affect the housing market and the corresponding reasons behind this. To enable a pertinent conclusion, we have gather theoretical information regarding what factors affect the housing markets together with interviews with several real estate agents. Furthermore, we have highlighted how the prices differ between apartments that were sold before and after the ordinary viewings. The results showed that the price development is not affected by whether the apartment was sold before or after the ordinary viewing. However, this was not the case if the buyer found the apartment especially lucrative, which meant that the buyer was willing to pay an abnormal high price for it in order to get it out of the market, and thus secure the apartment. We moreover found that it is more profitable for the seller to wait until after the viewing to sell the apartment if such a buyer could not be found. One of the main reasons as to why purchases before ordinary viewing has gotten such a strong foothold lately is because the buyer, and some extent the seller, wants to avoid the high level of competitiveness and hectic auctions. Other motives are to increase revenue and to make the deal as smooth and fast as possible. / Bostadsmarknaden har varit intensiv de senaste aren, visningarna har varit fulla av spekulanter och det har varit hektiska budgivningar. Den hoga efterfragan gentemot det laga utbudet har lett till en stark prisuppgang for bostadsratter i Stockholms lan. Det har aven lett till att kopa och salja innan ordinarie visning blivit vanligare den senaste tiden, da cirka var femte bostadsratt idag saljs innan ordinarie visning.   Det har ar en kvalitativ studie dar det undersokts hur forsaljningar innan ordinarie visningar paverkar bostadsmarknaden och varfor fler vill kopa eller salja innan ordinarie visning. For att komma fram till en slutsats har det inhamtats teorier kring vilka faktorer som paverkar bostadsmarknaden samt utforts intervjuer med flera bostadsmaklare och en illustration dar det undersokts slutpriser pa bostadsratter som salts innan och efter ordinarie visning.   Uppsatsens slutsats ar att prisutvecklingen inte paverkas av forsaljning innan ordinarie visning om inte spekulanten ar en kopare som blivit fascinerad av bostadsratten. Det leder till att den spekulanten ar villig att betala ett hogt pris for den bostadsratten just for att slippa konkurrens och en hektisk budgivning, som i sin tur kan leda till att spekulanten inte vinner budgivningen. Det ar mer lonsamt for en saljare att salja efter en ordinarie visning om en sadan spekulant inte dyker upp.   Nagra av skalen till att fler vill kopa innan ordinarie visning ar att spekulanter vill slippa konkurrens och hektiska budgivningar som har varit vanligt de senaste aren. Somliga skal till att salja innan ordinarie visning ar att saljaren vill forsakra sin vinst och att affaren skall ga till smidigt.

In a historical view, house prices have developed at the same rate as inflation. In the end of the 20th century the prices on the housing market started to differ from the inflation rate, and today the deviation is strong and the real price increase has been very strong. The financial crisis in 2008, which was a result of a subprime mortgage crisis on the American real estate market, has made several agents on the housing market in Sweden question today’s prices. Robert Schiller, an American economist who predicted the mortgage crisis in 2008, claimed during the Nobel Prize ceremony 2013, that Sweden shows signs of a financial bubble – "I think that people here in Sweden have an illusion that increasing prices is a lasting trend, but that is more suggestive of a bubble". Sweden has been in a recession for the last years, which has led to low interest rates and beneficial conditions on the real estate market. Despite the high unemployment and the recession, prices on the housing market in Stockholm County have continued to increase. This bachelor thesis aims to analyze the housing market in Stockholm County and investigate if there is a price bubble or not, or if the high prices can be explained by fundamental factors. The Thesis suggests that there is no price bubble on the housing market in Stockholm County. The increasing prices are based on fundamental factors, such as low interest rate, low supply on the housing market in combination with an increasing demand. Therefore it is unlikely that there is no existing pricing bubble on the housing market in Stockholm County.

The aim of the thesis is "Development of offer and prices of organic food". Organic farming and its development in Czech Republic, legislation, control mechanisms in organic farming are described in theoretical part, including market discription with organic food in Czech Republic and Europe. Second part describes customer questionnaire survey in model shop. Than was performed a control purchase. The last part is the analysis of price developments and price comparison of organic and conventional nutritive.

The diploma thesis analyzes the development of agricultural land prices examines the development of agricultural land in the Hodonín district in 2015-2018. Three databases of comparative samples are created for the thesis - according to the source (realized sales, execution sales and offer sales), which are subsequently analyzed and examined. The result is our own findings and conclusions, including the price index, which are compared and confronted with public aggregated data.

Med den starka prisuppgången på Stockholms bostadsmarknad som bakgrund är det intressant att undersöka skillnader i prisutveckling för bostadsrätter. Med en teoretisk utgångspunkt i modeller om prispåverkande faktorer har en fallstudie på ett premiumfastighetsbolag i Stockholm utförts. Metodmässigt är studien i huvudsak kvantitativ. Historisk data gällande försäljningar har undersökt och ställts emot bostadsprisindex där skillnader i prisutveckling har kunnat identifieras. Företaget i fallstudien visade sig ha en starkare prisutveckling än både index för Stockholm Stad och respektive SAMS-område, vilket innebär en högre avkastning för investerare i det undersökta företaget jämfört med index. En regressionsanalys har genomförts för att testa hypotesen att ett premiumvarumärke har positiv påverkan på priset på bostadsrätter. Variabeln premiumvarumärke konstaterades statistiskt signifikant enligt modellen som testades och hypotesen kunde bekräftas. Förändringen i pris och prisutveckling i den här studien kan härledas till förändrade preferenser på marknaden, ett starkt varumärke och ett relativt unikt koncept. För att kunna fastställa att ett premiumfastighetsbolags snabbare prisutveckling beror på dessa faktorer krävs dock ytterligare analyser av fler premiumföretag. Sammanfattningsvis konstateras att ett premiumvarumärke i det undersökta fallet påverkar både pris och prisutveckling gällande bostadsrätter positivt. / Due to a rapid increase in housing prices at the Stockholm housing market there is a stated interest to further examine the differences in price development. A study of historical data from a premium property development company has been conducted. With theoretical models describing price determinants as a background data has been analyzed to find variances in price development. The study is primarily quantitative. By comparing historical data with price indices, differences in price development have been identified. The company showed greater price development than both the Stockholm index and each SAMS-area index. This results in a higher return, compared to index, for those who invest in an apartment from the studied company. A regression analysis has been conducted to test the hypothesis that a premium brand has a positive influence on property prices. The variable premium brand turned out to be significant according to the model and the hypothesis could be confirmed. A change in preferences, a strong brand and a relatively unique concept can explain a lot of the differences in price development in this study. To be able to determine that the differences really are due to these factors requires further research on premium property development companies. To summarize, a premium brand has a positive influence on both price and price development.

Amorteringskravet infördes den första juni 2016 som en åtgärd för att dämpa den oavbrutet ökande skuldsättningen i Sveriges hushåll. Hushållens höga skuldsättning har varit mycket omtalad de senaste åren och lett till diskussioner om huruvida den innebär risk för den makroekonomiska och finansiella stabiliteten. Banker, myndigheter och högskolor verksamma inom bostadsmarknaden har varit både positiva och skeptiska till amorteringskravet som åtgärd för att minska hushållens skuldsättning och menar att konsekvenserna på bostadsmarknaden kan vara både positiva och negativa. Med denna bakgrund är syftet med uppsatsen att studera om och hur amorteringskravet hittills har påverkat bostadspriserna och skuldsättningen för bolån, samt om regleringen har varit den ultimata åtgärden för att uppnå en sundare ekonomi. För att uppnå uppsatsens syfte, har en kvalitativ metod, som innefattat intervjuer och litteraturstudie, samt en kvantitativ studie, som baserats på statistik, valts. Genom intervjuer med aktörer verksamma inom bostadsmarknaden samt statistiska tester, har en slutsats dragits om att amorteringskravet har haft effekt på bostadsmarknaden. Bostadspriserna har fortsatt att öka men i en lägre takt i jämförelse med tidigare år, även skuldsättningens ökningstakt har sjunkit. Amorteringskravet anses endast vara en pedagogisk åtgärd för att införa amorteringsbeteendet hos hushållen snarare än en skuldnedsättande åtgärd. / The first of June 2016, an amortization requirement was introduced as a measure to halt the constantly growing household debt in Sweden. The high household debt has been widely discussed over the past few years which has led to the further discussion regarding whether the growing debt means a risk for the macroeconomic and financial stability. Banks and other actors active in the housing market have been both positive and skeptical of the amortization requirement as a measure to reduce the household dept. The actors argue that the consequences can be both positive and negative. The purpose of this essay is to study if and how the amortization requirement so far has affected the house prices and the debt for mortgage loans, and if it has been the ultimate measure to achieve a more stable economy. To achieve the purpose of the essay two research methods were used: qualitative method, interviews and literature studies, and quantitative method, based on statistics. Results suggest that the amortization requirement has had an impact on the housing market. Housing prices have continued to increase but at a slower pace in comparison with previous years, whilst the debt rate has fallen. The amortization requirement is considered more as an educational measure than a measure that reduces household depts. The conclusion drawn from the results is that the amortization requirement has fulfilled its purpose but whether this measure is the most optimal is hard to say.

Objective of this thesis was to describe and evaluate the development of milk prices in selected countries of the European Union and The Czech Republic. The theoretical part describes the definition of price, pricing, division of prices, factors affecting the consumption of milk, the connection between consumption, price and income. The thesis also analyzes the particularities of agricultural prices compared with prices in other sectors. It was drawn from literature of Czech and foreign authors. In the methodical part there are described statistical and economic calculation methods. The development of milk prices in each selected EU countries is described in the practical part. Analyzed countries were not chosen randomly. In this paper, there are selected three old states (Denmark, Italy, United Kingdom) and three new states (Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia) and of course the Czech Republic. Furthermore, the price development is assessed by means of price indexes, using analysis of longer time series. In the longer term series there is used the time series analysis, where a linear trend is modeled and a verification of the correctness of the predicted trend results is made. The time series is also examined from the viewpoint of seasonal fluctuations. The thesis is more interested in the national environment, efficiency of large milk producers. In the third part there is calculated the dependence of price development on income situation in each country and the impact of prices on consumption. Coefficients of income elasticity and elasticity of consumption were used. Price and income elasticity was compared in each country of the EU. The conclusion contains summary of results and performed discussion.