With the 1980s, as a result of economic and financial deregulation policies, housing finance systems in most countries have had great transformations and have become market-oriented. Recently, in Turkey, a draft law was submitted to the parliament which can be regarded as an attempt to integrate housing finance to capital markets through the establishment of secondary market for housing loans extended by commercial banks. In this thesis, it is aimed to evaluate the role of housing loans extended by commercial banks on housing finance in Turkey, to assess the prospective legal regulation in terms of lenders and borrowers of housing loans and to discuss the anticipated impacts of this scheme to the commercial banks, the housing loans and borrowers within the context of global trends in housing finance. For these purposes, housing files extended by commercial banks have been examined and in-dept interviews have been conducted with interviewees from commercial banks, Capital Market Board and Housing Development Administration. As a result, it is found out that the role of housing loans extended by commercial banks is very limited in housing finance in Turkey and only high income groups can access these loans. Moreover, it is explicit that the housing finance scheme in the draft law is entirely market-oriented and targets the middle and upper income groups. On the other hand, such a policy orientation is quite problematic and paradoxical in that / the housing problem in Turkey is most dramatically felt by the lower middle and low income groups.

Blue bonds are gaining global traction as innovative financial instruments to tackle marine sustainability, yet their yield spreads compared to conventional bonds remain unexplored. Based on the growing interest in sustainable investments and the concept of the greenium, this study introduces and searches for a bluenium, the analogous premium for blue bonds. Hence, the purpose of this research is to investigate whether blue bonds exhibit a lower yield at issuance compared to conventional bonds. This examination is intended to contribute to the literature on impact investment risk and return, particularly in the context of marine sustainability, providing valuable insights for investors, issuers, researchers, and policymakers. The study employs the propensity score matching (PSM) method to ensure robust comparative analysis between blue bonds and comparable conventional bonds. The empirical analysis identifies a yield spread of 47 basis points (bps) favouring higher yields for blue bonds, though these results lack statistical significance. Hence, there is no significant evidence of lower yields for blue bonds compared to conventional bonds. The insignificant results could stem from the relatively small sample size, reflecting the fact that blue bonds are in their early stage, suggesting that they may require further development, similar to what green bonds experienced. Future research should consider larger samples and additional variables to enhance the robustness and applicability of the findings. This study informs stakeholders of the complexities and development potential of the blue bond market.

A top-down analysis approach used for over 17 thousand of euro-denominated corporate bond issuances executed in the European primary bond market between 1999 and 2013. The main findings reveal not only the most active corporate issuers in Europe, but they also show the decomposition of issuance by coupon type, rated versus unrated issuance, debut and perpetual issuances, high grade as well as high yield new bond issues split by sector, rating and maturity. I used the opensource statistical package Gretl and applied the ordinary least square technique in order to quantify the association between euro-denominated corporate issuance and credit spreads.

本文嘗試以訊息理論中的代理模型來探討台灣在今年(2005,民國94年)將承銷舊制改為新制，對國內初級市場以及當中參與者(包括初次上市公司、公司原大股東、投資人以及承銷商四者)的影響。 經過本文從模型建立、推導和結果之比較分析後發現，事實上，金管會所欲解決國內初級市場的許多不合理問題，最後可以歸納成為兩大問題：一、如何讓承銷商解決公司與投資人之間資訊不對稱的問題？該問題表現在承銷價被低估，或是公司欺騙投資人其真實獲利類型來取得額外之獲利上。二、如何讓公司可以在上市時，真正拿到所募集之資金並且做妥善運用？該問題表現在承銷價被高估，或是原大股東在公司上市時賣老股所能得到之獲利上。 透過本文模型證明，藉由觀察新舊制下承銷價、原大股東以及公司獲利來源的變化可知，新制實施的各種長短期措施，例如短期下強制公司必須以新股承銷(解決問題一)、要求承銷商運用專業審核監督公司的營運概況(解決問題二)，長期下則透過承銷商分級管理制度(解決問題二)等，只要金管會確實執行，的確能讓初級市場最主要的兩大問題得到解決，最終還可達到完全資訊狀態。 但是，本文觀察發現，上半年整個初級市場的概況只能以「冷清」兩字來形容，因此繼續從新制實施的短期角度來看，考慮初級市場四種參與者所增加的各項成本，包括發行成本、資訊揭露成本等，以及其在適應新制時所造成新的衝擊與影響，包括公司額外募得之資金運用不當、每股盈餘遭稀釋之衝擊等等之後，本文發現經過初級市場四種參與者的交互影響，則最壞情況為發生「短期獲利低類型公司被逐出初級市場」的現象，並導致初級市場失靈而失去其所能帶給公司作為籌資管道之功能，這便可解釋為何初級市場近來會有如此冷清的情況。 因此本文建議，未來新制應做適度修正，例如降低公司上市時的成本、提供更大的誘因讓承銷商願意承做上市案件，避免初級市場發生失靈的可能；最後若再加上金管會確實長期下來公平客觀的執行承銷商分級管理制度，解決承銷商過度競爭之情況、讓投資人有信心願意相信承銷商會替其解決資訊不對稱的問題，則新制對整個初級市場以及參與者而言，將可帶來正面的效果與助益。 事實上，本文在研究過程中發現，國內承銷制度變革多著重於增加消極外部監督力量，並強調解決投資人與公司之間資訊不對稱的問題；但是本文以為，未來承銷制度還可走向實施能夠創造積極且為內部自發性監督力量的措施，且亦應設法解決承銷商與投資人、承銷商與公司之間資訊不對稱的問題才是，因此本文提出：一、在讓承銷商恢復專業方面，除了先前所提減少消極外部監督力量之衝擊，應設法再擴大承銷商的獲利來源和增加其本身積極內部監督之力量，例如培養出特有的服務項目尋求專業化或是選擇提供多種服務達到範疇經濟效果，以及品牌建立等；二、在解決公司與投資人之間資訊不對稱的問題方面，除了透過承銷商，本文認為還可藉由公司本身品牌之建立創造出自我監督力量，以及讓國內投資人從以散戶為主體到組成團體，形成類似法人之概念創造另一個外部監督的力量。三、在讓公司可以真正拿到上市時所募集之資金並做妥善運用方面，除了新股發行，本文建議，公司在使用新制上市時應了解到不能再沿用舊制的思考模式，須事先規劃如何降低新制帶給公司的衝擊，至於上市後，尚須透過完善的公司治理制度，來健全整個公司資金運用情形，因此金管會在對承銷制度進行改革的同時，也應考慮是否亦須適時修改出更完善的公司治理制度，藉由同時對公司上市前後之行為做完善的規範，相信能讓承銷制度的改革達成更顯著的效果。 藉由以上三方面之建議，本文希望能夠更迅速有效的解決國內當前初級市場所存在的不合理問題，並讓其在未來朝著更健全的方向發展，進而使得國內整個資本市場達成質與量皆提升的目標。

本文利用國內投資人參與民國八十五年一月至八十九年四月間77家IPO競價拍賣的投標資料為樣本，來探討投資人過度自信以及自我歸因偏誤的情形。實證結果發現:過度自信假說於對個人投資人在初級市場的投資行為仍有適用，並且男女皆有過度自信的現象，但沒有足夠證據顯示男性較女性過度自信。最後當投資者上次報酬為正時，投資者會更積極的投標。而上次報酬為負時，對其下次投標標價的影響並不顯著。此點符合自我歸因假說的推論。

Following thesis deals with development of business activities of company ZETOR TRACTORS, a. s. on Australian market. First part of the thesis is focused on theory, basic terms, methods and tools used for planning of development of business activities. Current situation of the company and market environment is analyzed after that. Major goal of the thesis is proposal of recommended option for development of current business activities on Australian market.