Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:21:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 26 / Nenhuma / Relacionando o direito com a moral, em um contexto de mundo globalizado e complexo, faz-se uma tentativa de se denunciar a falência do modelo jurídico positivista kelseniano, em face de uma pluralidade de normas internacionais, ligadas ao meio ambiente, que, assim como ocorre com aquelas que versam sobre os direitos humanos, acabam por não serem devidamente obedecidas pelos atores da comunidade internacional. Para tanto, analisa-se a questão da cogência das referidas normas, visando estabelecer se este ponto que diferencia o direito da moral é essencial para que as normas adquiram efetividade. Não obstante, como alternativa ao modelo positivista sob análise, persegue-se um paradigma diferenciado, a fim de que se possa, como alternativa fundada em um parâmetro epistemológico aberto, condizente com uma visão transdisciplinar e em conformidade com preceitos éticos fundados na teoria da responsabilidade de Hans Jonas, demonstrar que a adesão às normas ocorre muito mais pelo teor moral existente nas mesmas, do que

During the years 1994 and 2004, Sweden suffered two major international crisis that affected and challenged the crisis management in Sweden. This essay is based on Swedish crisis management of two national crises: the Estonia disaster 1994 and the Tsunami disaster in Southeast Asia 2004. The main question of the essay concerns the Swedish government´s crisis management during major crises and how the crisis management changed between and after 1994 and 2009. The main question is divided into three subqueries that leads the analysis. The questions are (1) What shortcomings were identified in the government´s crisis management work in connection with the two disasters? (2) What changes were made to crisis management policy after the two disasters? and (3) How can the crisis-inducing learning after the two disasters be interpreted/understood? The purpose of this essay is to find out the policy changes that took places after the two disasters, to find out if these crises have changed the work around crisis in Sweden or if the criticism levelled at the government after the Estonia disaster was the same after the tsunami disaster. The essay is based on a qualitative method that involves making a comparison between the two crises, by analysing material through state public investigations (SOU) and from the National Audit Office in Sweden. The conclusion from this essay is that the crisis management after the Estonia disaster did not result in any radical changes to improve the clear shortcomings of the crisis management. However, we were able to see that the changes the Swedish government talked about needed another major crisis, namely the tsunami disaster before the establishment of a crisis organization. Crisis management is constantly changing, albeit slowly. It is not possible for the Swedish government to wait for a new crisis to occur before the policy changes are implemented in crisis management.

Denna uppsats utforskar förändringar i styrning och ledning inom svensk offentlig förvaltning, med särskilt fokus på ansvarsprincipen i kontexten kring krishantering. Genom en narrativ analys av Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskaps policydokument undersöks hur ansvarsprincipen har formulerats och utvecklats under perioden 2014 till 2024. Resultaten visar att ansvarsprincipen har genomgått betydande förändringar. Före Covid-19-pandemin präglades den svenska förvaltningen av decentralisering och ett starkt fokus på kommunalt självstyre. Pandemin blottade dock allvarliga brister i denna modell, såsom fragmentering, bristande samordning och otydlig ansvarsfördelning. Studien identifierar att under pandemin och andra kriser har det funnits en ökad betoning på samverkan och tydligare ansvarsfördelning. MSB:s roll som samordnande myndighet har blivit alltmer central, med ett starkare fokus på att bygga resiliens och effektiv krisberedskap. Trots detta kvarstår utmaningar, särskilt när det gäller att implementera en mer integrerad och adaptiv styrningsmodell som kan hantera framtida kriser effektivt. Slutsatsen är att en effektiv krishantering inom svensk offentlig förvaltning kräver en balanserad integration av både centraliserade och decentraliserade styrningsmodeller. En sådan balanserad modell innebär en tydlig ansvarstagande nationell strategi, där både formella strukturer och institutioner samt bredare processer för styrning inkluderas. Detta gör det möjligt att bättre hantera komplexa och varierande kriser genom att utnyttja fördelarna med både samordning och flexibilitet. Trots att samhällsfrågor har blivit alltmer komplexa och kräver ökad expertis, kvarstår statens roll som central. Detta innebär att en blandad modell av styrning är nödvändig för att möta samtidens utmaningar effektivt genom att säkerställa en omfattande och inkluderande styrning. / This thesis explores changes in governance and management within Swedish public administration, with a particular focus on the principle of responsibility in the context of crisis management. Through a narrative analysis of the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency's (MSB)policy documents, the formulation and evolution of the responsibility principle from 2014 to 2024 are examined. The results show that the responsibility principle has undergone significant changes. Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, Swedish administration was characterized by decentralization and a strong focus on municipal self-governance. However, the pandemic exposed serious flaws in this model, such as fragmentation, lack of coordination, and unclear allocation of responsibilities. The study identifies that during the pandemic and other crises, there has been an increased emphasis on collaboration and clearer allocation of responsibilities. MSB's role as a coordinating authority has become increasingly central, with a stronger focus on building resilience and effective crisis preparedness. Despite this, challenges remain, particularly in implementing a more integrated and adaptive governance model capable of effectively managing future crises. The conclusion is that effective crisis management within Swedish public administration requires a balanced integration of both centralized and decentralized governance models. Such a balanced model entails a clear, responsible national strategy that includes both formal structures and institutions as well as broader governance processes. This approach enables better handling of complex and varied crises by leveraging the advantages of both coordination and flexibility. Although societal issues have become increasingly complex and require greater expertise, the state's role remains central. This implies that a mixed model of governance is necessary to effectively address contemporary challenges by ensuring comprehensive and inclusive governance.