During the twentieth century, Nursing Education in South Africa was traditionally provided by the public sector and religious orders. Sr Henriëtta Stockdale played a major role in the development of nursing education and the governing thereof. In 1914, the establishment of the South African Trained Nurses’ Association (SATNA) marked the drive for an improved system of education for professional nurses. Medical practitioners and members of the Colonial Medical Council supported this initiative. The Provincial Medical Councils recommended a uniform system of education, to abolish the apprenticeship system of training and that students should be supernumerary. However, it was difficult to persuade authorities to accept the recommendations. The apprenticeship system prevailed, except for Groote Schuur Hospital where a block system was introduced (Searle, 1965b:287). Nursing training at university level has been advocated by SATNA since 1914. Due to financial responsibilities and the limited number of recruits that met the entry requirements of tertiary institutions, it was unsuccessful. Furthermore, university training of nurses restricted the placement of student nurses at large hospitals linked to universities. In 1933, the University of Cape Town and the University of the Witwatersrand became the first two universities in South Africa to have nurses on campus (Potgieter, 1984:1). In 1916, the training of male nurses in the mining industry was allowed for the first time. All training interventions were funded by mining houses and could therefore be regarded as the first Private Nursing Education Institution (PNEI). In 1946, a small nursing school was established on the East Rand under the Simmer and Jack Native Hospital. The purpose was to train white male orderlies for medical stations at mines. This was the beginning of PNEI in South Africa. PNEI are still functioning presently. The role and contribution of these institutions to nursing education in South Africa are often ignored. The researcher strove to answer the following question: What is the history and development of PNEI and their contribution with regard to nursing education in South Africa from a historical perspective? The objectives of the study were to explore, describe and record the history of the development of PNEI and their contribution to nursing education in South Africa. The motivation for the private health care industry to embark on the establishment of Nursing Education Institution (NEI) was investigated and described. A qualitative research design and an explorative, descriptive, contextual, historical research approach were applied. Explorative research involves the exploration of the phenomenon to divulge its core components. A descriptive study design aimed to find more information on the topic within this particular field of study was also used. The topic and context of this study is PNEI in South Africa between 1946 and 2006. The purpose of the study is to preserve the history of the development and contribution of PNEI including Gold Fields Nursing College, Netcare Training Academy, Life Nursing College, Medi-Clinic Learning Centres and Gandhi Mandela Nursing Academy between 1946 and 2006. This research study is presented as a chronological narrative report (Objective 1). Data collection was done by individual oral history semi-structured interviews with information-rich individuals as well as document analysis. Oral history semi-structured interviews had been recorded after which each interview was transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was done by narrative and document analysis. Scientific rigour was ensured throughout the study. Objective 2 and Objective 3 were achieved through data collection and analysis. Recommendations based on the findings are made for nursing research, nursing education and nursing practice. / Thesis (PhD (Nursing))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

During the twentieth century, Nursing Education in South Africa was traditionally provided by the public sector and religious orders. Sr Henriëtta Stockdale played a major role in the development of nursing education and the governing thereof. In 1914, the establishment of the South African Trained Nurses’ Association (SATNA) marked the drive for an improved system of education for professional nurses. Medical practitioners and members of the Colonial Medical Council supported this initiative. The Provincial Medical Councils recommended a uniform system of education, to abolish the apprenticeship system of training and that students should be supernumerary. However, it was difficult to persuade authorities to accept the recommendations. The apprenticeship system prevailed, except for Groote Schuur Hospital where a block system was introduced (Searle, 1965b:287). Nursing training at university level has been advocated by SATNA since 1914. Due to financial responsibilities and the limited number of recruits that met the entry requirements of tertiary institutions, it was unsuccessful. Furthermore, university training of nurses restricted the placement of student nurses at large hospitals linked to universities. In 1933, the University of Cape Town and the University of the Witwatersrand became the first two universities in South Africa to have nurses on campus (Potgieter, 1984:1). In 1916, the training of male nurses in the mining industry was allowed for the first time. All training interventions were funded by mining houses and could therefore be regarded as the first Private Nursing Education Institution (PNEI). In 1946, a small nursing school was established on the East Rand under the Simmer and Jack Native Hospital. The purpose was to train white male orderlies for medical stations at mines. This was the beginning of PNEI in South Africa. PNEI are still functioning presently. The role and contribution of these institutions to nursing education in South Africa are often ignored. The researcher strove to answer the following question: What is the history and development of PNEI and their contribution with regard to nursing education in South Africa from a historical perspective? The objectives of the study were to explore, describe and record the history of the development of PNEI and their contribution to nursing education in South Africa. The motivation for the private health care industry to embark on the establishment of Nursing Education Institution (NEI) was investigated and described. A qualitative research design and an explorative, descriptive, contextual, historical research approach were applied. Explorative research involves the exploration of the phenomenon to divulge its core components. A descriptive study design aimed to find more information on the topic within this particular field of study was also used. The topic and context of this study is PNEI in South Africa between 1946 and 2006. The purpose of the study is to preserve the history of the development and contribution of PNEI including Gold Fields Nursing College, Netcare Training Academy, Life Nursing College, Medi-Clinic Learning Centres and Gandhi Mandela Nursing Academy between 1946 and 2006. This research study is presented as a chronological narrative report (Objective 1). Data collection was done by individual oral history semi-structured interviews with information-rich individuals as well as document analysis. Oral history semi-structured interviews had been recorded after which each interview was transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was done by narrative and document analysis. Scientific rigour was ensured throughout the study. Objective 2 and Objective 3 were achieved through data collection and analysis. Recommendations based on the findings are made for nursing research, nursing education and nursing practice. / Thesis (PhD (Nursing))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Magister Curationis - MCur / In our constantly changing healthcare system and with large numbers of staff shortages in hospitals, newly qualified professional nurses are expected to be competent and work unsupervised in leadership capacities soon after they have completed their nursing programs. The study was aimed at determining the perceptions of professional nurses of newly qualified professional nurses' competency as well as factors that influence competency. A quantitative approach using a descriptive survey design was employed, using 34 experienced professional nurses working in selected private hospitals in the Western Cape. Data was collected by means of a peer evaluation questionnaire, namely the Competency Inventory for Registered nurses. Data was analyzed, using IBM SPSS 19 with the assistance of a statistician. The results of the 55-item Competency Inventory for Registered Nurses indicate that newly qualified nurses were perceived as highly competent in clinical care, leadership, interpersonal relation, legal/ethical and professional development. Newly qualified nurses were perceived as low in competency in teaching/coaching, critical thinking and research aptitude. All the factors identified using literature, were perceived as having an influence on competency. Recommendations were made to the institutions to assist newly qualified nurses in competence development.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters (Information Science) in the Department of Library and Information Studies at the University of Zululand, 2017 / This study investigates the different medical records management regimes within public and private hospitals in the Umhlathuze Area, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The study made a comparison and examined whether the current management practices support service delivery in the context of the Batho Pele principles. In doing this, the study reviewed extensive literature on records management standards and theories, legislative framework of medical records in order to establish the extent of the level of compliance to the set regulatory framework in the management of medical records in South Africa. It also assessed the depth of the integration of ICTs in the management of medical records in South Africa. The targeted study sample in both the public and private hospital was 193. Of these, only 180 responded and this represented a respondent‟s rate of 93.5%. The study was largely a quantitative research. The study adopted a survey research design and used multiple forms of data collection techniques such as structured questionnaires, observations and document review. Quantitative data collected was analysed to obtain some descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analysed using content analysis to derive particular themes pertinent to the study. The two sets of results were compared and contrasted to produce a single interpretation and then conclusions were drawn. The study findings established that the records management practices in both hospitals were not well entrenched thus undermining quality health service delivery. This was evidenced by lack of awareness and existence of the records management policies and procedures manual; lack of adherence records management standard; lack of security measures, with rampant cases of missing files, folios and torn folders; delays in access and use of records; lack of an elaborate electronic records management programme and low levels of skill and training opportunities in records management. The use of paper records is still dominant in the public hospital; while the electronic medical record system was in place in the private hospital with some degree of success even though implementation challenges continue to exist. The integration of ICTs in the management of medical records was more evident in the private hospital while the public hospital continues to be underfunded undermining the current capacity for effective medical records management. The role of accurate, reliable and trustworthy medical records in the ii | P a g e context of quality health service delivery in accordance with Batho Pele principle in both hospitals remains problematic. In order to enhance the role of medical records for quality service delivery, the study recommended that a regulatory framework for records management should be developed and implemented in both hospitals. It is also recommended that more technical and human resource capacity is required in the public hospital to help speed up the services to its user while the private hospitals need to entrench their evolving capabilities in medical records management. The study further recommends that training around records management should be provided to all staff that deal with medical records management in both hospitals.

This thesis examines decision making at executive level in Australian private hospitals as a social phenomenon, since individuals draw meaning from their own biographical and social environmental experiences. The researcher interpreted the constructed realities of the factors influencing executives' decisions within the context of private hospitals - a field that is rarely examined through the lens of social research. Using an Interpretivist research paradigm, the researcher conducted semi- structured and in-depth interviews with sixteen executive members who are experts in their field and represent both sectors of the private hospital industry: private for-profit and private not-for-profit. The data generated was transformed into technical accounts using an abductive research strategy and adopting Schütz's notion of first-order and second-order constructs. Using Giddens' Structuration Theory, that stressed the fundamental role of the human agent, the structure and their mutual dependence, the researcher moved beyond the interpretation of individuals' meanings, to incorporate the structure as an entity that can be formed and reformed. The researcher interpreted social actors' constructed meanings of these social phenomena in their work environment to form the elements of a two-dimensional decision making model at organisational level, incorporating the present with the future and the internal with the external factors. On an individual level, three different approaches to decision making were identified, based on whether executives perceived the decision making phenomenon as intuition, as a reasoned process or as an expected outcome. While being from a limited research sample, the findings of this study suggest that the paradox of mission / economic decisions restrained executives in the not-for-profit sector from strengthening their hospitals' financial performance, putting at risk, therefore, their ability to achieve social dividends as a way to proclaim their mission. On the other hand, in the for-profit sector, shareholders' dividends appeared to be a strong catalyst for attaining profit maximisation when making decisions. In both settings, the findings suggest that the role of stakeholder theory is questionable, particularly when executives remained hesitant to involve medical specialists, whom they considered to be major stakeholders and profit generators for private hospitals. This attitude appeared to be constant, despite the changes identified in executives' individual approaches to decision making. However, early signs of shifts towards adopting more commercially and socially accountable decisions were apparent in not-for-p rofit and for-profit sectors respectively. The thesis sets out recommendations to assist executives in managing the different factors that interplay to form executives' decisions. The importance of having a mission in business longevity and the integration, as opposed to alignment, of strategic goals with business operations when making executive decisions in private hospitals was highlighted. The implications for both sectors are described and recommendations for further research are suggested.

The concept of sustainability has become imperative for any organisation in order to survive and prosper in the long term. As such, the management of fraud risk has become an important component for organisations in order to achieve this objective. The purpose of this study was to explore the management of fraud risk within the South African private hospital sector. The study endeavoured to ascertain how private hospitals in South Africa manage fraud risk. In this regard, problem areas in the management of fraud risk were identified, and recommendations are provided in order to improve the management of fraud risk in the South African private hospital sector. Primary data was collected by means of survey research, which involved management staff at head office level and at hospital level, as these two groups were identified to have the required expertise and experience with regard to risk management procedures and practices within South African private hospitals. The findings suggested that South African private hospitals could improve their current risk management practices, in particular with regard to fraud risk. By implementing the recommendations provided by the study, private hospitals will be able to manage fraud risk more effectively. These recommendations will not only be beneficial to private hospitals, but will also have a positive effect on numerous external stakeholders, because the effective management of fraud risk could lead to considerable cost savings. The public hospital sector of South Africa would equally find the research findings and recommendations of value because it could also be applied to their fraud risk management practices. / Business Management / MCOM (Business Management)

The concept of sustainability has become imperative for any organisation in order to survive and prosper in the long term. As such, the management of fraud risk has become an important component for organisations in order to achieve this objective. The purpose of this study was to explore the management of fraud risk within the South African private hospital sector. The study endeavoured to ascertain how private hospitals in South Africa manage fraud risk. In this regard, problem areas in the management of fraud risk were identified, and recommendations are provided in order to improve the management of fraud risk in the South African private hospital sector. Primary data was collected by means of survey research, which involved management staff at head office level and at hospital level, as these two groups were identified to have the required expertise and experience with regard to risk management procedures and practices within South African private hospitals. The findings suggested that South African private hospitals could improve their current risk management practices, in particular with regard to fraud risk. By implementing the recommendations provided by the study, private hospitals will be able to manage fraud risk more effectively. These recommendations will not only be beneficial to private hospitals, but will also have a positive effect on numerous external stakeholders, because the effective management of fraud risk could lead to considerable cost savings. The public hospital sector of South Africa would equally find the research findings and recommendations of value because it could also be applied to their fraud risk management practices. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

<p>Broad access to healthcare services is a key factor of human development in any country. The current health care situation in South Africa can be diagnosed as critical. The hospitals are understaffed, over-occupied and the diseases like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) give health care workers additional challenges. The demand for management skills in the health sector including those for nurse managers is high. A recent World Health Organization (WHO) study of nurses working in maternal health services identified good management as more important than salary, unless the remuneration was dramatically higher. In South Africa, little empirical research exists about the management skills of nurse managers, even though proper management of human resources is vital to achieve better outcomes and access to health care around the world. In South Africa, a greater focus on human resource management in health care and more research is needed to develop new policies that will help to address the skills gap of nurse managers. The object of this research project was to identify the gaps between required and existing management skills of senior nurse managers in South Africa in private and public hospitals. Once identified, this skills gap assessment can be used by employers and policy-makers to define the management education that nurse managers require. The research is based on a survey of nurse managers in private and public hospitals using a questionnaire. The survey instrument was based on prior research of hospital managers&rsquo / competencies in South Africa, and a review of the related theoretical literature.</p>

隨著科技的發展，帶動全球化潮流，「病人無國界」的趨勢也因而形成。醫療資訊普及流通，民眾可以在此基礎上，尋求最能滿足自我需求的醫療服務，於是出現了跨越國界的醫療型態。相較於歐美國家高昂的醫療費用與冗長的就醫等候時間，亞洲國家擁有健全之醫療服務與品質，且能享有較低廉之醫療費用，促使著歐美國家民眾紛紛前往亞洲國家就醫。其次，隨著M型化社會型態在各國發酵，經濟能力較高者，對於跨國尋求高品質、高技術醫療服務的需求就越多，加上科技發達，人類平均壽命逐漸延長，形成高齡化的社會，帶來了全球醫藥保健與健康照護產業龐大之商機。國際醫療因而成為近年來炙手可熱之新興產業，帶動龐大經濟產值，進而促使許多國家開始重視此面向，紛紛開始推動各項政策，爭取發展國際醫療之契機。台灣正式推動國際醫療發展計畫至今已經九年多，國內許多公、私立醫療院所都加入此推動行列，但成效如何，以及公私立醫院在推行國際醫療上，所建立的經營模式是否相同等，都是本研究的重點。 本研究以個案分析法，運用Mark W. Johnson, Clayton M. Christensen, 及Henning Kagermann的商業模式再創新之四大構面「顧客價值主張」、「利潤公式」、「關鍵資源」、「關鍵流程」，探討公、私立醫院發展國際醫療服務之經營模式，並分析公、私立醫院經營國際醫療的差異處、不足之處以及彼此可學習之處，藉此提供兩者未來操作國際醫療策略之建議。 研究發現，私立醫院在建構國際醫療商業模式上相對公立醫院來的完整，主要原因為，公立醫院仍受限於傳統體制約束，無法建立符合國際醫療之流程，但公立醫院因為歷史悠久，因此有品牌優勢，只是此優勢很可能會隨著競爭對手的強力曝光而慢慢消失。相反的，私立醫院在操作國際醫療上較有彈性，但仍必須積極推廣自有品牌，以強化自身競爭優勢。 / With the rise of globalization, the advancement of technology and breakthrough in healthcare, people nowadays seek the best medical care in all parts of the world. People could search and choose to get the healthcare they hope to receive without borders. In western countries where medical care is expensive and inefficient, more and more people from these nations are flocking to Asian countries like Taiwan to receive a more complete and cost-efficient health care. On the other hand, upper class people in an M society could have the privilege to seek the best medical care in countries where healthcare is more advanced. Therefore, International healthcare service has been one of the most important strategies for hospitals in countries like Taiwan. Most private and public organizations in the medical field have put their efforts to integrate the most reliable sources to join this trend. The purpose of this study is to explore how public and private hospitals in Taiwan set up their business models in regards to international healthcare, and verify if their business models are feasible. This study implemented case study methods and applied “customer value proposition”, “profit formula”, ”key resources”, and “key processes ”, four dimensions of successful business model proposed by Mark W. Johnson, Clayton M. Christensen and Henning Kagermann to discuss the different factors for public hospital and private hospital in international healthcare. This study expects to discover the key successful factors and provide suggestions to each of them. The results of this study show that public hospitals regarded as non-profit organizations are less flexible because of the limitation on traditional regulations, thus it is difficult to set up a more complete and internationalized business model. On the other hand, private hospitals are more flexible. In order to strengthen their competitive advantage, these private organizations must promote their own brand actively to achieve a competitive advantage in this globalized trend.

<p>Broad access to healthcare services is a key factor of human development in any country. The current health care situation in South Africa can be diagnosed as critical. The hospitals are understaffed, over-occupied and the diseases like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) give health care workers additional challenges. The demand for management skills in the health sector including those for nurse managers is high. A recent World Health Organization (WHO) study of nurses working in maternal health services identified good management as more important than salary, unless the remuneration was dramatically higher. In South Africa, little empirical research exists about the management skills of nurse managers, even though proper management of human resources is vital to achieve better outcomes and access to health care around the world. In South Africa, a greater focus on human resource management in health care and more research is needed to develop new policies that will help to address the skills gap of nurse managers. The object of this research project was to identify the gaps between required and existing management skills of senior nurse managers in South Africa in private and public hospitals. Once identified, this skills gap assessment can be used by employers and policy-makers to define the management education that nurse managers require. The research is based on a survey of nurse managers in private and public hospitals using a questionnaire. The survey instrument was based on prior research of hospital managers&rsquo / competencies in South Africa, and a review of the related theoretical literature.</p>