A apatia do Estado brasileiro na efetivação do seu poder/dever de solucionar conflitos intersubjetivos tem como consequência direta o descrédito social no Poder Judiciário, fato confirmado pelos dados da pesquisa realizada pelo Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA). Dessa forma, restou evidenciado a urgente necessidade em buscar soluções ao problema da morosidade no Poder Judiciário. Na visão pós-moderna da instrumentalidade, o direito processual tanto é orientado pelos direitos fundamentais constitucionais, como é concretizador dos seus preceitos, tendo como escopo magno a pacificação social com justiça. Sua função de instrumento caracteriza-se pela realização do direito material com justiça e tempestividade para garantir a efetividade e a utilidade das decisões prolatadas. Todavia, para o exercício eficaz desta função concretizadora, o direito processual necessita da criação de mecanismos capazes de garantir a celeridade da marcha processual, conforme assegurado pela Constituição Federal. Focado nesta carência ínsita e diante da alteração do conceito de sentença introduzido pela Lei 11.232/05, surge a possibilidade da cisão do julgamento mediante o proferimento de sentença parcial de mérito, como um meio de proporcionar ao jurisdicionado a celeridade desejada. Este instituto demonstrou ser plenamente viável na atual sistemática processual, sendo defendido como um meio de efetivar o princípio constitucional, proporcionando uma duração mais razoável do processo. O estudo realizado no presente trabalho, mediante pesquisa bibliográfica em livros e artigos de renomados juristas, juntamente com a análise das alterações legislativas introduzidas no Código de Processo Civil e jurisprudência nacional, concluiu que além de admitido pelo atual ordenamento jurídico, o instituto da sentença parcial de mérito demonstrou ser mais eficaz na garantia de um prestação jurisdicional célere, proporcionando uma maior probabilidade de efetividade e utilidade da sentença, sendo extremamente benéfica aos que buscam a tutela Poder Judiciário. / Apathy of the Brazilian State in the execution of his power / the duty to resolve intersubjective conflicts has as a direct consequence of the social discredit the judiciary, a fact confirmed by the data of the survey conducted by the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA). Thus, it remained evident the urgent need to find solutions to the problem of delays in the judiciary. In the postmodern view of the procedural instrumentality, law is both guided by the fundamental constitutional rights, such as concretizing its precepts, whose magnum scope to social peace with justice. His instrument function is characterized by the achievement of substantive law with fairness and timeliness to ensure the effectiveness and usefulness of the decisions handed down. However, for the effective exercise of this function prolific, procedural law requires the establishment of mechanisms to ensure the speed of the procedural motion, as guaranteed by the Constitution. Focused this innate and before changing the concept of sentence introduced by Law 11.232/05 deficiency, the possibility arises from the breakup of the trial by the utterance of partial judgment on the merits, as a means of providing the citizen the desired speed. This institute has proved fully viable in the current systematic procedural, being advocated as a means of making permanent the constitutional principle providing a more reasonable length of proceedings. The study in this project, based on bibliographic research in books and articles by renowned jurists, along with analysis of legislative amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure and national case law, concluded that besides allowed by current law, the Office of the partial sentence merit was more effective in ensuring a speedy adjudication, providing a greater likelihood of effectiveness and usefulness of the sentence, being extremely beneficial to those who seek the tutelage Judiciary.

O presente trabalho tem como escopo central a análise da regra do prejuízo relacionada às nulidades no processo penal. Corolário da teoria da instrumentalidade das formas, a regra do prejuízo dispõe que somente será reconhecida a nulidade se do ato viciado resultar algum prejuízo para a acusação ou para a defesa. A despeito de sua importância para a construção de um modelo finalístico, referida categoria do prejuízo vem sendo aplicada de forma caótica pela jurisprudência pátria. Na realidade, o entendimento daquilo que de fato configura o prejuízo para efeitos do artigo 563 do Código de Processo Penal se perdeu em meio a decisões controversas e confusas acerca do tema. A regra, inicialmente adotada no processo civil, foi transportada ao processo penal sem as devidas cautelas e desprovida dos necessários ajustes. Inexiste uma sistematização mínima para aferição do prejuízo, sendo certo que hodiernamente se confere uma discricionariedade absoluta ao magistrado para determinar se no caso concreto há alguma lesão às partes. Nesse cenário, a precípua função da forma, que é assegurar uma proteção ao acusado contra eventuais arbitrariedades do Estado, muitas vezes é deixada de lado. Toda essa problemática tem gerado um ambiente instável para correta aplicação das nulidades, o que acaba por acarretar uma notável insegurança jurídica. O presente estudo tem a pretensão de propor um modelo racional de aferição do prejuízo, com base no qual o magistrado encontrará critérios mais claros para a aplicação das nulidades no processo penal. / This research aims to analyze the harmless error rule, strictly related to the subject of nullities in the criminal procedure. As a deployment of the theory of instrumentality of the procedural forms, the harmless error rule provides that a mistake will only cause the nullity of the procedure if there is evidence to support that the prosecution or the defense were actually harmed by that error. Although extremely important for the incorporation of teleological model of nullity, the mentioned harmless error rule has been wrongfully applied by Brazilian courts. In reality, the understanding of the actual meaning of the word harm, as per article 563 of the Criminal Procedure, has been lost throughout so many different confusing and controversial court decisions. The harmless error rule, initially used in civil cases, was brought to criminal procedure without the needed adjustments. There is no minimum systematization in order to identify a harmful error and, therefore, nowadays the judge has total discretion to determine in each case the severity of the error. Given this reality, the most important function of a procedural form, which is to protect the defendant against eventual arbitrary measures committed by the State, is normally forgotten. All these issues have caused an unstable background regarding the correct application of the nullities, leading to a noticeable legal uncertainty in this subject. This research has the intention to come up with a rational model of application of the harmless error rule, based on which the judges will find the necessary criteria to recognize nullities in criminal procedures.

LL.D. / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 provides in Section 34 that everyone has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved by the application of law decided in a fair public hearing before court, or where appropriate, another independent and impartial tribunal or forum. A fair civil trial that includes a fair judgment can only be achieved if the parties to the action receive fair treatment throughout all the stages of the proceedings. Obviously the concept "trial" cannot be given a narrow interpretation. There can hardly be mention of a "fair trial" if the processes that precede the trial since commencement of the litigation cannot also be construed as fair. In providing the procedures whereby a fair civil trial is facilitated, apart from providing effective mechanisms for the enforcement of substantive rights and obligations, the interrelated concepts of time, effectiveness and costs are pivotal. In an attempt to secure a fair civil trial, the preparation for trial stage plays a very important role. It is, however, a reality of the South African litigation milieu that hundreds of cases are postponed on a daily basis as a result of problems that are related to specific pretrial procedures. The indications that the pre-trial procedures per se need to be revised and where necessary, be reformed, are consequently rife. There is also no comprehensive procedural structure in place in South African law in terms of which the parties can co-operate in order to effectively facilitate pre-trial preparation. An aspect of the pre-trial procedure that often leads to delay and unnecessary escalation of costs is the excessive amount of party control (or lack thereof) during the preparation for trial stage. Pivotal to reform of the pre-trial procedures is thus the question whether it serves any purpose to leave this stage to the "mercy of the parties". It can hardly be argued that retaining the element of surprise as part of a strict adversary litigation character yields any real advantage. Legal reform is not a process that can be undertaken in vacuo and any attempts at reform in the preparation for trial stage must consequently bear the following considerations in mind: costs, delay, the degree of complexity of procedures, formulation, time limits and sanctions, the impact of the principle of fairness, the impact of party control and circumstances peculiar to a particular legal system. It is furthermore important that such reform should be undertaken in accordance with an expressly declared ethos. Where there is no clear congruence between the reform ethos and the needs of a specific legal system it will inevitably lead to reform which, although it may be new, might not necessarily address and improve existing problems. Legal reform, even if it is of limited scope, should always be a logical, purposive process. In this respect comparative study of Anglo- American systems are invaluable. It is of great importance that individual pre-rial procedures should be reformed in order to facilitate cost and time effective preparation for trial. Various problems exist in respect of discovery and attention should urgently be given to the lack of uniformity between the High Courts and the Magistrates Court, the non-compulsory nature of the procedure, the effectiveness of time limits and sanctions, the wording of the rule and the question whether the concept "document" should be elaborated upon. Provision should also be made in the South African Law of Civil Procedure for exchange of witness statements prior to trial. Exchange of expert evidence ought also to be reformed in order to address the problematic time aspect, the obligation to give notice, the contents of the summary, the discussion between experts and the lack of sanctions prior to the trial date. Reform of the pretrial conference should also be undertaken in order to emphasize its legitimate place as a stocktaking procedure prior to trial. It is furthermore necessary to address the problems regarding the pre-trial conference that relate to the lack of uniformity in the High Court and Magistrate's Court, the attitude of the legal profession, the stage at which the conference must be held, the question regarding who should preside at the conference and the lack of effective sanctions. Reform of the individual pre-trial procedures, whether piecemeal or as a comprehensive once-off reform, is, however, per se not sufficient to ensure a level of trial preparation that will eventually lead to a fair civil trial. The individual pre-trial procedures are separate though interrelated links that can only fulfill their purpose if the greater more holistic approach to civil procedure gives structured recognition to orderly, time and cost effective litigation. It is, therefore, essential that the individual pre-trial procedures should function within the framework of a case management system that can play a significant role in achieving the ideal of a constitutionally fair civil trial in that it establishes a coordinated and procedurally fair preparation for trial stage. The eventual success of such reform will, apart form the provision of effective individual pre-trial procedures and an effective case management model, also depend on the materialization of a sufficient budget to create an infrastructure of computers and trained personnel as well as a mentality shift on the part of lawyers in order to discard their old adversary cloak in exchange for more effective transparant litigation and eventually, a fair civil trial.

Employee organizations or trade unions play an important role in the labour relations of various institutions. A crucial function, amongst others, fulfilled by trade unions is their involvement on issues of grievance and disciplinary procedures in the workplace. This study aims to understand the perceptions of rank and file union members, particularly regarding the handling of grievance and disciplinary procedures. The study examines the understanding of the functioning of a union, as well as the approach of a union in representing its members during grievance and disciplinary procedures. In particular, the study looks at the challenges faced by the leadership of the union in dealing with the management of an institution during grievance and disciplinary procedures. Various circumstances which, lead to the lodging of grievances and the scheduling of disciplinary hearings in the workplace were observed. These circumstances could occur in any workplace of any given institution. It is for this very reason that the appropriate measures should be taken in resolving disputes. The measures should be followed and applied by the management of an institution when dealing with grievance and disciplinary procedures regarding its employees. Such procedures must be followed before an employee may be given a warning or be dismissed. Recognized unions represent their members during such proceedings. This study analyzes the understanding of labour relations, regarding issues of grievance and disciplinary procedures, as applied to a tertiary institution. The handling of these procedures and the experiences of union members, during their representation by a union, are assessed. Due to the diversity of scope and the composition of unions (representing both academic and non-academic staff members) which operate in a tertiary institution, the study was limited to one labour union. This research was conducted within the structure and scale of a single union (NEHAWU) operating in an institution. The study found that union representatives faced particular challenges while defending their members during disciplinary hearings. These challenges are apparent when union representatives are confronted by legal experts on labour matters. Union members expressed their dissatisfaction and their lack of confidence in their representatives during grievance and disciplinary proceedings. The union members rated the union poorly, particularly regarding the leadership of the union. They felt that more cases were lost than won. However, despite the low ratings, union members (in general) felt strongly about the right to belong to a union, believing that disciplinary processes were largely affected by “race”. This is simply because most of the union members were black subordinates serving under most white supervisors. AFRIKAANS : Werknemerorganisasies of vakbonde speel ’n belangrike rol in arbeidsverhoudinge in verskeie instellings. ’n Kritieke funksie, onder andere, wat deur vakbonde vervul word is hul betrokkenheid by griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures in die werkplek. Hierdie studie beoog om die persepsies van gewone vakbondlede, in besonder met betrekking tot die hantering van griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures te begryp. Die studie ondersoek die begrip van die funksionering van ’n vakbond, asook die benadering van ’n vakbond in die verteenwoordiging van lede tydens griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures. In besonder, word die uitdagings wat die vakbondleierskap in die gesig staar in die oorlegpleging met bestuur tydens griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures, oorweeg. Verskeie omstandighede wat tot die oplegging ’n grief en die skedulering van ’n disiplinêre verhoor in die werkplek, lei, is waargeneem. Hierdie omstandighede kan by enige werkplek in enige instelling ontstaan. Dit is om hierdie rede dat gepaste maatstawwe geneem moet word om sulke dispute op te los. Die maatstawwe behoort gevolg en toegepas te word deur die bestuur van die instelling wanneer griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures, met betrekking tot werknemers, hanteer word. Sulke prosedures behoort gevolg te word voordat ’n werknemer ’n waarskuwing gegee of ontslaan word. Erkende vakbonde verteenwoordig hul lede tydens sulke prosedures. Die studie ontleed die begrip van arbeidsverhoudinge, met betrekking tot griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures, soos deur ’n tersiêre instelling toegepas word. Die hantering van hierdie prosedures en die ervaringe van vakbondlede gedurende hul verteenwoordiging deur die vakbond word geasseseer. As gevolg van die omvang van reikwydte en die samestelling van vakbonde (wat beide akademiese en nie-akademiese personeel verteenwoordig) wat in die tersiêre instelling funksioneer, is die studie beperk tot een vakbond. Die navorsing is onderneem binne die struktuur en skaal van ’n enkele vakbond (NEHAWU) wat in die instelling werksaam is. Die studie het bevind dat vakbond verteenwoordigers bepaalde uitdagings in die gesig gestaar het in die verteenwoordiging van hul lede tydens dissiplinêre verhore. Hierdie uitdagings is duidelik wanneer die vakbond verteenwoordiger gekonfronteer word deur regskenners oor arbeidsaangeleenthede. Vakbondlede het hul misnoeë uitgespreek en min vertroue in hul verteenwoordigers tydens griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures geopper. Vakbondlede het die unie, in besonder die leierskap, as swak beoordeel. Hulle voel dat meer sake verloor as gewen is. Ten spyte van hierdie lae taksering, voel vakbondlede sterk oor hul reg om aan ’n unie te behoort (in die algemeen), en glo hulle dat dissplinêre prosesse deur ‘ras’ beïvloed word. Dit is eenvoudig omdat meeste vakbondlede swart ondergeskiktes is wat onder wit toesighouers werk. Copyright / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Sociology / unrestricted

The general principle in criminal law is that a person is liable when committing a criminal offence. This may include an offence a person has facilitated or procured. Vicarious liability, a principle borrowed from civil law, is an exception to the general rule in that it allows for a person to be held liable for the criminal acts of another. Legal persons have no physical existence and do not have hands and brains like natural persons. A legal person acts through its directors, employees, members or representatives. The corporation, being distinct and separate from its agents, is held liable for the acts or omissions of its representatives. This liability exists even though the corporate body never acted. International recognition of corporate criminal liability can be based on vicarious liability, identification or aggregation. All these forms of liability are derived from the human actus and mens rea. The identification theory provides for the liability of the corporate body, when someone who is identified with it, acted during the course of his employment when committing the offence. Those acts are treated as the acts of the corporate body. The identification theory is normally applied where mens rea is a requirement of the offence. The Aggregation theory provides for criminal liability of the corporation based on the conduct of a group of members of the company taken collectively. This theory is applied effectively where it is difficult to prove that a single person within the company is responsible for the commission of the offence. In South Africa corporate criminal liability developed from vicarious liability. It is regulated by section 332(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977. This liability is based on the special relationship between the director or servant and the corporate body. Corporations act through its agents. The agent can be a director, servant or a third person instructed by either of them. In terms of section 332(1) it is possible that the corporate body can be held liable even where the agent acted beyond the scope of his employment. The latter can be argued is an extension of vicarious liability. Vicarious liability, can be argued, is too broad, because the intention of the agent is imputed to the corporate body, without the enquiry of fault by the corporate body. This offends the general principles of substantive criminal law. Generally, liability in criminal law accrues to someone who committed the offence with the required state of mind. The constitutionality of section 332(1) Act 51 of 1977 is questioned. The question is asked whether it is desirable to punish a legal person for the behaviour of its representatives or employees. Criminal law purports to control the behaviour of individuals to be in line with the interest and values of society. There is doubt whether the same goal can be achieved with the prosecution of corporate bodies. Prosecution of corporate bodies results in stigma to the corporation, which results in suffering a loss of reputation. Some authors argue that civil remedies can control the activities of corporate bodies more effectively. This argument, however, fails to address the issue that criminal law concerns the harm inflicted by human beings, hence the need to regulate human conduct. Corporate criminal liability attempts to address the harm inflicted by corporate bodies. It regulates pollution, health, safety and business. This liability is firmly established around the world but requires further development and modern refinement in South Africa. / Abstract

No description available.

1 Criminal proceedings against legal persons Abstract On the first of January 2012, criminal liability of legal entities was finally established in the Czech Republic. This happened with effectiveness of the Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on the Criminal Liability of Legal Persons and Proceedings against them. This event significantly influenced Czech Criminal Law and caused a great stir. There has been both praise and criticism of the adoption of this law. Despite the fact that almost ten years have passed since that day and the Act itself has been amended by more than ten amendments, it has undergone extensive development, both in terms of interpretation and application. This thesis is devoted to the issue of criminal proceedings against legal persons, which in the Czech legal system is regulated in general mainly by the Act No. 141/1961 Coll., on Criminal Procedure and further modified by the special Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Persons and Proceedings against them. In a total of six chapters, the author of this thesis discusses in detail not only individual special aspects of proceedings against legal persons, but also addresses the basic issues of this type of proceedings, which are regulated in the general legislation. The author also focuses on the practical aspects of conducting such proceedings and...

The importance of multiplicity adjustment has gained wide recognition in modern scientific research. Without it, there will be too many spurious results and reproducibility becomes an issue; with it, if overtly conservative, discoveries will be made more difficult. In the current literature on repeated testing of multiple hypotheses, Bonferroni-based methods are still the main vehicle carrying the bulk of multiplicity adjustment. There is room for power improvement by suitably utilizing both hypothesis-wise and analysis- wise dependencies. This research will contribute to the development of a natural group-sequential extension of the classical stepwise multiple testing procedures, such as Dunnett’s stepdown and Hochberg’s step-up procedures. It is shown that the proposed group-sequential procedures strongly control the familywise error rate while being more powerful than the recently developed class of group-sequential Bonferroni-Holm’s procedures. Particularly in this research, a convexity property is discovered for the distribution of the maxima of pairwise null P-values with the underlying test statistics having distributions such as bivariate normal, t, Gamma, F, or Archimedean copulas. Such property renders itself for an immediate use in improving Holm’s procedure by incorporating pairwise dependencies of P-values. The improved Holm’s procedure, as all stepdown multiple testing procedures, can also be naturally extended to group-sequential setting. / Statistics

La sauvegarde des intérêts de la société implique une répression nécessaire mais aussi efficace. Cette dernière ne peut être pourvue que par une recherche efficiente de preuves relatives à la commission d’une infraction afin d’en connaître l’auteur. Tel est l’enjeu du procès pénal. Cependant, si la protection de la paix publique autorise et légitime une telle démarche, cette dernière ne peut s’opérer sans limitations aux dépens des droits de l’individu. Aussi, une conciliation doit être établie entre des intérêts apparemment contradictoires. La recherche d’un équilibre entre ces deux intérêts a eu des expressions multiples selon l’évolution législative, cette dernière ayant témoigné d’un balancement perpétuel entre ces impératifs. Il existe des situations de fait dans lesquelles il est nécessaire que les représentants de la justice réagissent. Ainsi se trouve justifié le recours à un corps de règles spécifiques grâce auquel la réponse pénale peut s’accomplir avec un minimum d’entrave. Le renforcement de la police judiciaire et la simplification procédurale, pour ne citer que ceux-là, semblent donc pleinement justifiés. Cependant, il est permis de se demander si l’accroissement du rôle des organes de la procédure ne doive pas être entouré de limites devant faire en sorte que l’objectif du législateur, et seulement cet objectif soit atteint. A l’occasion d’une réflexion globale de la place de la personne poursuivie pendant le procès pénal, cette étude conduit d’abord à s’interroger sur la portée des diverses réformes, puis sur le rôle de plus en plus accru des organes de la procédure, afin de constituer en parallèle une dynamique possible de l’accroissement des droits préexistants, voire la création de droits de la défense nouveaux. Le jeu de pouvoirs et de droits qui profile le procès, doit s’effacer sous l’influence de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme pour laisser apparaître un procès pénal contradictoire. Simplement contradictoire, mais pleinement contradictoire. / Safeguarding the interests of society implies a necessary but also effective enforcement. The latter can be provided efficiently by a search of evidence relating to the commission of an offense in order to know the author. This is the issue of criminal proceeding. However, if the protection of public peace authorizes and legitimizes this approach, the latter can not happen without limitations at the expense of individual rights. Therefore, a compromise must be made between apparently contradictory interests. Finding a balance between these two interests has had multiple expressions by legislative developments, the latter has shown a constant swing between these imperatives. There are situations in which it is necessary that justice officials respond. Thus, is justified the use of a body of specific rules by which the criminal justice response can be accomplished with minimal interference. The strengthening of the judicial police and procedural simplification, to name but a few, seem to be fully justified. However, it is reasonable to ask whether the increased role of the organs of the procedure should not be surrounded by limits to ensure that parliament’s objective, and only that objective. On the occasion of a comprehensive reflection of the place of the defendant during the criminal trial, this study leads first to question the scope of various reforms and the role of increasingly enhanced organs the procedure to be parallel dynamics can increase the pre-existing rights or create new rights of defense. The set of powers and rights which profiles the trial to give way under influence of the European Convention on Human Rights to reveal an adversarial criminal trial. Simply contradictory, but fully contradictory.

Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija ir įstatymai įtvirtina įsiteisėjusio teismo sprendimo galią ir nekintamumą. Tai užtikrina teismo sprendimo pagrindu atsiradusių santykių stabilumą, žmogaus teisių apsaugą. Tačiau atsiradus tam tikroms aplinkybėms įsiteisėjusio teismo sprendimo teisinė galia gali būti nutraukta, jis gali prarasti nekintamumo ir stabilumo savybes. Tokią galimybę suteikia Administracinių bylų teisenos įstatymo (Toliau – ABTĮ) IV skyriuje įtvirtintas proceso atnaujinimo institutas. Jis yra taikomas tada, kai suinteresuotas asmuo nebegali kitais būdais apginti savo pažeistas teises ir interesus, nes nebėra kitų teisinių priemonių. Magistro baigiamojo darbe teorinių ir empirinių metodų pagalba atskleidžiama administracinės bylos proceso atnaujinimo instituto samprata, išskiriami jo ypatumai, analizuojami esami teoriniai ir praktiniai reglamentavimo trūkumai bei siūlomi jų pašalinimo būdai. Taip pat kompleksiškai ir glaustai analizuojami administracinės bylos atnaujinimo instituto teoriniai pagrindai, apžvelgiama, kaip šie pagrindai taikomi teismų praktikoje. Magistro baigiamąjį darbą sudaro įvadas, trys dėstomosios dalys, išvados ir pasiūlymai. Pirmoji dalis skirta proceso atnaujinimo svarbai ir vietai administraciniame procese nustatyti, proceso atnaujinimo sampratai suformuluoti, esamam reglamentavimui ir jo trūkumams nustatyti. Antroji dalis skirta prašymo dėl proceso atnaujinimo padavimo procedūrą reglamentuojančių normų analizei, jų ypatumų nustatymui bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Lithuania establishe the power and stability of a final and binding decision of a court. This is to ensure human rights and stability of the relations whith arise on the grounds of such a decision. However, in case of certain circumstances, the legal effect of the decision can be dissolved, it may lose the characteristics of stability and immutability. This possibility is given by the Law on administrative proceedings, Chapter IV, which establishes the institute of the reopening of administrative proceedings. The institute is applied when an interested party has no legal means to protect its violated rights and legal interests. The thesis by the help of empiric and theoretic methods, discloses the conception of the institute of the reopening of administrative proceedings, emphasizes its peculiarities, examines existing theoretical and practical legal defects, as well as posible ways to eliminate them. The comprehensive and accurate analysis of the grounds for reopening the proceedings and case study of the application of these grounds is presented. Master's thesis consists of an introduction, three – enacting parts, conclusions and recommendations. The first part is to define the importance of the reopening of proceedings and its position in the administrative process, determine existing regulation and legal defects. The second part is to examine the legal regulations of the reopening of administrative proceedings that... [to full text]