A fim de atender uma demanda interna e externa crescente, a produção de frangos de corte, de excepcional desempenho no agronegócio brasileiro, tem se expandido, nos últimos anos, para outros estados do país além dos tradicionais produtores. Particularmente nos estados da região Centro-Oeste, importantes projetos avícolas foram implantados, incorporando-se novos produtores ao sistema. Observa-se que, alguns destes avicultores da nova fronteira possuem áreas de terra maiores e produzem em maior escala que os produtores da região tradicional. Justifica-se, assim, a investigação empírica para determinar o tamanho ótimo da atividade de produção de frangos de corte, a fim de inferir sobre a existência ou não de economias de escala no setor. Adicionalmente, procura-se avaliar a possibilidade dos pequenos produtores avícolas das regiões tradicionais serem afetados, diante da concorrência com a produção em grande escala do Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Neste sentido, o objetivo central do presente trabalho é o de estimar uma função de custo transcendental logarítmica (translog) para a atividade de produção de frangos de corte, por conseguinte, verificar a existência de economias de escala no setor. O referencial teórico do estudo é o da teoria microeconômica dos custos de produção e dualidade. Os dados utilizados para a análise são de corte transversal, obtidos a partir de pesquisa de campo, realizada de setembro a dezembro de 2002, em uma amostra de 229 (duzentos e vinte e nove) granjas produtoras de frango de corte dos principais estados produtores do País. O trabalho inclui, também, a caracterização sócio-econômica dos produtores de frango pesquisados. Conclui-se que a amostra representa bem as realidades regionais, com o predomínio de produtores com pequenas propriedades e menor capacidade produtiva no Sul do País e Minas Gerais e produtores com propriedades maiores e níveis de produção mais elevados nos estados do Centro-Oeste brasileiro. As estimativas de economias de escala obtidas para o modelo de custos translog apontam uma escala ótima de produção de aproximadamente 110 mil Kg de frango vivo, que poderia ser obtida em propriedades com 3.500m2 de aviário, aproximadamente. Os resultados sugerem a comprovação da hipótese que as economias de escala estejam determinando uma nova configuração para o setor de produção de frangos de corte no Brasil. Porém, o tamanho ótimo da exploração, obtido no trabalho empírico, é menor que o sugerido por algumas empresas de abate do setor. Estas propriedades, com produções superiores, estariam operando com deseconomias, o que poderia ocasionar uma certa pressão dos produtores por uma melhor remuneração da atividade por parte da agroindústria parceira. Além do mais, a própria estrutura da produção em parceira, implantada nos novos projetos do Centro-Oeste brasileiro, composta por um pequeno número de grandes produtores, expõe a agroindústria e fortalece os produtores quanto a negociações de preços. As evidências sugerem, também, a comprovação da hipótese de que algumas características da pequena produção podem minimizar a importância destas economias e, muito provavelmente, são determinantes para a manutenção da produção em pequena escala nas regiões produtoras tradicionais. / Pushed by a growing demand, the Brazilian broiler production sector, which faced an outstanding development in recent years, spread to other states in the country. Important new projects were set up, particularly in the Center-West region, incorporating new producers to the system. The recognition that many of these new producers have larger operations than those of the traditional areas motivated this study, which seeks to determine the optimal scale of operation in the activity. The extent to which this will affect the small production in the more traditional areas will also be examined. The main objective of this paper is to estimate a translog cost function for the broiler production activity in Brazil, to infer about the existence of scale economies in the sector. The theoretical approach relies on the microeconomic theory of production costs and duality. We use cross-section data obtained through a field research undertake during the period of September to December 2002, in a sample of 229 broiler-producing units in the main producer states in Brazil. The paper also addresses a socio-economic characterization of the surveyed units. The sample reflects regional detail of production structure, with smaller producers concentrated in Southern Brazil and Minas Gerais state, while larger producers concentrate in the Center-West region. The economies of scale estimates point to an optimal scale of production around 110 thousand kilos of broiler hens that could be produced in a plant with approximately 3,500 m2. The results point to the hypothesis that the presence of scale economies could be determining a new production structure for the sector in Brazil. The optimal size found, however, is smaller than what has been suggested by some processing industries. Some properties, then, would be operating with diseconomies, beyond the optimal scale of production, what could cause pressures for rising prices. Moreover, the structure of production in partnership proposed by the processing industry in the Center-West region, comprised by a smaller number of larger scale producers give the latter greater price bargaining power. And, finally, the evidence found also suggests that some aspects of the small production system work to reduce the importance of these scale economies, and are determinant to keep the small-scale operations in the traditional regions.

O trabalho aborda a questão dos diferentes usos que o mesmo território pode ter, especialmente em metrópoles como o Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Através da formação de um movimento social que utiliza as técnicas contemporâneas para reunir, numa rede social, cooperativas que são uma alternativa de trabalho e renda para trabalhadores antes desempregados ou subempregados. São atores sociais não hegemônicos que propõem um novo uso para sistemas técnicos criados para atender aos interesses de atores hegemônicos. Esses trabalhadores criam uma nova forma de gestão,propondouma globalização a partir do local. Unidos por uma outra globalização, mais humana e solidária. / This research deals with the question of different uses that the same territory might have, specially in metropolises such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Through the formation of a social movement which uses contemporary techniques to gather, in a social network, cooperatives which are an alternative of work and income for workers who were unemployed or subemployed. Nonhegemonic social actors who propose a new use for technical systems created to meet the interests of hegemonic actors. They create a new kind of administration, proposing the globalization of the place from local. United by another globalization, more human and with more solidarity.

No description available.

The aim of this report is to analyse the use of the capacity at the CNC (computer numerical control) cutters and show how the level of set up time for these cutters at Stålöv AB. This assignment is concrete whereas there are no subjective questions to this matter and there are only cold figures presented. Production economy is getting more important as the competition hardens and there are several different ways to increase productivity and efficiency in a company. In order to increase productivity and efficiency work studies are used to, through an analysis, find developments in methods that result in improved work methods and to establish the time that are used. Increased production of different parts and customer driven production in combination with increased demands on rationalisation of capital have led to an enlarged interest for shorter set up times in the production. To point out the use of capacity and the set up time of the cutters at Stålöv AB we used frequency studies. Frequency studies are work measure methods based on random observations on predetermined events to calculate the relative occurrence of these events. The purpose is to present the objective cold figures that show the use of capacity for all machines and totally. The compilation of the seven CNC cutters shows that the use of capacity reaches 33 %. The lack of machine operators is the single largest reason, 45 % of the total use of capacity. The set up time reaches 6 % totally of the 36 hours of observation of the machines. The study of the separate CNC cutters shows that the result follows the result of the compilation of all machines; the main reason why the use of capacity is low depends on the lack of machine operators. This means that if the demand increases there will not be enough operators to meet this demand. If using SMED, the set up time percentage share of the total use of capacity are too large, but the production of prototypes that supplies great value to the company may justify the set up times. By using Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), based on the elimination of breakdowns and defective products, the stability in production and the use of capacity may increase.

<p>The aim of this report is to analyse the use of the capacity at the CNC (computer numerical control) cutters and show how the level of set up time for these cutters at Stålöv AB. This assignment is concrete whereas there are no subjective questions to this matter and there are only cold figures presented.</p><p>Production economy is getting more important as the competition hardens and there are several different ways to increase productivity and efficiency in a company. In order to increase productivity and efficiency work studies are used to, through an analysis, find developments in methods that result in improved work methods and to establish the time that are used. Increased production of different parts and customer driven production in combination with increased demands on rationalisation of capital have led to an enlarged interest for shorter set up times in the production.</p><p>To point out the use of capacity and the set up time of the cutters at Stålöv AB we used frequency studies. Frequency studies are work measure methods based on random observations on predetermined events to calculate the relative occurrence of these events. The purpose is to present the objective cold figures that show the use of capacity for all machines and totally.</p><p>The compilation of the seven CNC cutters shows that the use of capacity reaches 33 %. The lack of machine operators is the single largest reason, 45 % of the total use of capacity. The set up time reaches 6 % totally of the 36 hours of observation of the machines.</p><p>The study of the separate CNC cutters shows that the result follows the result of the compilation of all machines; the main reason why the use of capacity is low depends on the lack of machine operators. This means that if the demand increases there will not be enough operators to meet this demand.</p><p>If using SMED, the set up time percentage share of the total use of capacity are too large, but the production of prototypes that supplies great value to the company may justify the set up times.</p><p>By using Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), based on the elimination of breakdowns and defective products, the stability in production and the use of capacity may increase.</p>

Cette thèse traite des phénomènes liés aux mathématiques financières et économiques. Elle est composée de deux sujets de recherche indépendants. La première partie est consacrée à deux contributions au problème de Merton. Pour commencer, nous étudions le problème de l’investissement optimal et de la consommation de Merton dans le cas de marchés discrets dans un horizon infini. Nous supposons qu’il y a des frictions sur les marchés en raison de la perte due aux échanges financières. Ces frictions sont modélisées par des fonctions de pénalités non linéaires où les modèles classiques de coût de transactions étudiés par Magill et Constantinides [31] et les marchés illiquides étudiés par Cetin, Jarrow et Protter dans [6] sont inclus dans cette formulation. Dans ce contexte, la région de solvabilité est définie en tenant compte de cette fonction de pénalité et chaque investisseur doit maximiser son utilité, dérivée de la consommation. Nous donnons la programmation dynamique du modèle et nous prouvons l’existence et l’unicité de la fonction valeur. Des stratégies optimales d’investissement et de consommation sont également construites. Ensuite, nous étendons le modèle de Merton à un problème à plusieurs investisseurs. Notre approche consiste à construire un modèle d’équilibre général déterministe dynamique. Nous prouvons ensuite l’existence d’un équilibre du problème qui est un ensemble de contrôles composés de processus de consommation et de portefeuille, ainsi que les processus de prix qui en découlent afin que la politique de consommation de chaque investisseur maximise son profil. Les résultats obtenus dans cette partie étendent principalement les résultats récemment obtenus par Chebbi et Soner [10] ainsi qu’aux d’autres résultats obtenus dans ce cadre dans la littérature. Dans la deuxième partie, nous traitons le problème de l’existence d’un équilibre d’une économie de production avec des ensembles d’allocations réalisables non-bornés où les consommateurs peuvent avoir des préférences non-transitives non-complètes. Nous introduisons une propriété asymptotique sur les préférences pour les consommations réalisables afin de prouver l’existence d’un équilibre. Nous montrons que cette condition est vraie lorsque l’ensemble des allocations réalisables est compact ou aussi lorsque les préférences sont représentées par des fonctions d’utilité dans le cas où l’ensemble des niveaux d’utilité rationnels individuels réalisables est compact. Cette hypothèse généralise la condition de CPP de Allouch [1] et couvre l’exemple de Page et al. [40] lorsque les niveaux d’utilité disponibles définis ne sont pas compacts. Nous étendons donc les résultats existants dans la littérature avec des ensembles réalisables non bornés de deux façons en ajoutant la production et en prenant en compte des préférences générales. / This PhD dissertation studies two independent research topics dealing with phenomena issues from financial and economic mathematics.This thesis is organized in two parts. The first part is devoted to two contributions tothe Merton problem. First, we investigate the problem of optimal investment and consumption of Merton in the case of discrete markets in an infinite horizon. We suppose that there is frictions in the markets due to loss in trading. These frictions are modeled through nonlinear penalty functions and the classical transaction cost studied by Magill and Constantinides in [31] and illiquidity models studied by Cetin, Jarrow and Protter in [6] are included in this formulation. In this context, the solvency region is defined taking into account this penalty function and every investigator have to maximize his utility, that is derived from consumption, in this region. We give the dynamic programming ofthe model and we prove the existence and uniqueness of the value function. Optimalinvestment and consumption strategies are constructed as well. We second extend the Merton model to a multi-investors problem. Our approach is to construct a dynamic deterministic general equilibrium model. We then provide the existence of equilibrium of the problem which is a set of controls that is composed of consumption and portfolio processes, as well as the resulting price processes so that each investor’s consumption policy maximizes his lifetime expected. The results obtained in this part extends mainly the results recently obtained by Chebbi and Soner [10] and other corresponding results in the litterature.The second part of this thesis deals with the problem of the existence of an equilibrium of a production economy with unbounded attainable allocations sets where the consumers may have non-complete non-transitive preferences. We introduce an asymptotic property on preferences for the attainable consumptions in order to prove the existence of an equilibrium. We show that this condition holds true if the set of attainable allocations is compact or, when preferences are representable by utility functions, if the set of attainable individually rational utility levels is compact. This assumption generalizes the CPP condition of Allouch [1] and covers the example of Page et al. [40] when the attainable utility levels set is not compact. So we extend the previous existence results with unbounded attainable sets in two ways by adding a production sector and considering general preferences.