Polarization has been detected at early times for all types of supernovae (SNe), indicating that all such systems result from or quickly develop some form of asymmetry. In addition, the detection of strong line polarization in SNe is suggestive of chemical inhomogeneities ("clumps") in the layers above the photosphere, which may reflect hydrodynamical instabilities during the explosion. We have developed a fast, flexible, approximate semi-analytic code for modeling polarized line radiative transfer within three-dimensional inhomogeneous rapidly expanding atmospheres. Given a range of model parameters, the code generates random sets of clumps in the expanding ejecta and calculates the emergent line profile and Stokes parameters for each configuration. The ensemble of these configurations represents the effects both of various host geometries and of different viewing angles. We present results for the first part of our survey of model geometries, specifically the effects of the number and size of clumps (and the related effect of filling factor) on the emergent spectrum and Stokes parameters. Our simulations show that random clumpiness can produce line polarization in the range observed in SNe Ia, as well as the Q-U loops that are frequently seen in all SNe. We have also developed a method to connect the results of our simulations to robust observational parameters such as maximum polarization and polarized equivalent width in the line. Our models, in connection with spectropolarimetric observations, can constrain the three-dimensional structure of SN ejecta and offer important insight into the SN explosion physics and the nature of their progenitor systems.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Urbanisation and storm water input in the Kuils River catchment changed the flow of the river from ephemeral to perennial. This led to flooding problems in the Kuilsrivier central business district. The river was channelised in 2000 to increase the carrying capacity of the channel and thus to reduce the flood risk. This study aims to monitor the impacts of channelisation on the geomorphology and ecology of the Kuils River. This was done by selecting representative study sites upstream, within and downstream of the channelised reach. The geomorphological and ecological characteristics of the river were recorded in detail with changes tracked over a year period incorporating channelisation activities and winter floods.

It is to be observed that delinquent children are socially and to a degree, emotionally maladjusted. This social and emotional maladjustment includes: I. Children who are extremely disruptive, destructive, hostile, impulsive and delinquent. II. Children who are immature, overfearful, withdrawn, uncommunicative, apathetic, and readily thrown off balance. III. Children of good intelligence but with severe learning disabilities resulting in poor academic achievement. One rarely finds such a child who does not also manifest a more general pattern of emotional disorders. IV. Children with severe psychic disorders as diagnosed by clinicians. The adherents of the psychiatric approach to delinquency have typically regarded antisocial behavior as a result of emotional disturbance in an individual. All deviant behavior is seen as a make-up of something in the individual which may be labeled variously as personal disorganization, intrapsychic conflict, or "maladjusted personality," and this psychological "sickness" interferes with the normal development of conformity (Aichhorn, 1935 ; Fenichel, 1945; Karpman, 1935; Redland and Wineman, 1951, 1952; Zilborg, 1943). There is an extensive overlapping and interchanging of symptoms among these children. However, it was noted from a review of the literature and from a study of a fairly large sample at the Utah State Industrial School (here-in-after referred to as SIS) that there are several reasonably well differentiated fundamental patterns of behavior displayed by maladjusted children.

The purpose of this study was to quan ti tate the populations o f lymphocytes in the s pleens and intestines of normal and immunosuppressed adult C57BL/6N mice that were noninfected or infected with Cryptosporidi um parvum. This was accomplished by using the following methodologies: immunohistochemistry, ELISA-spot assay, and flow cytometry. Mice in groups 1 and 2 were immunosuppressed, but only group 2 was in fected. Mice in group 3 were only infected, whereas group 4 served as the normal control . Mice were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone (DEXI at a dosage of 125~g / mouse/day. Infected mice received 106 oocysts per os . The numbers o f lymphocytes were monitored from day 0 to day 18 postinfect i on. Flow cytometry using antibodies directed against CD4+ and CDS+ T cells (helper and cytotoxic, respectively) and B cells (expressing IgG, IgM, and IgA receptors) revealed that c. parvum did not evoke an alteration in the phenotypic profile of lymphocytes within spleens or Peyer's patches (PP) of mice in groups 2 and 3 that was statist i cally different from groups 1 and 4. Immunosuppressed mice (groups 1 and 2) had significantly fewer lymphocytes (bearing CD4+, IgG, IgM, and IgA receptors) within the spleen when compared with mice in groups 3 and 4 (P

The purpose of this research was to assess the effects of local turbulence and velocity profiles on electromagnetic (magnetic) flow meters. According to the American Water Works Association, “No tool available to water utilities has played a greater part in the conservation of water than the water meter (AWWA 2002).” Consequently, it is imperative to understand what variables may influence magnetic flow meter accuracy. Even though other researchers have explored the effects of turbulence profile development on orifice plates, the literature is not clear how magnetic flow meters respond to the effect of local turbulence. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of local turbulence and velocity profiles on magnetic flow meter accuracy. Using five magnetic flow meters from five different manufacturers, laboratory tests were conducted with a CPA 65E flow conditioner located at different distances upstream of the meter. Numerical modeling using commercially available computational fluid dynamics software indicated that the deviations in flow meter accuracy were not proportional to the levels of local turbulence. It appears that magnetic flow meters may only be influenced by local turbulence to the degree that the upstream disturbance that distorts the velocity profile also increases local turbulence.

Introduction: One factor that contributes greatly to the lower face appearance and orthodontists have the ability to affect is lip profile. Clinical assessment of the lip profile is an important element in the decision of orthodontic treatment planning and in the evaluation of treatment progress and outcome. Three known factors influence the lip profile; the lip thickness, the underlying bone, and the tooth position. The positions and inclinations of the anterior teeth can affect the lip position, but it is unclear whether orthodontic brackets bonded to the labial surface of anterior teeth move the lip position and thereafter change the lip profile. Therefore, it is necessary to determine if orthodontic brackets bonded to the labial surface of the anterior dentition have any impact on lip profile. Objective: The objective of this project was to determine the effect that bonded brackets have on lip profile utilizing a standardized lateral photographic cephalogram analysis during the bonding and debonding stages. Methods: To determine the effect of bonded brackets on lip profile, digital photographic cephalometry was used. The patient was seated against a white backdrop in the standardized natural head position. Photographs were taken 5 feet from the patient, centered and level with the middle of the tragus of the right ear and were digitally analyzed using Dolphin Imaging software. Photos were acquired from 4 time points: before bonding (BT0) and after bonding (BT1) for the bonding group, and before debonding (DT0) and after debonding (DT1) for the debonding group. Upper and lower lip to E-plane, subnasale and lower lip to H-Line, superior sulcus depth, nasolabial angle, Z angle, upper and lower lip protrusion, and upper and lower lip to S-line were measured and analyzed statistically. The correlation of tooth angulation, lip thickness (determined using existing cephalometric radiographs), and bracket thickness on effect of lip position was also determined. Results: There are significant differences in all measurements of the lip profile, except superior sulcus depth and nasolabial angle, between BT0 and BT1 at the bonding stage. In the bonding stage, change in Z angle was correlated to initial lower lip thickness and change in upper lip protrusion was correlated to the initial upper lip thickness at the vermilion boarder and upper incisor bracket thickness. There was no significant difference noted between DT0 and DT1 at the debonding stage. Conclusion: Brackets have a significant effect on lip profile when bonding labial orthodontic brackets. Brackets have no significant effect on lip profile when debonding brackets. Therefore, a direct clinical assessment of lip profile before debonding is valid with no interference imposed by bonded orthodontic brackets.

Early identification of emotional and behavioral disorders is critical in ensuring that students receive the interventions and supports necessary for school success. While externalizing and internalizing behaviors often occur comorbidly, more research is needed to understand how different subtypes of these behaviors may manifest, especially in the early elementary school years. Further, as schools increase their emphasis on universal, evidence-based interventions as tools for preventing the development of later social-emotional and behavior challenges, it is important to understand how different groups of students respond to such interventions. In the present study, I explored the behavioral and emotional profiles of 470 second-grade students using latent profile analysis. I also examined how students transitioned between profiles over the course of one school year (i.e., fall to spring) within the context of a social-emotional intervention (Social Skills Improvement System-Classwide Intervention Program, SSIS-CIP; Elliott & Gresham, 2007). Additionally, I used multinomial logistic regression analyses to examine if child race, gender, teacher-student relationship, and treatment condition (intervention vs. control) predicted profile membership and transition over the course of a school year. I used five behavioral composites from the Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales-Teacher Form (SSIS-RST; Gresham & Elliott, 2008) to create the student profiles. Three profiles of students emerged in the present study. The first profile (normative) was characterized by the lowest levels of all five externalizing and internalizing behaviors. The second profile (at-risk) demonstrated elevated levels of impulsive behaviors, conduct problems, and emotion dysregulation, with less elevated levels of bullying. The third profile (comorbid) demonstrated elevated levels of all five externalizing and internalizing behaviors. From fall to spring, students in the normative profile exhibited a 93% probability of remaining in the normative profile. Students in the at-risk profile demonstrated a similarly high likelihood of remaining in the at-risk profile over time (72%), while students in the comorbid profile experienced a 57% chance of remaining in the comorbid profile over time. Teachers’ observed emotional support, child race, child gender, and participation in the SSIS-CIP intervention were all predictors of profile movement, however, the associations varied across the different profiles. Results of the present study suggest the SSIS-CIP may function as a preventative tool for students identified within the normative group as well as an effective intervention for those students with the most severe behavioral presentations. Consistent with previous research, teachers rated males and students of color higher on measures of externalizing behaviors. Notably, while female students were less likely to be identified in the comorbid profile in the fall, they were more likely to remain in that profile over time compared to male students who were identified in the comorbid profile in the fall. Surprisingly, teacher emotional support was negatively associated with movement from the at-risk group to the normative group. Future research should continue to explore the ways in which externalizing and internalizing behaviors manifest in young children as well as the intersection between gender and race as it relates to teachers’ ratings of students’ behaviors. / School Psychology

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / It has been noted by Lin (2013) that studies on multilingual talk, as illustrated by code switching in the classroom, have been repetitive and descriptive, and have for a while not been underpinned by substantially new or different questions (Lin, 2013:15). First, many of the studies in the literature have, for instance, concluded that there is a functional allocation of languages (FAL) in multilingual classroom teacher talk (e.g. Baker, 2012; Martin, 1996; Probyn, 2006, 2014; Jegede, 2012; Modupeola, 2013; Salami, 2008), such that language „a‟ is used for presentational knowledge, and language „b‟ is used for explanatory knowledge, and these claims have not been subjected to sustained scrutiny. Secondly, codeswtiching and translanguaging increasingly have been the dominant and exclusive frameworks used, and this has limited the kinds of insights that can be obtained or the kinds of questions that can be posed. / 2024

The CEFR French profiles have been widely used to teach and evaluate language instruction over the past decade. The profiles were specifications of vocabulary that have been largely untested from a corpus-based, empirical perspective. The purpose of this dissertation was to evaluate the CEFR profiles by comparing their content with two sizable contemporary corpora. This study quantified and described the vocabulary overlap and uniqueness across all three of these resources. Four areas of overlap and three areas of uniqueness were analyzed and identified. Slightly over 40% of the lexical content was common to the three resources studied. Additionally, 16.3% was unique to the CEFR. The remaining CEFR content overlapped with one or the other of the two corpora used for the evaluation. The findings led to the general recommendation of keeping about 60% of the current CEFR content and adding a little over 19,000 vocabulary items to the overhauled CEFR profiles.

Nonresident angler participation in Alaskan sport fisheries has increased at a higher rate than resident participation during the past decade. Popular sport fisheries have become crowded and stakeholder groups are increasingly concerned about the future direction of Alaska sport fisheries management. To address stakeholder concerns in an informed manner, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) commissioned a market segmentation study to collect baseline information for assessing the impacts of projects and strategies that provide benefits to the angling public. I developed a 24-page mail questionnaire that was sent to a stratified random sample of 15,000 Alaska nonresident fishing license holders. Information was collected on fishing participation, fishing experience, activity-specific attitudes, motivations for fishing, as well as species and locations fished. In addition, information on setting preferences, guide use, fish exportation, and opinions on several management proposals was also collected. The response rate was 54% (exclusive of surveys that were undeliverable). A two-stage empirical clustering approach, employing Ward's method and UPGMA hierarchical clustering followed by k-means partitioning, identified five nonresident angler clusters. A combination of seven specialization and four motivation variables were used to identify angler groups. The angler segments ranged in size from 15% to 24% of the sample and had diverse characteristics including differences in frequency of participation, fishing experience and preferences, as well as motivations for fishing. Significant differences existed among angler segments with regard to Alaska fishing characteristics, such as number of days and locations fished in Alaska, number of fish transported from Alaska, attributes important in fishery site selection, and likelihood of returning to Alaska to fish. Differences in fishing characteristics, resource dependency, and preferences with regard to fishery attributes also were found among anglers participating in selected Alaska sport fisheries, as well as anglers fishing for different species within a fishery location (e.g., Kenai River). Information provided by this study will allow ADF&G to assess the relative nonresident demand for different types of angling experiences in Alaska, estimate nonresident angler response to potential management actions, and focus planning and management activities in ways that are consistent with the interests of these different angler types. Results also demonstrate the potential for fishery-based segmentation to provide fisheries managers with a more detailed understanding of nonresident angler participation at the regional and fishery level. / Master of Science