No / Canities or senile hair graying, a universally recognized sign of aging, remains unresolved in terms of physiological causes, although a strong genetic contribution is understood (Gunn et al., 2009). As the hair fiber continues to grow long after melanin production ceases, we suggest that melanocytes in the hair follicle may be more sensitive to the impact of chronological aging than are keratinocytes. Moreover, follicular melanocytes also age more markedly than those in the overlying epidermis. The hair follicle provides a unique opportunity to decouple the impact of age on two hair follicular tissue functions: hair formation and hair pigmentation. ... This study provides analysis of race, age, and anatomically matched cultures of adult human epidermal and hair follicle melanocytes (HFMs).

This thesis is concerned with a theoretical and experimental study of the hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics of viscous fluids flowing in tubes under laminar conditions. Particular attention has been given to the effects of the rheological properties and their variation with temperature. A review of problems of this type showed that in spite of the many potential applications of the results in a wide range of industries the subject had not been well developed and further work is justified in order to fill some of the gaps in our knowledge. The early part of the thesis considers the justification of the work in this way and sets down the scope and objectives. A computer progracune was then developed to allow the governing equations of the problem to be solved numerically to give the velocity and temperature profiles and pressure drop for both heating and cooling conditions. The results were also presented in the form of Nusselt numbers as a function of the Graetz numberp since this form is useful for engineering design purposes. The validity of the predictions were then checked by a programme of experimental work. Temperature and velocity profiles have been measured in order to provide a more severe test of the theory than could be imposed by the measurement of overall heat transfer rates. A combined thermocouple probe/Pitot tube was developed to allow simultaneous measurements of velocity and temperature to be made. A Newtonian oil and two non-Newtonian Carbopol solutions were studied. This is the first time that velocity and temperature profiles have been measured for non-Newtonian fluids in this type of situation. The results of the work heve shown that (a) the velocity and temperature profiles and pressure drops are greatly affected by the temperature dependence of the rheological properties and since real viscous fluids are normally very temperature-sensitive it is important that this effect is properly taken into account. (b) the engineering design correlations commonly used for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients can be seriously in error, especially for cooling conditions and when non-Nevitonian fluids are being considered. (c) a mathematical model can be developed which accurately describes all the phenomena and gives predictions which are very close to those observed experimentally. An important objective was to develop more accurate engineering design correlations for non-isothermal pressure drop and heat transfer rates.

[pt] A cogeração é um conceito presente nas formas de conversão energética do futuro, uma vez que propõe a otimização no aproveitamento das fontes ou recursos energéticos utilizados. A especificação do sistema passa, primeiramente, por uma análise técnica-econômica, onde todos os insumos têm seu custo marginal ponderado, e as despesas energéticas finais são quantificadas para minimizar o custo da energia produzida. Na transformação dos sistemas convencionais para operação em cogeração, existe a necessidade de estimar o consumo de energia elétrica e térmica consumida por estes, para que o sistema de cogeração possa ser dimensionado e assim deslocar a energia elétrica consumida pelos sistemas convencionais. Neste trabalho, uma metodologia foi desenvolvida para a estimativa dos perfis elétrico e térmico mês a mês ao longo do ano, a partir dos poucos dados normalmente disponíveis. No perfil elétrico, dados de consumo de energia elétrica medidos na PUC-Rio, para cada 15 minutos no período um de um ano, foram utilizados para validar esta metodologia. No perfil térmico, uma metodologia foi desenvolvida; discutir-se-á como o consumo de energia térmica pode ser estimado a partir dos valores da temperatura ambiente, cargas térmicas internas e radiação solar incidente no local. Devido à pouca disponibilidade de dados e bibliografia para a validação desta metodologia, apresenta-se, simplesmente, uma comparação no cálculo da radiação solar média da metodologia proposta com uma outra diferente e um exemplo de cálculo de cargas térmicas, para um restaurante localizado em Albuquerque - Estados Unidos. / [en] The cogeneration will be an always present concept in the forms of energy conversion in the future, since it proposes to optimize the use of the energy resources. The system specification goes primarily through a technical economic analysis, where all the investments and operational costs are quantified for minimizing the cost of the produced energy. In the transformation of conventional systems for operation in cogeneration mode, there exists the necessity to estimate of electric and thermal consumption by these, so that the cogeneration system can be planned and thus displace the electric energy that would be used by the conventional systems. This works develops a methodology for estimating the electric and thermal load profiles, month by month along the year, from the few normally available data. For the electric profile, annual consumption data of electric energy measured at PUC-Rio, every 15 minutes in period of one year, has been used to validate this methodology. For the thermal profile, a methodology was developed; it discusses how the consumption of thermal energy can be estimated from values of ambient temperature, internal thermal loads and solar radiation incident on to place. Due to little data availability a comparison of the average solar radiation calculated by the proposed methodology and the one which is usually available in the literature, is done for a typical restaurant located in Albuquerque - United States.

This thesis is concerned with a theoretical and experimental study of the hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics of viscous fluids flowing in tubes under laminar conditions. Particular attention has been given to the effects of the rheological properties and their variation with temperature. A review of problems of this type showed that in spite of the many potential applications of the results in a wide range of industries the subject had not been well developed and further work is justified in order to fill some of the gaps in our knowledge. The early part of the thesis considers the justification of the work in this way and sets down the scope and objectives. A computer progracune was then developed to allow the governing equations of the problem to be solved numerically to give the velocity and temperature profiles and pressure drop for both heating and cooling conditions. The results were also presented in the form of Nusselt numbers as a function of the Graetz numberp since this form is useful for engineering design purposes. The validity of the predictions were then checked by a programme of experimental work. Temperature and velocity profiles have been measured in order to provide a more severe test of the theory than could be imposed by the measurement of overall heat transfer rates. A combined thermocouple probe/Pitot tube was developed to allow simultaneous measurements of velocity and temperature to be made. A Newtonian oil and two non-Newtonian Carbopol solutions were studied. This is the first time that velocity and temperature profiles have been measured for non-Newtonian fluids in this type of situation. The results of the work heve shown that (a) the velocity and temperature profiles and pressure drops are greatly affected by the temperature dependence of the rheological properties and since real viscous fluids are normally very temperature-sensitive it is important that this effect is properly taken into account. (b) the engineering design correlations commonly used for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients can be seriously in error, especially for cooling conditions and when non-Nevitonian fluids are being considered. (c) a mathematical model can be developed which accurately describes all the phenomena and gives predictions which are very close to those observed experimentally. An important objective was to develop more accurate engineering design correlations for non-isothermal pressure drop and heat transfer rates. / University of Bradford

Before vehicles can be placed in service it has to complete an authorisation process. At the moment,this process is largely depended on tests. This is, however, an expensive and long process. With new technologies and improved simulations this process can be shortened and the costs can be lowered. The validation of a vehicle model, however, is often limited by the available data. Often the measured rail profiles are not available and thus a new UIC60 profile is used for the simulations. The railway track often has been used and showssigns of wear and damages, therefore research has been done to investigate the influence of the rail profiles on the validation of a railway vehicle model. The current methods of validation in the European norm are used to compare simulated values with forces and accelerations available from vehicle measurements. In the first step,25 track sections with different curve radii have beensimulated with a measured rail profile every 100 meters. In the next step, the same sections have been simulated by using the standard UIC60 rail profile. The results show that the use of measured rail profiles does have a positive influence on the outcome of simulation. In the final step, one single narrow curve has been simulated to show the effect of standard and worn rail profiles. Four different wear stages of the rail profile are simulated and compared to the available vehicle measurements available. These simulations show that the use of a medium worn rail profile gives the most accurate value. / Innan ett fordon kan tas i bruk måste det genomgå en tillståndsprocess. För närvarande är denna process till stor del beroende av provningar. Detta är dock en dyr och lång process. Med hjälp av ny teknik och förbättrade simuleringar kan denna process förkortas och kostnaderna sänkas. Valideringen av en fordonsmodell begränsas dock ofta av de tillgängliga uppgifterna. Ofta finns inte de uppmätta rälsprofilerna tillgängliga och därför används en ny UIC60-profil för simuleringarna. Järnvägsspåret har ofta använts och visarDärför har forskning gjorts för att undersöka hur rälsprofilerna påverkar valideringen av en modell av ett järnvägsfordon. De nuvarande valideringsmetoderna i den europeiska normen används för att jämföra simulerade värden med de krafter och accelerationer som finns tillgängliga från fordonsmätningar. I det första steget har 25 spårsektioner med olika kurvradier använts.simulerats med en uppmätt rälsprofil var 100:e meter. I nästa steg har samma sektioner simulerats med hjälp av standardprofilen UIC60. Resultaten visar att användningen av uppmätta rälsprofiler har en positiv inverkan på simuleringsresultatet. I det sista steget har en enda smal kurva simulerats för att visa effekten av standard- och slitna rälsprofiler. Fyra olika slitningsstadier av rälsprofilen simuleras och jämförs med tillgängliga fordonsmätningar. Simuleringarna visar att användningen av en mediumsliten rälsprofil ger det mest exakta värdet.

Submitted by Alexandre Sousa (alexandre.sousa@incqs.fiocruz.br) on 2014-08-18T14:15:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese José Luiz Neves de Aguiar.pdf: 5864381 bytes, checksum: b51a01e12385c8935e494b933a328f33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-18T14:15:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese José Luiz Neves de Aguiar.pdf: 5864381 bytes, checksum: b51a01e12385c8935e494b933a328f33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde / O desenvolvimento de metodologia altamente discriminatória para a identificação e caracterização das espécies de plantas medicinais regulamentadas pelo sistema público de saúde brasileiro (SUS) é de suma importância para o controle de qualidade destas espécies como matérias-primas na produção de medicamentos fitoterápicos, consequentemente, minimizar o risco sanitário para o consumidor. No primeiro estudo foi utilizado o método RAPD-PCR para a elaboração de um perfil genético de três espécies diferentes de plantas medicinais regulamentadas pelo SUS do Brasil: Mikania glomerata Sprengel, Maytenus ilicifilia (Schrad)Planch e Schinus terebenthifolia Raddi, a partir de exemplares destas plantas, que foram cedidas pela Coleção Temática de Plantas Medicinais do Instituto de Pesquisas do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, os perfis resultantes permitiram a identificação eficiente das espécies diferentes. No segundo estudo o método RAPD-PCR foi utilizado para a elaboração de um perfil de fragmentos de DNA (“fingerprint”) de Mikania glomerata coletadas no Horto Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista no Paraná e a cedida pela Coleção Temática de Plantas Medicinais do Instituto de Pesquisas do Jardim Botânico no Rio de Janeiro, os perfis resultantes permitiram a caracterização eficaz das duas plantas de mesma espécie de origem diferente (PR e RJ). No terceiro estudo foi desenvolvido um sistema de extração em água das plantas do primeiro estudo com detecção em CLAE-UV/VIS que gerou um perfil químico de cada planta, os perfis resultantes permitiram a identificação eficiente das três espécies diferentes. / The development of a highly discriminatory method for the identification of genotypes and species of medicinal plants regulated by the public Brazilian health system (SUS) is of paramount importance for quality control of these species as raw material in the production of herbal medicines, to consequently minimize the health risks to the consumer. We used RAPD-PCR method to generate a genetic profile of three species of medicinal plants regulated by SUS in Brazil. Mikania glomerata Sprengel, Maytenus ilicifilia (Schrad)Planch e Schinus terebenthifolia Raddi, from specimens of these plants, which were donated by Theme Collection of Medicinal Plants of the Instituto de Pesquisas do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, the profiles generated allowed the effective discrimination of the species. In the second study, the RAPD-PCR method was used to prepare a profile of DNA fragments ("fingerprint") of Mikania glomerata collected in Horto Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista no Paraná and courtesy Theme Collection of Medicinal Plants of the Instituto de Pesquisas do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, the resulting profiles allowed the effective characterization of two plants of the same species of different origin (PR and RJ). In the third study we developed a system of water extraction plant of the first study with detection in HPLC-UV/VIS generating a chemical profile of each plant, the resulting profiles allowed the efficient identification of three different species.

No description available.

All people experience pain and for some people, acute pain may over time develop into long-term disabling problems. Already at an early stage, it is possible to identify people at risk for long-term problems and psychologically oriented interventions have been shown to successfully prevent future disability. However, not all people are helped by treatment and there is room for improvement. Moreover, subgroups of people suffering from pain, with different profiles of psychological factors have been identified, indicating that people with pain problems differ. The first aim of this dissertation was to improve the understanding of how people differ. The second aim was to use these individual differences and to match people to psychological treatment based on their psychological profile. The third aim was to explore what happens during treatment that might be important for treatment outcome. The findings show that people who belonged to subgroups with elevated levels of psychological factors had less favorable outcomes over time, despite treatment, than people with no elevations. Moreover, people with elevations in several psychological factors had even less favorable outcomes. Psychological treatments aimed at preventing future disability performed well, but using profiles to match people to treatment did not improve outcomes further; people who were matched to a treatment and people who were unmatched had similar outcomes. However, the profiles used for matching were unstable over time and there is need to improve the identification of psychological variables used for treatment matching. Finally, a number of psychological factors were shown to be valuable targets for treatment; if the treatments successfully produced change in people’s thoughts and emotions related to pain the treatment outcomes were better. The findings were summarized in a flow chart showing the recommended clinical approach to people seekinghealth care for acute pain problems.

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / Background CrossFit is a workout program developed in 2000 which involves high intensity interval training coupled with resistance training elements of powerlifting and gymnastics. CrossFit has grown to include competitive events and there are an ever increasing number of affiliate gyms internationally. CrossFit’s greatest criticism is related to safety. There is limited published data on the exercise program. Aims The aims of this study were: to determine a retrospective cohort analysis of the demographic, injury and treatment profiles of participants at the 2013 United We Stand CrossFit Games who presented to the Durban University of Technology’s sports treatment facility; to determine the association, if any, between demographics and injury types; and, to provide any recommendations regarding the clinical record form used. Methods This study was a retrospective, quantitative, descriptive study on the chiropractic Student Sports Association’s report form in order to produce a retrospective cohort analysis of the injury and treatment profiles. Persons who made use of the chiropractic treatment facility at the 2013 United We Stand CrossFit Games were required to complete an informed consent form. A sixth year chiropractic student then filled in a Chiropractic Student Sports Association report form to record participant, complaint and treatment information. The study was not limited to competitors, but all persons who had access to the chiropractic treatment facility. These forms were then collated and data captured on the complaints which presented and were treated at the chiropractic treatment facility. Results The data collected revealed that 137 participants presented to the chiropractic treatment facility in 162 visits, with 263 complaints treated. The age range of the sample was between 18 and 43 years, with a mean age of 27.49 years. The majority of participants who presented to the CTF were competing athletes and just under half of the study sample reported to not having a history of previous injury. The study found that the lumbar region (20.9%), wrist/hand (14.4%), shin/calf (11.0%) and knee (10.2%) were the most commonly presented regions of complaint. The highest presenting mechanism of injury was that of overuse (22.4%) followed by running (19.0%). Acute injuries accounted for 72.20% of all injuries. With regards to diagnoses, myofascial trigger points made up 21.6% of all injuries, followed by muscle strains (19.7%). Facet syndromes of the spinal column accounted for 13% of diagnoses.It was shown that kinesiotape, manipulation, massage and ischemic compression were the top treatment interventions utilised. It was also shown that rest, ice and referrals were types of treatment that were not utilised. Due to statistical inconsistencies no significance tests were possible between demographic and injury characteristics. Recommendations were proposed in order to maximise the quality of data captured. Conclusion: The results add insight into the injuries presented and the treatment they acquired at the chiropractic treatment facility at a national CrossFit event. The most common injuries require investigation in both training and competitive environments. Various recommendations have been proposed for the record form used at sporting events in order to facilitate the collection of high quality data. / M

This thesis presents a development to the technique of rotational Raman lidar by, incorporating an imaging spectrometer in conjunction with a clocking CCD detection system. This allowed the rotational Raman spectra of nitrogen and oxygen to be simultaneously recorded as a function of altitude. The rotational Raman spectra were uses to calculate temperature profiles. Recording the complete band envelopes of the rotational Raman spectra removed the need for an external reference, such as a radiosonde. Results are presented from measurements made in Cambridge in chapter 4 and Ny-Alesund in chapter 6. Chapter 7 presents some conventional lidar backscatter measurements made using a PMT in Birmingham during the winter part of the pollution in the Urban Midlands Area (PUMA) campaign. These measurements were used to determine the cloud base and the planetarty boundary layer height. Two automated algorithms were tested at retrieving the PBL height, the inflection point method and the centroid method.