Criminal profiling Abstract The purpose of my thesis is to analyse criminal profiling, one of the disciplines of forensic psychology used by law enforcement authorities in their effort to capture offender of a crime. The reason for my research is my interest in the criminal law in general, mainly in the psychological aspects of work of law enforcement authorities with individual offenders. The thesis is composed of three chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of criminal profiling. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology of criminal profiling and the essence of criminal profiling in general. The chapter is subdivided into five parts, which deals with the term of criminal profiling, its development, particular delicts suitable for profiling, the manner of creating a profile and its efficiency in the criminal proceedings in Czech Republic. Chapter Two examines the best known approaches to criminal profiling, its methods and typology. The chapter consists of five parts. Part One focuses on the different approaches to criminal profiling. Part Two investigates the deductive and inductive methods of criminal profiling. Part Three addresses the issue of the best known computer databases used in criminal profiling, ViCLAS and VICAP. Part Four focuses on geographic profiling, a...

The purpose of this thesis is to elucidate what online profiling is, what happens with users' or customers' personal data during this process, how these activities interfere with the individuals' right to privacy, what the legal regulation in this field is, whether the privacy interests of individuals are sufficiently protected and if not, how the situation might be improved. The thesis starts with description of todays' business practices that are based on collecting data about customers, analyzing it and creating profiles suggesting the most profitable behaviour of businesses towards customers. It is followed by explanation of the technological tools enabling data collection and the method of data mining that is the key enabler of creating profiles. The text continues with description of risks of profiling in relation to privacy, i.e. the issues of discrimination, de-individualisation, restriction of individual autonomy, information asymmetries and possible misuse of profiles. The notion of right to privacy is explained and other interests that have to be balanced with privacy are mentioned as well. After that follows a critical description of the current legal framework in the European Union. It consists of Data Protection Directive, ePrivacy Directive and since 2018 of the General Data...

My diploma thesis deals with the behavioural analysis and perpetrators of serial, mass and sexually motivated murders issue. The behavioural analysis is built upon bases of different methods of criminal profiles formation - psychological profiling. Following the historical outset of the criminal profile, the method of the behavioural analysis and its particular components are introduced and discussed. The components are described through optic of the most commonly used typologies, e.g. perpetrators typologies, scenes of delict, victims and murders. Hereafter I pursue issue of criminal profiling utilization in practise, particularly perpetrator profile creation, crime linking and threat assessment. The last part dedicated to the behavioural analysis consists of behavioural analysis historical development in the Czech Republic and reflection of potential future development of this issue. The second part of my diploma thesis is focused on serial murder and serial perpetrator. The definition of multiple murder and differentiation from its individual types is given. The following part comprises of introduction of the most common myths and stereotypes ingrained in the society and through statistics their creation and falseness is explained. The phenomenon of the hypothetical murderer is reached through...

Le bulbe olfactif (BO) des mammifères adultes est le siège d'une intense neurogenèse tout au long de la vie. L'intégration des nouveaux neurones dans le BO est alimentée par la génération continuelle de progéniteurs immatures dans la zone periventriculaire (ZPV) du ventricule latéral du cerveau antérieur. Au cours de leur différentiation, ceux-ci migrent « en chaine » de la ZPV vers le BO. Une fois dans le BO ils migrent alors radialement vers leur localisation finale et achèvent leur différentiation. Le phénotype des neurones néoformés est divers et est déterminé par la position des cellules souche dans la ZPV. Outre un intérêt spécifique, cette neurogenèse offre des perspectives uniques pour étudier la neurogenèse en général. En effet, dans ce système, les étapes successives du processus de différentiation sont distinctement séparées dans l'espace.Durant ma thèse j'ai étudié le rôle des microARN dans la neurogenèse du BO. Les microARN sont des ARN d'environs 22 nucléotides qui régulent négativement l'expression des gènes au niveau post-transcriptionnel. En utilisant des souris mutantes conditionnelles pour une enzyme clé dans la synthèse des microARN, j'ai démontré que les microARN étaient essentiels à la génération de nouveaux neurones. Par la suite, pour identifier des microARN candidats, le profil d'expression de l'ensemble des microARN durant la neurogenèse a été réalisé. Cette étude s'est faite par séquençage haut-débit des petits ARN sur un panel d'échantillons représentatifs des différentes étapes de la neurogenèse du BO et des différents compartiments de cellules souche de la ZPV. / New neurons are continuously and extensively generated in the adult mammalian olfactory bulb (OB). The constant integration of new neurons into the OB circuitry is fueled by the continuous generation of immature progenitors in the periventricular zone (PVZ) of the lateral ventricle of the forebrain. Immature precursor cells leave the PVZ and migrate in interwoven chains to the OB. After arrival in the OB they migrate radially to their final positions and undergo terminal differentiation. The phenotype of these new neurons is diverse and determined by the position of the stem cells in the PVZ. Beyond its specific interest, this system of postnatal neurogenesis provides unique, advantageous properties to study neurogenesis in general, as the distinct steps of the neurogenic sequence (stem cell, amplification, migration, final differentiation) are clearly spatially separated. During my PhD I aimed to elucidate the roles of microRNA mediated regulation of gene expression in the OB neurogenesis. MicroRNAs are a class of small regulatory RNAs around 22 nucleotides in length. They act as negative regulators of gene expression on a post-transcriptional level thereby restricting protein output. Using a conditional knock-out mouse line for a key enzyme of microRNAs synthesis, I first demonstrated that microRNAs are absolutely required to complete the neuronal differentiation process. Subsequently, in order to identify candidates playing a role in neurogenesis, a miRNome profiling was performed by deep sequencing of small RNAs in tissues representative for different stem cell compartments and steps of neurogenesis.

Embryonic stem (ES) cell pluripotency is sustained by a network of transcription factors centred on Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog. Whilst Oct4 and Sox2 expression is relatively uniform, ES cells fluctuate between states of high Nanog expression possessing high self-renewal efficiency, and low Nanog expression exhibiting increased differentiation propensity. Moreover, modulation in the level of Nanog expression determines the efficiency of ES cell self-renewal. To identify genes regulated by Nanog, genome-wide transcriptional profiling was performed on ES cells expressing different Nanog levels and Nanog-null ES cells expressing a Nanog-ERT2 fusion protein in which nuclear Nanog activity can be regulated by tamoxifen. Surprisingly, only a minor fraction of the genes to which Nanog binds showed significant changes in response to Nanog induction. Prominent amongst Nanog-responsive genes is Estrogen-related receptor b (Esrrb). Nanog binds directly to Esrrb, enhances binding and pause-release of RNAPolII from the Esrrb promoter and stimulates Esrrb transcription. Consistent with these findings, elevation of Nanog produces a cell population that expresses uniformly high Esrrb levels. Moreover, double fluorescent reporter lines show that Esrrb and Nanog levels are strongly correlated in individual cells. Loss of Nanog is required for downregulation of Esrrb, which coincides with commitment to differentiate. Esrrb overexpression results in LIF independent self-renewal, and blocks neural differentiation, even in the absence of Nanog. Cell fusion experiments between ES and neural stem (NS) cells show that elevated Esrrb levels allow the reprogramming of the NS cell genome in the absence of Nanog. Esrrb can rescue stalled reprogramming during the derivation of Nanog-/- induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Moreover, targeted knock-in of Esrrb at the Nanog locus rescues the ability of Nanog null ES cells to maintain germ cell development beyond E12. Finally, Esrrb deletion abolishes the defining ability of Nanog to confer LIF-independent selfrenewal to ES cells. Together these data identify Esrrb as a critical downstream mediator of Nanog function.

La miniaturisation des composants électroniques a conduit à l'introduction de systèmes électroniques complexes qui sont intégrés sur une seule puce avec multiprocesseurs, dits Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC). La majorité des systèmes embarqués récents sont basées sur des architectures massivement parallèles MPSoC, d'où la nécessité de développer des applications parallèles embarquées. La conception et le développement d'une application parallèle embarquée devient de plus en plus difficile notamment pour les architectures multiprocesseurs hétérogènes ayant différents types de contraintes de communication et de conception tels que le coût du matériel, la puissance et la rapidité. Un défi à relever par de nombreux développeurs est le profilage des applications parallèles embarquées afin qu'ils puissent passer à l'échelle sur plusieurs cœurs possible. Cela est particulièrement important pour les systèmes embarqués de type MPSoC, où les applications doivent fonctionner correctement sur de nombreux cœurs. En outre, la performance d'une application ne s'améliore pas forcément lorsque l'application tourne sur un nombre de cœurs encore plus grand. La performance d'une application peut être limitée en raison de multiples goulot d'étranglement notamment la contention sur des ressources partagées telles que les caches et la mémoire. Cela devient contraignant etune perte de temps pour un développeur de faire un profilage de l'application parallèle embarquée et d'identifier des goulots d'étranglement dans le code source qui diminuent la performance de l'application. Pour surmonter ces problèmes, dans cette thèse, nous proposons trois méthodes automatiques qui détectent les instructions du code source qui ont conduit à une diminution de performance due à la contention et à l'évolutivité des processeurs sur une puce. Les méthodes sont basées sur des techniques de fouille de données exploitant des gigaoctets de traces d'exécution de bas niveau produites par les platesformes MPSoC. Nos approches de profilage permettent de quantifier et de localiser automatiquement les goulots d'étranglement dans le code source afin d'aider les développeurs à optimiserleurs applications parallèles embarquées. Nous avons effectué plusieurs expériences sur plusieurs applications parallèles embarquées. Nos expériences montrent la précision des techniques proposées, en quantifiant et localisant avec précision les hotspots dans le code source. / Miniaturization of electronic components has led to the introduction of complex electronic systems which are integrated onto a single chip with multiprocessors, so-called Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC). The majority of recent embedded systems are based on massively parallel MPSoC architectures, hence the necessity of developing embedded parallel applications. Embedded parallel application design becomes more challenging: It becomes a parallel programming for non-trivial heterogeneous multiprocessors with diverse communication architectures and design constraints such as hardware cost, power, and timeliness. A challenge faced by many developers is the profiling of embedded parallel applications so that they can scale over more and more cores. This is especially critical for embedded systems powered by MPSoC, where ever demanding applications have to run smoothly on numerous cores, each with modest power budget. Moreover, application performance does not necessarily improve as more cores are added. Application performance can be limited due to multiple bottlenecks including contention for shared resources such as caches and memory. It becomes time consuming for a developer to pinpoint in the source code the bottlenecks decreasing the performance. To overcome these issues, in this thesis, we propose a fully three automatic methods which detect the instructions of the code which lead to a lack of performance due to contention and scalability of processors on a chip. The methods are based on data mining techniques exploiting gigabytes of low level execution traces produced by MPSoC platforms. Our profiling approaches allow to quantify and pinpoint, automatically the bottlenecks in source code in order to aid the developers to optimize its embedded parallel application. We performed several experiments on several parallel application benchmarks. Our experiments show the accuracy of the proposed techniques, by quantifying and pinpointing the hotspot in the source code.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / DNA profiling the male specific region on the Y-chromosome is fundamental to forensic practise. Its recognised as a powerful analytical tool for investigation of sexual assault when the DNA evidence is highly admixed. Standard practises for processing sexual assault evidence include physically separate the sperm cell from the female fraction using differential extraction followed by autosomal DNA profiling. However, under specific scenarios of assault physical separation may not be possible due to the nature of the evidence. The research presented in this thesis was focused on the development and validation of the UniQTyper™ Y-10 prototype for male specific DNA profiling. The prototype which contains 10 Y-STR markers was developed and validated to deliver a rapid and cost-effective system while maintaining a forensic applicable level of performance. An allelic ladder is produced with an allele cloning approach for which an overview of the workflow and technicalities presented herein is aimed to assists an efficient bulk production process. In a second component novel sequence variation was reported across 153 sequenced alleles and submitted to Genbank. In this output the Y-STR panel was perused beyond the scope of length polymorphisms. In a proof of concept, its potential to discriminate between shared allele sizes by characterizing sequence structure variations is discussed. In a final component we generate the largest Y-STR survey across South Africa to establish reference data and to comprehensively assess the forensic genetics parameters for the UniQTyper™ Y-10.

Racial profiling: Personal experiences that people of color face in Sweden  The purpose of this study is to explore the personal experiences of racial profiling that people of color face in Sweden. Racial profiling is a social issue in the world today and a much-disputed subject in the Swedish society. The study was conducted with qualitative interviews with four people of color in Sweden. The intersectionality perspective was used as an analytical tool to analyze the experiences people of color face with the help of social constructionism theory. The results showed that all four interviewees have experienced racial profiling in different settings in their lives. In addition, the study showed that the interviewees’ experiences of racial profiling differed depending on the interviewees’ identity attributes such as gender, race, and their religious affiliation affecting their vulnerability and experiences of racial profiling. The findings also show that the four informants have experienced and are vulnerable to everyday racism in Sweden due to the existing prejudices in the Swedish society.

Casos de contaminação de aquíferos fraturados são bastante complexos, tendo em vista a heterogeneidade das redes de fraturas, e no geral, sua investigação demanda a utilização de técnicas pouco usuais, como por exemplo o imageamento acústico e a perfilagem de velocidade de fluxo de água. Na área de estudo, localizada em Valinhos/SP, o uso inadequado de solventes organoclorados no passado ocasionou a contaminação do aquífero raso em duas áreas, e o aparecimento de concentrações no aquifero profundo levaram a condução do atual trabalho, que teve como principal objetivo a elaboração de um modelo conceitual de fluxo de água e transporte de contaminantes no aquífero cristalino. Previamente à investigação do aquífero fraturado, foi realizada uma análise de trabalhos existentes, incluindo a interpretação de lineamentos, levantamentos geológicos além de perfilagens geofísicas de superfície. Em cada área investigada, foi realizada a perfuração de um poço profundo e aplicadas as técnicas de perfilagens de raios gama, cáliper, flowmeter, imageamento acústico, além da filmagem do poço e realização de ensaios hidráulicos nos dois pontos perfurados. Para caracterização química do aquífero fraturado, foram realizadas coletas de água subterrânea em intervalos selecionados com a utilização de obturadores pneumáticos. As cargas hidráulicas medidas durante a amostragem também auxiliaram no entendimento da direção do fluxo de água. O aquífero cristalino é formado por rochas gnáissicas e se encontra bastante fraturado e intemperizado, principalmente na porção superficial da rocha (até aproximadamente 65,0 m) onde as maiores velocidades de fluxo de água também foram observadas. A rocha sã possui uma menor densidade de fraturas e predominância de minerais mais claros. As fraturas de baixo a médio angulo de mergulho (Grupo 1) são as mais frequentes em ambas as perfurações e possuem direção principal N-S a NE-SW. São observadas, no geral, exercendo grande influência sobre o fluxo de água, principalmente na porção alterada do gnaisse. Fraturas com ângulo elevado de mergulho, classificadas como Grupo 2 (paralelas à foliação) e Grupo 3 (direção NW à W), são também observadas ao longo de toda a perfuração estabelecendo a conexão hidráulica entre as fraturas do Grupo 1. Em menor proporção, são ainda verificadas fraturas com ângulos de mergulho >40 ° pertencente aos Grupos 4 (NE-SW), 5 (E-W), 6 (NW-SE) e 7 (E-W). O fluxo de água subterrânea se mostrou descendente na porção superior da rocha alterada e ascendente na porção mais profunda, possivelmente direcionando a água subterrânea para a região de transição da rocha mais alterada para a rocha sã (entre 61 a 65 m de profundidade). Apesar do fluxo ascendente em profundidade, o bombeamento de poços tubulares existentes no entorno ao longo dos anos, favoreceu a migração dos contaminantes para porções mais profundas. Os contaminantes observados no poço tubular P6 possuem maior semelhança com os contaminantes observados na Área 2, e ambos estão localizados entre lineamentos NW-SE, indicando uma possível influência dos lineamentos no controle sobre o fluxo de água. No entanto, para entendimento do transporte dos contaminantes em área, é necessário um adensamento da rede de monitoramento, levando em consideração a heterogeneidade do meio e as incertezas relacionadas à extrapolação dos dados para áreas não investigadas. / Cases of contamination in fracture aquifers are complex, given the heterogeneity of the fractures network and the common requirement of unusual techniques for investigation, such as the acoustic imaging and water flow velocity profile. In the study area, located in Valinhos / SP, the inappropriate use of organochlorine solvents in the past caused the contamination of the shallow aquifer in two areas, and the appearance of concentrations in the deep aquifer, lead to the current work, whose main goal was the development of a conceptual model of groundwater flow and contaminants transport in the crystalline aquifer. An analysis of pre-existing works, including the interpretation of lineaments, geological surveys as well as surface geophysical profiling, was conducted previously the investigation of fractured aquifer. A deep well was drilled in each area and applied the profiling methods gamma ray, caliper, flowmeter and acoustic imaging, as well as filming the wells and conducting hydraulic tests in two drillings. For chemical characterization of the fractured aquifer, groundwater sampling were collected at selected intervals with the use of pneumatic packers. Hydraulic heads measured during sampling also helped in understanding the direction of water flow. The crystalline aquifer is consisted by a fractured and weathered gneissic rock, especially in the upper portion of the rock (up to approximately 65.0 m) where higher water flow rates were observed. The fresh rock has a lower fracture density and predominantly lighter minerals. Fractures of low to medium dip angle (Group 1) are the most frequent in both boreholes. Their main direction is N-S to NE-SW, and they are in general, exerting great influence on the water flow, especially in the weathered portion of the gneiss. Fractures with high dip angle classified as Group 2 (parallel to foliation) and Group 3 (direction NW to W) are also observed throughout the drillings, establishing the hydraulic connection between the fractures from Group 1. At a lower frequency, fractures with dip angles >40 °, classified as groups 4 (direction NE-SW), 5 (E-W), 6 (NW-SE) and 7 (E-W), are verified. The water flow was downgradient in the surficial weathered portion of the rock, and upgradient in the deepest portion, probably directing the water flow to the transition portion of altered rock for the fresh rock (between 61 to 65 m in depth). Despite the upward flow in higher depth, pumping existing wells in the vicinity over the years favored the migration of contaminants into deeper portions of que aquifer. The compounds observed in the tubular well P6 have a greater resemblance to the contaminants observed in Area 2, and both are located between NW-SE lineaments, indicating a possible influence on control over the water flow and contaminant transport. However, a dense of monitoring network is necessary to understand the transport of contaminants in the study area, for which should be considered the proposed objectives, and taken into account the heterogeneity of the environment and the uncertainties related to extrapolation of data to non-investigated areas.

Thesis advisor: Eranthie Weerapana / Cysteine residues on proteins play important catalytic and regulatory roles in complex proteomes. These functional residues can be modified under physiological conditions by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to regulate protein activities and modulate cysteine reactivity. Many PTMs are highly labile and dynamic, rendering it difficult to detect modified proteins within complex systems. To contribute to the chemical-proteomic methods currently available, chemical probe-Mass Spectrometry (MS) platforms were developed to study oxidative cysteine modifications. A MS platform for the assessment of S-nitrosation in vitro identified Cys329 of Cathepsin D (CTSD) as highly sensitive to S-nitrosothiol formation. To achieve a more physiological relevant representation of S-nitrosation, this platform was later adapted for study in live cells using a caged electrophile, Caged BK. Additionally, oscillation of cysteine oxidation as a function of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster and human samples was explored. As a compliment to these MS platforms, a 4-aminopiperidine-based cysteine-reactive probe library was developed. These probes have been used to target specific reactive cysteines as an alternate way to regulate protein function and can be used as tools to provide insight into the roles of these residues in protein activities. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.