Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreirafilho_jcr_me_arafcf.pdf: 627816 bytes, checksum: b1c11f69fc69c2ac25f9a07f076cafa8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Os membros da subfamília Triatominae são vetores do protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico da doença de Chagas. Eles compreendem 144 espécies agrupadas em 18 gêneros e são encontrados principalmente nas Américas, desde o sul dos Estados Unidos ao sul da Argentina e Chile. Essencialmente a identificação desses insetos tem sido baseada na descrição comparativa da morfologia de indivíduos adultos incluindo as estruturas da genitália masculina e feminina, aspectos gerais do corpo como cabeça, tórax, antena e coloração, entre outros. Entretanto a distinção por critérios morfológicos apresenta limitações para caracterização de espécies do gênero Rhodnius devido às semelhança entre elas, especialmente entre R. prolixus, R. domesticus, R. robustus, R. neglectus, and R. nasutus, espécies conhecidas como “grupo prolixus”. Nesse estudo as técnicas de biologia molecular, sequenciamento do gene 16S e PCR-RFLP, foram utilizados para caracterização de sete espécies de Rhodnius. Os produtos do sequenciamento do gene 16S das espécies R. brethesi; R. nasutus, R. nasutus, R. neglectus, R. pictipes; R. prolixus, R. robustus, e R. sp geraram alinhamento de 380 pares de bases com 48 sítios polimórficos. A visualização das bandas geradas pelas enzimas de restrição BstUI, HhaI, RsaI and Mbol com as sete amostras de Rhodnius possibilitou distingui-las com exceção de R. prolixus, R. neglectus e R.robustus. Os dois métodos feitos para as mesmas amostras confirmaram a validade da utilização do método PCR-RFLP para identificação de R. brethesi, R. nasutus, R. pictipes e R. sp, uma vez que o gene 16S já é um marcador estabelecido para as espécies de Rhodnius e as duas metodologias apresentaram os mesmos resultados, confirmaram também o trabalho realizado por Naegele et al. 2006 em que a técnica de PCR-RFLP distinguiu R. stale, R. pictipes, R. Prolixus and R. domesticus / The members of the subfamily Triatominae are vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. They consist of 144 species grouped into 18 genera and are found mainly in the Americas, from the southern United States to southern Argentina and Chile. Essentialy, the identification of these insects has been based on the comparative description of the morphology of adult specimens, including the structures of both the male and female genitalia, general body features like head, thorax, antennae and color, among others. However, this method is not particularly useful in the characterization of species belonging to the genus Rhodnius because they are very similar morphologically, specially R. prolixus, R. domesticus, R. robustus, R. neglectus, and R. nasutus, which are known as “prolixus complex”. In this study molecular biology techniques, such as sequencing of 16S gene and PCR-RFLP, was used to contribute to the characterization of seven species of Rhodnius. The products of the sequencing of the 16S species R. brethesi; R. nasutus, R. nasutus, R. neglectus, R. pictipes; R. prolixus, R. robustus, and R. sp generated a alingment of 380bp with 48 polymorphic sites. The visualization of the bands arising from the use of restriction enzymes BstUI, HhaI, RsaI and Mbol with samples of seven species of Rhodnius possible to distinguish them except for R. prolixus, R. neglectus and R.robustus. The two methods performed in parallel for the same samples confirmed the validity of using the enzymatic method for specific identification of R. brethesi, R. nasutus, R. pictipes e R. sp, since the 16S gene is already an established marker for it and the two methods showed the same results, confirmed too the work performed by Naegele et al.2006 that the PCR-RFLP technic distinguished R. stale, R. pictipes, R. Prolixus and R. domesticus

Ureases são enzimas que possuem atividades biológicas independentes de suas funções enzimáticas, como indução de exocitose e atividade inseticida. Rhodnius prolixus é um dos modelos de inseto sensíveis a essa toxicidade. Quando testada em tecidos isolados de R. prolixus, a urease de Canavalia ensiformis (JBU) causa diferentes efeitos deletérios modulados por eicosanóides. A via de biossíntese dos eicosanóides envolve fosfolipases A2 (PLA2), que são enzimas responsáveis pela liberação de ácido araquidônico (AA). Uma vez liberado, AA pode ser oxigenado na via da ciclooxigenase, a qual produz prostaglandinas (PGs). Em insetos, a resposta imune compreende as reações humoral e celular e é centralmente modulada por eicosanóides, principalmente PGs. Em busca de uma ligação entre o efeito tóxico de JBU e reações imunológicas em insetos, estudamos os efeitos desta toxina em hemócitos de R. prolixus. Descobrimos que JBU ativa a agregação de hemócitos, tanto após injeção na hemolinfa quanto em células in vitro. Em ensaios in vitro, observamos que os inibidores da síntese de eicosanóides, dexametasona e indometacina, inibem a agregação induzida por JBU, sugerindo que produtos da ciclooxigenase modulam a reação. Após hemócitos cultivados serem tratados com JBU, sítios imunorreativos anti-JBU, danos no citoesqueleto e agregação de núcleos foram observados nas células. Também identificamos e clonamos os transcritos de dois genes de PLA2s de R. prolixus, Rhopr-PLA2III e Rhopr-PLA2XII. Analisamos os perfis de expressão de ambos os genes, e observamos que os transcritos são amplamente distribuídos em vários tecidos, porém em diferentes níveis. Utilizando a estratégia de RNAi, silenciamos a expressão de Rhopr-PLA2XII em ninfas de R. prolixus em uma média de 70% entre variados tecidos. Observamos que a toxicidade de JBU foi diminuída em mais de 50% em ninfas com a expressão de Rhopr-PLA2XII diminuída, indicando que o gene está ligado ao efeito tóxico de JBU nesse inseto. No presente estudo demonstramos pela primeira vez a capacidade de uma urease de induzir a agregação de hemócitos. Da mesma forma, os genes de PLA2 aqui apresentados foram os primeiros a serem identificados e a terem seus transcritos clonados em um vetor da doença de Chagas. Nossos resultados estão de acordo com estudos anteriores que demonstraram que eicosanóides modulam a toxicidade de JBU, contribuindo para a compreensão dos mecanismos entomotóxicos de ação dessas proteínas multifuncionais. / Ureases are multifunctional enzymes that display biological activities independent of their enzymatic function, including induction of exocytosis and insecticidal effects. Rhodnius prolixus, a major vector of Chagas’ disease, is one of the known susceptible models of this toxicity. When tested in isolated tissues of R. prolixus, jack bean urease (JBU) causes different deleterious effects modulated by eicosanoids. The eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway involves phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes that are responsible for releasing arachidonic acid (AA), along with other products. Once released, AA may enter different enzymatic oxygenation pathways, among which is the cyclooxygenase pathway, yielding products such as prostaglandins (PGs). In insects, the immune response comprises cellular and humoral reactions, and is centrally modulated by eicosanoids, mainly PGs. Searching for a link between JBU toxic effect and immune reactions in insects we have studied the effects of this toxin on R. prolixus hemocytes. We have found that JBU triggers aggregation of the hemocytes either after injection in the hemocoel as well as in isolated cells. In vitro assays in presence of the eicosanoid synthesis inhibitors dexamethasone and indomethacin counteracted JBU's effect, indicating eicosanoids, more specifically cyclooxygenase products, are likely to modulate the reaction. Cultured cells were treated with JBU and immune reactive sites were found in the cells along with damage to the cytoskeleton. The highest concentration of JBU used in the cultured cells also led to nuclei aggregation of adherent hemocytes. We have also identified two genes and cloned the transcripts with complete coding sequences of two PLA2s from R. prolixus, Rhopr- PLA2III and Rhopr-PLA2XII. We have analyzed their expression profiles and found the transcripts to be distributed in various tissues, but at different levels. We have knocked down 70% of Rhopr-PLA2XII expression in 5th instar R. prolixus, and JBU's toxicity was decreased by more than 50%, indicating that Rhopr-PLA2XII gene is linked to JBU's toxic effect in this insect. This was the first time effects of an urease on insect hemocytes were demonstrated. The PLA2 genes here presented were also the first to be identified and to have their transcripts cloned in a Chagas’ disease vector. Our findings support previous data demonstrating that eicosanoids modulate JBU's toxicity, and contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of entomotoxic action of this multifunctional protein.

Ureases são enzimas que possuem atividades biológicas independentes de suas funções enzimáticas, como indução de exocitose e atividade inseticida. Rhodnius prolixus é um dos modelos de inseto sensíveis a essa toxicidade. Quando testada em tecidos isolados de R. prolixus, a urease de Canavalia ensiformis (JBU) causa diferentes efeitos deletérios modulados por eicosanóides. A via de biossíntese dos eicosanóides envolve fosfolipases A2 (PLA2), que são enzimas responsáveis pela liberação de ácido araquidônico (AA). Uma vez liberado, AA pode ser oxigenado na via da ciclooxigenase, a qual produz prostaglandinas (PGs). Em insetos, a resposta imune compreende as reações humoral e celular e é centralmente modulada por eicosanóides, principalmente PGs. Em busca de uma ligação entre o efeito tóxico de JBU e reações imunológicas em insetos, estudamos os efeitos desta toxina em hemócitos de R. prolixus. Descobrimos que JBU ativa a agregação de hemócitos, tanto após injeção na hemolinfa quanto em células in vitro. Em ensaios in vitro, observamos que os inibidores da síntese de eicosanóides, dexametasona e indometacina, inibem a agregação induzida por JBU, sugerindo que produtos da ciclooxigenase modulam a reação. Após hemócitos cultivados serem tratados com JBU, sítios imunorreativos anti-JBU, danos no citoesqueleto e agregação de núcleos foram observados nas células. Também identificamos e clonamos os transcritos de dois genes de PLA2s de R. prolixus, Rhopr-PLA2III e Rhopr-PLA2XII. Analisamos os perfis de expressão de ambos os genes, e observamos que os transcritos são amplamente distribuídos em vários tecidos, porém em diferentes níveis. Utilizando a estratégia de RNAi, silenciamos a expressão de Rhopr-PLA2XII em ninfas de R. prolixus em uma média de 70% entre variados tecidos. Observamos que a toxicidade de JBU foi diminuída em mais de 50% em ninfas com a expressão de Rhopr-PLA2XII diminuída, indicando que o gene está ligado ao efeito tóxico de JBU nesse inseto. No presente estudo demonstramos pela primeira vez a capacidade de uma urease de induzir a agregação de hemócitos. Da mesma forma, os genes de PLA2 aqui apresentados foram os primeiros a serem identificados e a terem seus transcritos clonados em um vetor da doença de Chagas. Nossos resultados estão de acordo com estudos anteriores que demonstraram que eicosanóides modulam a toxicidade de JBU, contribuindo para a compreensão dos mecanismos entomotóxicos de ação dessas proteínas multifuncionais. / Ureases are multifunctional enzymes that display biological activities independent of their enzymatic function, including induction of exocytosis and insecticidal effects. Rhodnius prolixus, a major vector of Chagas’ disease, is one of the known susceptible models of this toxicity. When tested in isolated tissues of R. prolixus, jack bean urease (JBU) causes different deleterious effects modulated by eicosanoids. The eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway involves phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes that are responsible for releasing arachidonic acid (AA), along with other products. Once released, AA may enter different enzymatic oxygenation pathways, among which is the cyclooxygenase pathway, yielding products such as prostaglandins (PGs). In insects, the immune response comprises cellular and humoral reactions, and is centrally modulated by eicosanoids, mainly PGs. Searching for a link between JBU toxic effect and immune reactions in insects we have studied the effects of this toxin on R. prolixus hemocytes. We have found that JBU triggers aggregation of the hemocytes either after injection in the hemocoel as well as in isolated cells. In vitro assays in presence of the eicosanoid synthesis inhibitors dexamethasone and indomethacin counteracted JBU's effect, indicating eicosanoids, more specifically cyclooxygenase products, are likely to modulate the reaction. Cultured cells were treated with JBU and immune reactive sites were found in the cells along with damage to the cytoskeleton. The highest concentration of JBU used in the cultured cells also led to nuclei aggregation of adherent hemocytes. We have also identified two genes and cloned the transcripts with complete coding sequences of two PLA2s from R. prolixus, Rhopr- PLA2III and Rhopr-PLA2XII. We have analyzed their expression profiles and found the transcripts to be distributed in various tissues, but at different levels. We have knocked down 70% of Rhopr-PLA2XII expression in 5th instar R. prolixus, and JBU's toxicity was decreased by more than 50%, indicating that Rhopr-PLA2XII gene is linked to JBU's toxic effect in this insect. This was the first time effects of an urease on insect hemocytes were demonstrated. The PLA2 genes here presented were also the first to be identified and to have their transcripts cloned in a Chagas’ disease vector. Our findings support previous data demonstrating that eicosanoids modulate JBU's toxicity, and contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of entomotoxic action of this multifunctional protein.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho utilizou-se a técnica fluorescência de raios X usando radiação síncrotron (SR-TXRF) para estudar, quantitativamente, o transporte de cloro, potássio e cálcio na hemolinfa, urina e túbulos de Malpighi (TM) em ninfas de quinto estágio do Rhodnius prolixus (R. prolixus), considerando a excreção destes elementos em diferentes dias após o repasto sanguíneo. R. prolixus é um dos principais vetores do Trypanosoma cruzi, agente causador da doença de Chagas. R. prolixus fornece um sistema modelo particularmente útil porque seus TMs tanto secretam quanto reabsorvem íons a taxas elevadas. Os TMs filtram a hemolinfa e secretam um líquido que é muitas vezes comparado com a urina primária em vertebrados. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a concentração de potássio na urina é substancialmente maior do que na hemolinfa. A concentração de cloro na hemolinfa é menor do que na urina, mas a diferença não é tão marcada como no caso do potássio. No caso do Rhodnius é razoável interpretar a elevada concentração de potássio na urina como adaptativo para o problema de excreção imediato do inseto. A concentração de cálcio nos TMs é substancialmente maior em comparação com os valores encontrados na hemolinfa e urina. Este resultado mostra que o cálcio é retido no corpo do R. prolixus e pouco eliminado. Os resultados obtidos estão coerentes com a literatura. Avaliou-se também o efeito no transporte de Cl, K e Ca após um repasto de sangue de coelho contaminado com HgCl2 de modo a avaliar o efeito da presença deste metal tóxico no balanço iônico nos fluidos de excreção urina e hemolinfa e também pelo principal órgão de transporte, os túbulos de Malpighi. As excreções de Cl e K pela urina são afetadas pela ingestão. Este resultado é esperado levando-se em consideração a ingestão de excesso de Cl através do HgCl2. O transporte de Cl, K e Ca na hemolinfa do Rhodnius prolixus não é afetada pela ingestão de HgCl2. Nos túbulos de Malpighi, as altas concentrações de Ca obtidas foram comparáveis àquelas encontradas nos insetos controle. Pode-se concluir que SR-TXRF é um método muito promissor para análises diretas, rápidas e confiáveis para a quantificação simultânea de elementos envolvidos na regulação do transporte e em todo o sistema excretor de insetos. Além disso, o estudo do transporte e a excreção de elementos no inseto Rhodnius prolixus abrem oportunidade para a maior compreensão de efeitos da poluição em espécies de invertebrados. / In this work, we investigated changes in the concentrations of Cl, K and Ca, in 5th instar using total reflection X-ray fluorescence Rhodnius prolixus with synchrotron radiation (SR-TXRF). The elements were quantified using urine, hemolymph and Malpighian tubules samples collected on different days after a blood meal. Rhodnius prolixus is one of the most important vectors of the Trypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of Chagas? disease. R. prolixus provides a particularly useful model system because its MTs both secrete and reabsorb ions at high rates. The TMs filter hemolymph and secrete a liquid that is often compared with the primary urine in vertebrates. The experimental results showed that the concentration of potassium in the urine is substantially greater than in the hemolymph. The concentration of chlorine in the hemolymph is generally less than in the urine, but the difference is not so marked as in the case of potassium. In the case of Rhodnius, it is reasonable to interpret the high concentration of potassium in the urine as adaptive to the animals? immediate excretory problem. The concentration of calcium in the TMs is substantially greater than in both the hemolymph and the urine. This result shows that that calcium is retained in the body and not eliminated. These results are in accordance with the literature. We also investigated whether dietary mercury contamination may influence the transport of Cl, K and Ca by the hemolymph, urine and Malpighian tubules of R. prolixus fed on blood containing HgCl2. The results suggested that dietary Hg contamination may influence the Cl and K contents during excretion of the urine. It was expected considering the large amounts of chlorine ingested by Rhodnius prolixus in its meals of blood containing HgCl2. Statistical analysis showed no significant variation in all elements contents for hemolymph samples. The main conclusion which can be drawn from the results is that in all the insects studied calcium is deposited in Malpighian tubules. These observations point out that the analytical approach of the SR-TXRF method can be efficiently used to measure elements involved in the transport regulation into insect Malpighian tubules and also provides useful data concerning the biological effects of pollution on invertebrate species.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho utilizou-se a técnica fluorescência de raios X usando radiação síncrotron (SR-TXRF) para estudar, quantitativamente, o transporte de cloro, potássio e cálcio na hemolinfa, urina e túbulos de Malpighi (TM) em ninfas de quinto estágio do Rhodnius prolixus (R. prolixus), considerando a excreção destes elementos em diferentes dias após o repasto sanguíneo. R. prolixus é um dos principais vetores do Trypanosoma cruzi, agente causador da doença de Chagas. R. prolixus fornece um sistema modelo particularmente útil porque seus TMs tanto secretam quanto reabsorvem íons a taxas elevadas. Os TMs filtram a hemolinfa e secretam um líquido que é muitas vezes comparado com a urina primária em vertebrados. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a concentração de potássio na urina é substancialmente maior do que na hemolinfa. A concentração de cloro na hemolinfa é menor do que na urina, mas a diferença não é tão marcada como no caso do potássio. No caso do Rhodnius é razoável interpretar a elevada concentração de potássio na urina como adaptativo para o problema de excreção imediato do inseto. A concentração de cálcio nos TMs é substancialmente maior em comparação com os valores encontrados na hemolinfa e urina. Este resultado mostra que o cálcio é retido no corpo do R. prolixus e pouco eliminado. Os resultados obtidos estão coerentes com a literatura. Avaliou-se também o efeito no transporte de Cl, K e Ca após um repasto de sangue de coelho contaminado com HgCl2 de modo a avaliar o efeito da presença deste metal tóxico no balanço iônico nos fluidos de excreção urina e hemolinfa e também pelo principal órgão de transporte, os túbulos de Malpighi. As excreções de Cl e K pela urina são afetadas pela ingestão. Este resultado é esperado levando-se em consideração a ingestão de excesso de Cl através do HgCl2. O transporte de Cl, K e Ca na hemolinfa do Rhodnius prolixus não é afetada pela ingestão de HgCl2. Nos túbulos de Malpighi, as altas concentrações de Ca obtidas foram comparáveis àquelas encontradas nos insetos controle. Pode-se concluir que SR-TXRF é um método muito promissor para análises diretas, rápidas e confiáveis para a quantificação simultânea de elementos envolvidos na regulação do transporte e em todo o sistema excretor de insetos. Além disso, o estudo do transporte e a excreção de elementos no inseto Rhodnius prolixus abrem oportunidade para a maior compreensão de efeitos da poluição em espécies de invertebrados. / In this work, we investigated changes in the concentrations of Cl, K and Ca, in 5th instar using total reflection X-ray fluorescence Rhodnius prolixus with synchrotron radiation (SR-TXRF). The elements were quantified using urine, hemolymph and Malpighian tubules samples collected on different days after a blood meal. Rhodnius prolixus is one of the most important vectors of the Trypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of Chagas? disease. R. prolixus provides a particularly useful model system because its MTs both secrete and reabsorb ions at high rates. The TMs filter hemolymph and secrete a liquid that is often compared with the primary urine in vertebrates. The experimental results showed that the concentration of potassium in the urine is substantially greater than in the hemolymph. The concentration of chlorine in the hemolymph is generally less than in the urine, but the difference is not so marked as in the case of potassium. In the case of Rhodnius, it is reasonable to interpret the high concentration of potassium in the urine as adaptive to the animals? immediate excretory problem. The concentration of calcium in the TMs is substantially greater than in both the hemolymph and the urine. This result shows that that calcium is retained in the body and not eliminated. These results are in accordance with the literature. We also investigated whether dietary mercury contamination may influence the transport of Cl, K and Ca by the hemolymph, urine and Malpighian tubules of R. prolixus fed on blood containing HgCl2. The results suggested that dietary Hg contamination may influence the Cl and K contents during excretion of the urine. It was expected considering the large amounts of chlorine ingested by Rhodnius prolixus in its meals of blood containing HgCl2. Statistical analysis showed no significant variation in all elements contents for hemolymph samples. The main conclusion which can be drawn from the results is that in all the insects studied calcium is deposited in Malpighian tubules. These observations point out that the analytical approach of the SR-TXRF method can be efficiently used to measure elements involved in the transport regulation into insect Malpighian tubules and also provides useful data concerning the biological effects of pollution on invertebrate species.

Submitted by PPG Medicina e Ci?ncias da Sa?de (medicina-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-09-17T18:15:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KARINE_KAPPAUN.pdf: 4206975 bytes, checksum: b450fa28646271e7dfac9389de975825 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-09-18T12:20:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 KARINE_KAPPAUN.pdf: 4206975 bytes, checksum: b450fa28646271e7dfac9389de975825 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-18T12:54:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KARINE_KAPPAUN.pdf: 4206975 bytes, checksum: b450fa28646271e7dfac9389de975825 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Ureases (urea amidohydrolases, EC 3.5.1.5) are nickel-dependent enzymes, widely spread in bacteria, fungi and plants, which catalyze the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Jaburetox is a peptide derived from a urease isoform of the Canavalia ensiformis plant. Structurally, jaburetox is an intrinsically disordered peptide, demonstrated by bioinformatics tools, and experimentally, by circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Several biological properties of jaburetox have already been described, such as insecticidal activity, ability to interact with lipid bilayers, fungitoxic effect, among others. Soyuretox is a peptide colinear to jaburetox derived from the soybean ubiquitous urease. One of the objectives of this thesis was to carry out structural studies of the soyuretox peptide by CD and NMR, which revealed its intrinsically disordered nature and that its secondary structure content is modified in the presence of SDS micelles. Biological properties of soyuretox were evaluated. The peptide has entomotoxic activity, inducing aggregation of hemocytes from Rhodnius prolixus, the vector of Chagas disease, both in vivo and in vitro. The fungitoxic effect of soyuretox on yeast Candida albicans involves the production of superoxide anions, and the peptide was immunolocalized on the surface of the yeast. Finally, the behavioral and morphological effects of soyuretox on zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) were evaluated, aiming to deepen the understanding of the mechanism of toxic action and the toxicological profile of this molecule, which presents biotechnological potential as a biopesticide. / Ureases (ureia amido-hidrolases; EC 3.5.1.5) s?o enzimas n?quel dependentes, amplamente distribu?das em bact?rias, fungos e plantas, que catalisam a hidr?lise da ureia ? am?nia e di?xido de carbono. O jaburetox ? um pept?deo derivado de uma isoforma de urease da planta Canavalia ensiformis. Estruturalmente, o jaburetox ? um pept?deo intrinsecamente desordenado, demonstrado por ferramentas in silico de bioinform?tica, e experimentalmente, por dicro?smo circular (CD) e resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear (RMN). Diversas propriedades biol?gicas do jaburetox j? foram descritas, tais como atividade inseticida, capacidade de interagir com bicamadas lip?dicas, efeito fungit?xico, dentre outras. O soyuretox ? um pept?deo colinear ao jaburetox, por?m derivado da urease ub?qua de soja. Um dos objetivos dessa tese foi realizar estudos estruturais do pept?deo soyuretox por CD e RMN, que revelaram sua natureza intrinsecamente desordenada e aumento no conte?do de estrutura secund?ria na presen?a de micelas de SDS. Propriedades biol?gicas do soyuretox foram avaliadas. O pept?deo tem atividade entomot?xica, induzindo agrega??o de hem?citos de Rhodnius prolixus, o vetor da doen?a de Chagas, tanto in vivo como in vitro. O efeito fungit?xico do soyuretox na levedura Candida albicans envolve a produ??o de ?nions super?xido, sendo o pept?deo imunolocalizado ligado na superf?cie da levedura. Por fim, foram avaliados os efeitos comportamentais e morfol?gicos do soyuretox em larvas de zebrafish (Danio rerio), visando aprofundar o entendimento do mecanismo de a??o t?xica e o perfil toxicol?gico dessa mol?cula, que apresenta potencial biotecnol?gico como biopesticida.

In insects, ecdysis is an important feature of growth and development and is tightly controlled by a variety of neuropeptides. In holometabolous insects, crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) is one of many factors that regulate ecdysis behaviours; however, not much is known about the control of ecdysis in hemimetabolous insects. In this thesis, the CCAP-signaling pathway is shown to be essential for successful ecdysis in the hemimetabolous insect, Rhodnius prolixus. The cDNA sequence of the CCAP gene has been cloned from the R. prolixus central nervous system (CNS) and the functional role of CCAP as a neuromodulator/neurotransmitter demonstrated. Specifically, the expression of RhoprCCAP in CNS neurons producing extensive CCAP-like immunoreactive processes within the neuropile indicates that CCAP plays central roles in coordination of other neurons. RhoprCCAP also acts as a neurohomone/neuromodulator released peripherally to coordinate many tissues. Thus, CCAP-like immunoreactive processes are found in neurohemal sites and also on peripheral tissues. The RhoprCCAP receptor (RhoprCCAPR) has been cloned and shown to be a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). RhoprCCAPR expression is observed in the CNS and certain peripheral tissues of R. prolixus. Also, CCAP stimulates hindgut contractions and increases the heartbeat rate in a dose-dependent manner. The involvement of CCAP in R. prolixus ecdysis has been investigated. Up-regulation of the RhoprCCAP transcript in the CNS and the RhoprCCAP receptor (RhoprCCAPR) transcript in the CNS and specific peripheral tissues was observed immediately prior to ecdysis. Also, decreasing staining intensity of CCAP-like immunoreactivity in neurons immediately following ecdysis indicates the release of CCAP during ecdysis. The critical importance of the CCAP-signalling pathway was further demonstrated by knockdown of the RhoprCCAP and RhoprCCAPR transcripts utilizing double stranded RNA interference. Insects with these transcripts knocked down have high mortality (up to 84%), typically at the expected time of ecdysis, or have ecdysis extremely delayed. Taken together, this thesis demonstrates that RhoprCCAP plays a crucial role in regulating ecdysis behaviours in R. prolixus, and clearly shows the conserved nature of the CCAP-signaling pathway in ecdysis for both holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects.

In insects, ecdysis is an important feature of growth and development and is tightly controlled by a variety of neuropeptides. In holometabolous insects, crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) is one of many factors that regulate ecdysis behaviours; however, not much is known about the control of ecdysis in hemimetabolous insects. In this thesis, the CCAP-signaling pathway is shown to be essential for successful ecdysis in the hemimetabolous insect, Rhodnius prolixus. The cDNA sequence of the CCAP gene has been cloned from the R. prolixus central nervous system (CNS) and the functional role of CCAP as a neuromodulator/neurotransmitter demonstrated. Specifically, the expression of RhoprCCAP in CNS neurons producing extensive CCAP-like immunoreactive processes within the neuropile indicates that CCAP plays central roles in coordination of other neurons. RhoprCCAP also acts as a neurohomone/neuromodulator released peripherally to coordinate many tissues. Thus, CCAP-like immunoreactive processes are found in neurohemal sites and also on peripheral tissues. The RhoprCCAP receptor (RhoprCCAPR) has been cloned and shown to be a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). RhoprCCAPR expression is observed in the CNS and certain peripheral tissues of R. prolixus. Also, CCAP stimulates hindgut contractions and increases the heartbeat rate in a dose-dependent manner. The involvement of CCAP in R. prolixus ecdysis has been investigated. Up-regulation of the RhoprCCAP transcript in the CNS and the RhoprCCAP receptor (RhoprCCAPR) transcript in the CNS and specific peripheral tissues was observed immediately prior to ecdysis. Also, decreasing staining intensity of CCAP-like immunoreactivity in neurons immediately following ecdysis indicates the release of CCAP during ecdysis. The critical importance of the CCAP-signalling pathway was further demonstrated by knockdown of the RhoprCCAP and RhoprCCAPR transcripts utilizing double stranded RNA interference. Insects with these transcripts knocked down have high mortality (up to 84%), typically at the expected time of ecdysis, or have ecdysis extremely delayed. Taken together, this thesis demonstrates that RhoprCCAP plays a crucial role in regulating ecdysis behaviours in R. prolixus, and clearly shows the conserved nature of the CCAP-signaling pathway in ecdysis for both holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects.

Rhodnius prolixus, the principal Chagas disease vector, requires a blood meal to complete its moult cycle into the next stage. Allatotropins (ATs), a family of peptides first isolated from Manduca sexta, have been shown to regulate the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone, an insect growth and development hormone; however, ATs, being multimodal peptides, also exhibit myotropic effects on some insect visceral muscles. Here, this AT family of peptides has been examined in R. prolixus. Genomic analysis revealed a cDNA fragment of 973bp encoding one mature amidated AT tridecapeptide (Rhopr-AT) with high transcript levels observed, via RT-PCR, in the central nervous system (CNS) and pool of fat body and trachea. AT-like immunoreactive neurons were found throughout the CNS and AT-like immunoreactive processes were present on some peripheral tissues. Bioassays using hindgut and dorsal vessel contraction, however, failed to demonstrate any effect of Rhopr-AT on these tissues. Future work will examine the effects of Rhopr-AT on JH production.

Rhodnius prolixus, the principal Chagas disease vector, requires a blood meal to complete its moult cycle into the next stage. Allatotropins (ATs), a family of peptides first isolated from Manduca sexta, have been shown to regulate the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone, an insect growth and development hormone; however, ATs, being multimodal peptides, also exhibit myotropic effects on some insect visceral muscles. Here, this AT family of peptides has been examined in R. prolixus. Genomic analysis revealed a cDNA fragment of 973bp encoding one mature amidated AT tridecapeptide (Rhopr-AT) with high transcript levels observed, via RT-PCR, in the central nervous system (CNS) and pool of fat body and trachea. AT-like immunoreactive neurons were found throughout the CNS and AT-like immunoreactive processes were present on some peripheral tissues. Bioassays using hindgut and dorsal vessel contraction, however, failed to demonstrate any effect of Rhopr-AT on these tissues. Future work will examine the effects of Rhopr-AT on JH production.