The development of mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) in cattle is poorly understood and an analysis of myeloid cells in the bovine small intestine is required to increase our knowledge in this area. The phenotype, frequency and distribution of mucosal myeloid and lymphoid lamina propria leukocytes (LPL) and intraepithelial leukocytes (IEL) in the ileum and jejunum of newborn calves (3-5 weeks old) were analyzed using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC). LPL and IEL were isolated through the use of chemical and enzymatic incubations. Costaining with a CD45-specific monoclonal antibody allowed us to exclude all non-leukocytic cells from our analysis of IEL and LPL. The morphology of CD45+CD11c+MHC Class II+ cells isolated from the lamina propria (LP) of ileum and jejunum showed myeloid characteristics, validating the use of CD11c and MHC Class II co-expression to identify myeloid cells. Regional differences in the frequency and number of leukocytes isolated from the IEL and LP compartments of the ileum and jejunum were analyzed in newborn calves. The CD11cHiCD14+ and CD335+ NK cell populations were significantly more abundant in the ileum than the jejunum. IHC was then used to identify the distribution of myeloid cells within the intestine. This analysis confirmed the presence of a variety of myeloid cell populations within the LP. Furthermore, CD11c+ cells were uniquely distributed within the jejunal, but not the ileal IEL compartment. In contrast, CD11b+ cells were present in the ileal, but absent from the jejunal, IEL compartment. A comparison of myeloid cell populations isolated from jejunum and blood dentified distinct mucosal DC populations, such as CD11c+CD13+ cells, which were present in he jejunum but absent from blood. The phenotype, frequency and distribution of IEL and LPL in the ileum and jejunum of weaned calves (6 months old) were then investigated. Significant regional differences were observed when comparing mucosal T cell populations with CD8+ and γδ T cells more abundant in the ileum and CD4+ T cells more abundant in the jejunum. Proportionally, there were no significant differences between the frequency and number of myeloid populations in the two regions. IHC was, once again, used to confirm these unique distributions of cells within each region. CD11b+ cells were present in the LP of both the ileum and jejunum, although a small number of CD11b+ cells were found in the ileal epithelium. CD4+ T cells were restricted to the LP, while CD8+ and γδ T cells were restricted to the IEL compartment. Significant age-related changes were observed when comparing mucosal leukocyte populations in the ileum and jejunum of newborn and 6 month old calves. In the ileum there was an age-related enrichment of CD8+ and γδ T cells, while in the jejunum there was enrichment in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In contrast, total myeloid (CD11c+MHC Class II+) cells number remained unchanged but there was a significant age-related enrichment of DC subpopulations (CD13, CD26, CD205). In conclusion, the ileum and jejunum of the newborn calf was populated by diverse myeloid subpopulations, some of which were distinct from myeloid subpopualtions identified in blood. Furthermore, the total number of CD11cHiMHC Class II+ myeloid cells isolated from a 10 cm segment of intestine did not change with age. If neonatal DCs are functionally equivalent to DCs present in weaned calves then the neonatal mucosal immune system appears to have an equivalent capacity to acquire and present antigens acquired from diet, commensal microflora, or pathogens. The one limitation to this conclusion may be the marked difference in the distribution of intraepithelial DC and macrophage distribution when comparing newborn and weaned calves.

The development of mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) in cattle is poorly understood and an analysis of myeloid cells in the bovine small intestine is required to increase our knowledge in this area. The phenotype, frequency and distribution of mucosal myeloid and lymphoid lamina propria leukocytes (LPL) and intraepithelial leukocytes (IEL) in the ileum and jejunum of newborn calves (3-5 weeks old) were analyzed using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC). LPL and IEL were isolated through the use of chemical and enzymatic incubations. Costaining with a CD45-specific monoclonal antibody allowed us to exclude all non-leukocytic cells from our analysis of IEL and LPL. The morphology of CD45+CD11c+MHC Class II+ cells isolated from the lamina propria (LP) of ileum and jejunum showed myeloid characteristics, validating the use of CD11c and MHC Class II co-expression to identify myeloid cells. Regional differences in the frequency and number of leukocytes isolated from the IEL and LP compartments of the ileum and jejunum were analyzed in newborn calves. The CD11cHiCD14+ and CD335+ NK cell populations were significantly more abundant in the ileum than the jejunum. IHC was then used to identify the distribution of myeloid cells within the intestine. This analysis confirmed the presence of a variety of myeloid cell populations within the LP. Furthermore, CD11c+ cells were uniquely distributed within the jejunal, but not the ileal IEL compartment. In contrast, CD11b+ cells were present in the ileal, but absent from the jejunal, IEL compartment. A comparison of myeloid cell populations isolated from jejunum and blood dentified distinct mucosal DC populations, such as CD11c+CD13+ cells, which were present in he jejunum but absent from blood. The phenotype, frequency and distribution of IEL and LPL in the ileum and jejunum of weaned calves (6 months old) were then investigated. Significant regional differences were observed when comparing mucosal T cell populations with CD8+ and γδ T cells more abundant in the ileum and CD4+ T cells more abundant in the jejunum. Proportionally, there were no significant differences between the frequency and number of myeloid populations in the two regions. IHC was, once again, used to confirm these unique distributions of cells within each region. CD11b+ cells were present in the LP of both the ileum and jejunum, although a small number of CD11b+ cells were found in the ileal epithelium. CD4+ T cells were restricted to the LP, while CD8+ and γδ T cells were restricted to the IEL compartment. Significant age-related changes were observed when comparing mucosal leukocyte populations in the ileum and jejunum of newborn and 6 month old calves. In the ileum there was an age-related enrichment of CD8+ and γδ T cells, while in the jejunum there was enrichment in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In contrast, total myeloid (CD11c+MHC Class II+) cells number remained unchanged but there was a significant age-related enrichment of DC subpopulations (CD13, CD26, CD205). In conclusion, the ileum and jejunum of the newborn calf was populated by diverse myeloid subpopulations, some of which were distinct from myeloid subpopualtions identified in blood. Furthermore, the total number of CD11cHiMHC Class II+ myeloid cells isolated from a 10 cm segment of intestine did not change with age. If neonatal DCs are functionally equivalent to DCs present in weaned calves then the neonatal mucosal immune system appears to have an equivalent capacity to acquire and present antigens acquired from diet, commensal microflora, or pathogens. The one limitation to this conclusion may be the marked difference in the distribution of intraepithelial DC and macrophage distribution when comparing newborn and weaned calves.

The development of mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) in cattle is poorly understood and an analysis of myeloid cells in the bovine small intestine is required to increase our knowledge in this area. The phenotype, frequency and distribution of mucosal myeloid and lymphoid lamina propria leukocytes (LPL) and intraepithelial leukocytes (IEL) in the ileum and jejunum of newborn calves (3-5 weeks old) were analyzed using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC). LPL and IEL were isolated through the use of chemical and enzymatic incubations. Costaining with a CD45-specific monoclonal antibody allowed us to exclude all non-leukocytic cells from our analysis of IEL and LPL. The morphology of CD45+CD11c+MHC Class II+ cells isolated from the lamina propria (LP) of ileum and jejunum showed myeloid characteristics, validating the use of CD11c and MHC Class II co-expression to identify myeloid cells. Regional differences in the frequency and number of leukocytes isolated from the IEL and LP compartments of the ileum and jejunum were analyzed in newborn calves. The CD11cHiCD14+ and CD335+ NK cell populations were significantly more abundant in the ileum than the jejunum. IHC was then used to identify the distribution of myeloid cells within the intestine. This analysis confirmed the presence of a variety of myeloid cell populations within the LP. Furthermore, CD11c+ cells were uniquely distributed within the jejunal, but not the ileal IEL compartment. In contrast, CD11b+ cells were present in the ileal, but absent from the jejunal, IEL compartment. A comparison of myeloid cell populations isolated from jejunum and blood dentified distinct mucosal DC populations, such as CD11c+CD13+ cells, which were present in he jejunum but absent from blood. The phenotype, frequency and distribution of IEL and LPL in the ileum and jejunum of weaned calves (6 months old) were then investigated. Significant regional differences were observed when comparing mucosal T cell populations with CD8+ and γδ T cells more abundant in the ileum and CD4+ T cells more abundant in the jejunum. Proportionally, there were no significant differences between the frequency and number of myeloid populations in the two regions. IHC was, once again, used to confirm these unique distributions of cells within each region. CD11b+ cells were present in the LP of both the ileum and jejunum, although a small number of CD11b+ cells were found in the ileal epithelium. CD4+ T cells were restricted to the LP, while CD8+ and γδ T cells were restricted to the IEL compartment. Significant age-related changes were observed when comparing mucosal leukocyte populations in the ileum and jejunum of newborn and 6 month old calves. In the ileum there was an age-related enrichment of CD8+ and γδ T cells, while in the jejunum there was enrichment in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In contrast, total myeloid (CD11c+MHC Class II+) cells number remained unchanged but there was a significant age-related enrichment of DC subpopulations (CD13, CD26, CD205). In conclusion, the ileum and jejunum of the newborn calf was populated by diverse myeloid subpopulations, some of which were distinct from myeloid subpopualtions identified in blood. Furthermore, the total number of CD11cHiMHC Class II+ myeloid cells isolated from a 10 cm segment of intestine did not change with age. If neonatal DCs are functionally equivalent to DCs present in weaned calves then the neonatal mucosal immune system appears to have an equivalent capacity to acquire and present antigens acquired from diet, commensal microflora, or pathogens. The one limitation to this conclusion may be the marked difference in the distribution of intraepithelial DC and macrophage distribution when comparing newborn and weaned calves.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T17:34:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 50039.pdf: 888541 bytes, checksum: 5d3bae02875dfb7295982cb41a048df6 (MD5) / Neste trabalho é, proposta o estudo do composto mercadológica de imóveis residenciais sob a ótica do construtor e do cliente, visando identificar as diferenças existentes entre estas e a satisfação do cliente com o seu imóvel. A pesquisa fundamentou-se no pressuposto que o conhecimento das diferenças entre os pontos da vista do cliente e do empresário acerca do marketing-mix, permite à empresa oferecer um pacote de valor compatível com as expectativas do seu público-alvo constituindo-se, portanto, em informação fonte de vantagem competitiva. O referencial teórico pesquisado, principalmente na literatura de marketing, qualidade da habitação e satisfação residencial, deu suporte a formulação da metodologia empregada, que se baseou em questionários aplicados aos proprietários de empresas construtoras e seus respectivos clientes. A aplicação prática do trabalho constituiu-se de um estudo de caso aplicado ao segmento de mercado de imóveis residenciais de três dormitórios, recentemente entregues, localizados no bairro Centro de Florianópolis. Neste estudo verificou-se as diferenças existentes entre a visões dos empresários e dos clientes a respeito do marketing-mix e distinguiu-se os aspectos satisfatórios e insatisfatórios dos empreendimentos pesquisados. Concluiu-se que existem diferenças no ponto de vista do cliente e do empresário no que tange ao composto mercadológico dos imóveis do segmento estudado, destacando a utilidade da aplicação da metodologia para auxílio às empresas incorporadoras no desenvolvimento das ações de marketing e aumento da satisfação do usuário de imóveis.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política, Florianópolis, 2015 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-19T12:42:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 337092.pdf: 1954623 bytes, checksum: 7d8b0eee957b9522bd9a9537348e5c2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / O tema do presente estudo refere-se às políticas públicas habitacionais para a população de baixa renda, mais especificamente ao Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida na cidade de Montes Claros, situada na região norte do estado de Minas Gerais. Ao longo do século XX e início do século XXI, sucessivos governos brasileiros, democráticos ou não, vêm tentando combater o deficit habitacional no país com programas que ficaram longe de resolver tal problema. Os governos do Partido dos Trabalhadores, através do Programa Minha Casa Minha, disponibilizaram um volume de recursos, inédito até então, com a intenção de privilegiar a população de baixa renda, sempre colocada de lado pelos governos anteriores, apesar da evidente relação entre falta de moradia e baixos níveis de renda. A pesquisa bibliográfica deste trabalho aborda temas no âmbito nacional e local como o deficit habitacional, o espaço urbano e sua dinâmica como a expansão urbana, o Estatuto da Cidade, as políticas habitacionais e a segregação socioespacial. A pesquisa de campo nos conjuntos habitacionais do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida direcionada às famílias de baixa renda aborda uma série de questões diretamente ligadas ao cotidiano desses assentados urbanos, como educação, saúde, lazer, meio ambiente e localização dos conjuntos habitacionais, transportes, tipologia arquitetônica, segurança, integração e convivência. Tais pesquisas mostram que, apesar de o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida viabilizar a construção de milhares de moradias na cidade de Montes Claros, essa conquista deparou com obstáculos políticos, econômicos e sociais resultando em um programa incompleto, não proporcionando aos beneficiários as condições mínimas para morarem dignamente.<br> / Abstract : The theme of this study refers to public housing policies for the low-income population, specifically the ProgramaMinha Casa Minha Vida in the city of Montes Claros, located in the northern region of Minas Gerais. Throughout the twentieth and early twenty-first century, successive Brazilian, democratic governments or not, have been trying to combat the housingdeficit in the country with programs that were far from solving this problem. Governments of the Workers Party, through the ProgramaMinha Casa Minha Vida, have provided a volume of unpublished resources previously intended to favor the low-income population, always set aside by previous governments, despite the clear link between homelessness and low levels of income. The literature of this work addresses issues at the national and local levels as the housing shortage, the urban space and its dynamics as urban sprawl, the Estatuto da Cidade, housing policies, the socio-spatial segregation. The field research in the projects of the ProgramaMinha Casa Minha Vida targeted to low-income families directly addresses a number of issues related to the daily lives of these urban settlements such as education, health, leisure, environment and location of housing, transport, architectural typology, security, integration and coexistence. Such research shows that despite the ProgramaMinha Casa MinhaVida enable the construction of thousands of homes in the city of Montes Claros, this achievement faced with political, economic and social barriers resulting in an incomplete program, not providing the minimum conditions for beneficiaries Live with dignity.

Apêndice / Orientador : Maurício Aguiar Serra / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Econômico. Defesa: Curitiba, 05 de outubro de 2007 / Inclui bibliografia e notas / Área de concentração: Políticas de Desenvolvimento

As pregas vocais (PV) são estruturas únicas, altamente especializadas na vibração para a produção sonora. Em grande parte, decorrente da estruturação em camadas da lâmina própria (LP). Essa estruturação não está presente ao nascimento, somente após anos de uso vibratório e fonatório da PV é que a LP está finalmente estruturada. As pregas ventriculares (PVT) não são, habitualmente, estruturas vibratórias na produção sonora, e possuem a LP menos organizada em estratos, sendo menos especializadas para a vibração. Até o presente momento, não se tem conhecimento do que ocorre com os constituintes da LP de PVTs de pessoas que as utilizam como fonte produtora de voz. No presente estudo, foram comparados os constituintes colágenos e as fibras elásticas da LP de PVTs de indivíduos que as utilizam como principal fonte vibratória na produção de voz com o grupo controle. Foram selecionados seis indivíduos que utilizavam pelo menos uma das PVTs como fonte de vibração para a produção sonora por ao menos seis anos. Delas, colheu-se pequeno fragmento (0,5 cm2), que após processamento histológico, as fibras colágenas foram coradas com Picrosirus Red e as fibras elásticas com Weigert resorcina-fucsina. Foram obtidas 54 imagens da camada mais superficial da LP de cada PVT para cada coloração. Após a aquisição das imagens, as fibras colágenas tipo I e tipo III, colágenas totais e fibras elásticas foram quantificadas utilizando-se o software Image-Pro Plus, e comparadas com as PVTs dos controles. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do teste T de Student para amostras não pareadas. A porcentagem de colágeno total na camada mais superficial da LP de PVT utilizada como fonte vibratória para a produção de som foi significativamente maior em relação aos controles. O mesmo ocorreu com a quantidade de colágeno tipo I. Não houve diferenças na quantidade de colágeno tipo III e de fibras elásticas. Como conclusão, pode-se afirmar que a utilização da PVT como fonte vibratória produtora de som leva ao aumento da quantidade de fibras colágenas totais e do tipo I na camada mais superficial da sua LP / The vocal folds (VF) are unique structures, highly specialized in vibrating for sound production. This specialization is mainly due to a layered structure of the lamina propria (LP). This layered structure is not present at birth, and develops only after a several years of phonation. The LP of the mature vocal fold consists of three layers. The ventricular folds (VTF) are not originally vibrating structures for sound production, and in its LP the layers are poorly organized. It is not known what happens to the constituents of the LP in the VTF in subjects that use VTF vibration as a source of voice production. In the present study, the distribution and quantity of collagen and elastic fibers of the lamina propria from VTF of patients that use it as the main source of vibration for voice production were compared with the VTF from control subjects. Six individuals that used at least one of the VTF as source of vibration for sound production for minimum of six years were selected. A small fragment of VTF (0.5 cm2) used as vibration source of sound production was collected from each subject. The samples were processed for histological analysis. Collagen fibers were stained with Picrosirus Red and elastic fibers were stained with Weigert\'s Resorcin-Fuchsin. A total of 54 images were obtained from the superficial layer of the LP from each VTF for each stain. After image acquisition, collagen type I, III, total collagen and elastic fibers were quantified and compared with the VTF from the control group. Quantification was done using Image-Pro Plus software. Statistics were performed using an unpaired Student T test. The amount of total collagen in the most superficial layer of LP when the VTF was used as the source of vibration for the production of sound was significantly higher when compared to controls. The same result was seen for the amount of type I collagen in both groups. There was no difference in the quantity of type III collagen and elastic fibers between the two groups. Vibration of the VTF as a source of sound, for at least six years, leads to an increase in the amount of total collagen fibers and an increase in type I collagen, but does not increase the amount of type III collagen and elastic fibers in the most superficial layer of LP. These results may help elucidate the unique development of the lamina propria of the vocal fold

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Histological observations revealed that oral epithelium originated from a single ectodermal layer. As the ectoderm grew so it differentiated into squamous epithelium. The first features of squamous differentiation were noticed at 8 weeks in utero in areas where keratinized mucosae were developing, and these were the changing of cuboidal to cylindrical basal cells and the subsequent growth of prickle cells from these cylindrical basal cells. The prickle cells merged with the existing primitive cells and at no stage could a separate squamous epithelial layer I such as the stratum tritermedium of the epidermis I be observed inside the mouth. At 12 weeks in utero squamous differentiation had reached a stage where acidophilic layers appeared in certain regions on the epithelial layer. The time of appearance of these layers varied from case to case. At this stage most of the primitive characteristics had disappeared from the keratinizing epithelium. Unlike the periderm of the skin which was shed into the amniotic fluid, shedding of primitive epithelial cells from the keratinizing squamous epithelium was not noticeable. Thence, the growth of keratinizing epithelium was followed by an increase of acidophilic layers, the appearance of keratohyaline granules in cells and, in some instances, full keratinization. The latter I however I was almost exclusively confined to the vermilion border of the lip. The squamous epithelium of the lining mucosa, which is unkeratinized I developed at a much slower tempo. It retained its cuboidal-shaped basal cells and the primitive features of the overlying cells were lost only at about 4- 5 months in utero I when squamous differentiation set in. At no stage was the squamous differentiation a prominent feature. At junctions between keratinized and unkeratinized epithelia and epidermis the epithelium exhibited features of both types of epithelia that were being joined. This was especially noticeable at the junction between vermilion epithelium and epidermis, where part of the vermilion epithelium displayed a prominent intermediate type of layer. Similarly, acidophilic layers of keratinizing epithelium merged imperceptibly with the walls of cells of unkeratinizing epithelium, creating a small region of an unkeratinizing type of epithelium with keratinized cells. Thus the development of the oral epithelium is through differentiation and renewal of epithelial cells: the ectodermal layer developes into an epithelial layer which is recognised by its squamous appearance. The subsequent growth is by constant renewal of this differentiated epithelium. The pattern of epithelial development I the appearance of the junctional epithelia and the manner in which acidophilic layers merge with unkeratinized epithelial cells I indicate a unity between these epithelia. According to these developmental features, the epithelium of the mouth and epidermis can be classified into less differentiated and better differentiated, but with a commonbackground for these epithelia. When the formation and the established appearance of keratin in the mouth and on the skin was compared histologically I ultrastructurally and histochemically I a unity between these features became apparent. Ultrastructurally it appeared that keratin consisted basically of 2 cytoplasmic constituents: tonofilaments and a fine granular substance. The tonofilaments were gathered at first into bundles and then broken up into finer tonofibrils. These finer fibrils mixed with a granular ground substance to form a homogenous granular filamentous material. This product can be regarded as a pre-keratin. With the addition of a keratohyaline layer to the process I keratin was formed, Apart from the keratohyaline granules several additional changes took place in cells concerned in this process I whether keratin was formed or not. These changes were flattening of cells, extensive interdigitation between cell walls, disappearance of micro-villi I loss of structure in desmosomes I thickening of cell walls and the disappearance of glycogen from cells. Some of these features were displayed in each of the types of epithelium examined here.

The main goal of our thesis is a lexicographic processing of names of watercourses in the Upper Lužnice (Ober Lainsitz) river basin. Due to its location on the borders of Czech and German speaking territories and gaps in Czech methodological approaches our thesis is based on sophisticated theories of German hydronomastics that reflect common etymological roots of European water names as well as of the Slovak ones that strive for modern international processing of hydronyms complying with uniformed, obligatory methodology of the lexicographic project Hydronymia Europaea. Water names that were excerpted mainly from archival and contemporary maps have undertaken semantic classification invented by V. Šmilauer and M. Frydrich regardless of the source language. Along with the verification of suitability of the foreign methodology adopted for Czech hydronyms the thesis makes partial advice on its innovation that could help make the using of the lexicon more user friendly.

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to show insufficiencies and mistakes in three post- war translations (by Božena Šimková, Eva Kondrysová and Eva Ruxová) of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. The thesis focuses on the translations and reception of Jane Austen's work, analysis of the first sentence of the whole novel (which is crucial for its understanding) and the issue of the translation of propria, toponyms, cultural facts, humour and irony, adaptation of social roles names, phraseology. The main part of the bachelor thesis is comparison of the translations of British cultural facts of the 18th and 19th century, the forms of expressing humour and irony and translation of chosen phraseologisms or idioms. Their misinterpretation could cause severe misunderstanding.