Macrophages are leukocytes of the innate immune system that display great phenotypic plasticity to mediate diverse functions. The ontogeny of tissue resident macrophages has been debated in recent decades. It is now recognised that tissue macrophages can be replenished from embryonically-derived precursors, and/or monocyte intermediates in a tissue specific manner. Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5) is a transcription factor that promotes a pro-inflammatory phenotype in macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, IRF5 contributes to the pathogenesis of experimental inflammatory arthritis, lupus, and obesity via recruitment and activation of effector cells. Research described here as part of this thesis, involves the profiling of the intestinal Mononuclear Phagocyte system to investigate the role of IRF5 in the development of monocyte-derived macrophages in the Colonic Lamina Propria (cLP) which are exclusively replenished by adult Ly6C^hi monocytes. Using Mixed Bone Marrow Chimaeras (MBMCs) we showed that in shared environment Wild-Type (WT) cLP macrophages dominated IRF5-deficient (Irf5^-/-) cLP macrophages in both steady state and inflammation. The development of in vitro bone marrow derived macrophages, and the reconstitution of the haematopoietic compartment in bone marrow of MBMCs were not significantly affected by IRF5 deficiency. IRF5 promoted the accumulation of WT monocytes in the cLP of MBMCs in a process possibly dependent on the CCL2/CCR2 axis. Furthermore, IRF5 expression committed Ly6C^hi monocytes to a pro-inflammatory macrophage fate in the inflamed cLP, characterised by protein expression of the cytokines IL1β, and TNFα, and the expression of Ccl4 and Ccl8 transcripts, whilst loss of IRF5 favoured accumulation of CD11b⁺ IRF4-dependent Dendritic Cells. Of significance, IRF5 expression might have prevented further differentiation of inflammatory macrophages into tissue-resident macrophages, thus supporting an inflammatory state. Irf5-/- mice were protected from Helicobacter hepaticus + αIL10R colitis. Intriguingly, protection from colitis may also be conferred by the presence of Irf5-/- haematopoietic cells, evidenced by WT:Irf5-/- MBMCs . Modulation of IRF5 activity may therefore be a viable therapeutic strategy. RNA sequencing identified that C1q, Cd81, and Ccl8 were upregulated in WT macrophages from MBMC, which may prove therapeutic targets.

The aim of this master thesis is to analyse the translation solutions used for the translation of proper names between Danish and Czech in five contemporary translations of Danish fiction. The first part deals with the definition and division of proper names in the Czech linguistic theory and with the analysis of the Translation studies literature, which will serve as the basis for the analysis. The main focus of the following part is the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the individual translation solutions in the analysed texts. The analysed proper names will be divided according to the translation procedures used in their translation. The results of the analysis will be used to draft the tendency in the translation of these names.

[pt] Quando ocorre algum tipo de falta em uma Linha de Transmissão (LT), sua localização exata é essencial para uma rápida recomposição do Sistema Elétrico. Métodos que utilizam tensão e corrente de apenas um terminal contêm simplificações que podem acarretar erros. Esta dissertação investiga a aplicação de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA) na obtenção de uma nova forma de identificar o tipo do curto- circuito e determinar a sua localização, utilizando dados obtidos em somente um terminal. O trabalho consiste de 4 partes principais: estudo bibliográfico da área de Redes Neurais; simulações de faltas para a obtenção de padrões; definição e implementação dos modelos de Redes Neurais para identificação e localização da falta; e estudos de casos. Na fase do estudo bibliográfico sobre RNA, foi verificado que as topologias de redes mais usuais são as Feed Forward, que podem ter uma ou mais camadas de Elementos Processadores (EP), sendo as redes com múltiplas camadas (Multi-Layer) a configuração mais completa. Para treinamento da rede, o algoritmo de aprendizado mais utilizado é o Back Propagation. Como fruto deste estudo bibliográfico é apresentado neste trabalho um resumo sobre RNA. Nas simulações de faltas para obtenção dos padrões de treinamento e teste, foi utilizado um sistema automático que, através da combinação de vários parâmetros do sistema elétrico, gera situações diferentes de falta. Este sistema utiliza como base o programa Alternative Transient Program -ATP. Neste trabalho o sistema elétrico está representado por uma LT de 345 KV, com fontes equivalentes representando um sistema real de Furnas Centrais Elétricas. Todos o sinais de tensão e corrente utilizados são representados por fasores de 60 Hz, obtidos através da Transformada Discreta de Fourier (TDF). Os modelos de RNAs para identificação e localização de falta foram implementados com sub-rotinas de redes neurais do programa MATLAB ver. 6.0, representados por Redes Perceptron Multicamadas (Multi Layer Perceptron), treinadas com algoritmo Back Propagation com taxa de aprendizado adaptativa e o termo momentum fixo. Um modelo único de RNA identifica quais as fases (A, B, C e T) envolvidas, classificando o tipo de falta, que pode ser: Monofásica; Bifásica; Bifásica-Terra ou Trifásica. Para a localização da falta, foram definidas 4 arquiteturas de RNA, uma para cada tipo de falta. A ativação de cada topologia de RNA para localização é definida em função do tipo de falta classificada no modelo de identificação com RNA. Na etapa de estudo de casos testou-se o desempenho de cada modelo de RNA utilizando casos de testes em outras situações de falta, diferentes dos conjuntos de treinamento. A RNA de identificação de falta foi avaliada para situações de faltas envolvendo outras LTs, com diferentes níveis de tensão. Os resultados das 4 RNAs de localização da falta foram comparados com os resultados obtidos utilizando o método tradicional, tanto para os casos simulados quanto para algumas situações reais de falta. A utilização de RNAs para a identificação e a localização de falta mostrouse bastante eficiente para os casos analisados, comprovando a aplicabilidade das redes neurais nesse problema. / [en] When a kind of fault occurs in a Transmission Line, its exact location is essential for a fast reclosing of the Electric System. Methods that use voltages and currents from only one terminal contain simplifications that can to cause mistakes. This paper presents an investigation about application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) obtaining a new way of identification for the type of the short circuit and its location, using data obtained only in one terminal. The work consists on the following 4 main parts: bibliographical study of Neural Network`s area; simulations of faults in order to obtain of patterns; definition and implementation of Neural Network`s models for identification and location of the fault; and studies of cases. In the bibliographical study step on ANN, it was verified that the topologies for the more usual nets are Feed-

[pt] A partir da experiência da autora como participante em três oficinas de prosa de ficção, esta dissertação desenvolve reflexões sobre os caminhos da experimentação e da construção da escrita artística, e também da profissionalização do escritor. Da motivação do escrever às formas de inserção no sistema literário, a oficina se oferece em seus temas e dinâmicas como espaço de investigação das tensões relacionadas à prática da escrita na contemporaneidade: fundada sob o princípio do aprendizado, ela pressupõe o apagamento do autor como sujeito inspirado e original, mas convive com as ideias românticas em torno da criação. Embora aceitem os novos termos da intertextualidade e da aprendizagem técnica, seus alunos buscam uma voz própria e vivenciam a experiência da impessoalidade que escapa ao controle no processo de escrita. Neste trabalho, as atividades da oficina são apresentadas em diálogo com as noções barthesianas e deleuzeanas sobre a escrita, sua motivação e sua construção. / [en] Considering the author s experience as a participant in three prose fiction s workshop, this dissertation develops reflections on the experimentation and construction ways of artistic writing and also on the writer s professionalism. From the writing motivation to the forms of insertion in the literary system, the workshop presents their themes and dynamics as a space to investigate the tensions related to the writing practice in contemporary times: based on the principle of learning, it requires the author s extinguishment as an inspired and original subject, but has a close association with romantic ideas around the creation. Although new terms of intertextuality and technical learning are accepted, the students search for a own voice and live the impersonality experience that goes beyond the control in the writing process. In this work, the workshop activities are presented in dialogue with the Barthes s and Deleuze s notions about writing, their motivation and construction.

<p>There is longstanding interpretive dispute between commentators over Spinoza’s commitment to <i>necessitarianism</i>, the doctrine that all things are metaphysically necessary and none are contingent. Those who affirm Spinoza’s commitment to the doctrine adhere to <i>the necessitarian interpretation</i> whereas those who deny it adhere to what I call <i>the semi-necessitarian interpretation</i>. As things stand, the disagreement between commentators appears to have reached an impasse. Notwithstanding, there seems to be no disagreement among commentators on the question of necessitarianism’s philosophical plausibility as a metaphysical view: the doctrine is wildly untenable. This consensus view is more relevant to the interpretive debate than few have recognized, since leading semi-necessitarian commentators take the doctrine’s alleged absurdity to be one of the most compelling reasons (if not <i>the</i> most compelling reason) to prefer their reading over the necessitarian interpretation: for, as a matter of methodological principle, great philosophers like Spinoza should not be ascribed ridiculous views in the absence of better evidence. </p> <p>This dissertation seeks to defend Spinoza’s commitment to necessitarianism on both the interpretive and philosophical fronts. I argue not only that the necessitarian interpretation of Spinoza is more plausible than the semi-necessitarian interpretation on textual grounds, but that Spinoza’s necessitarianism is a serviceable philosophical view whose tenability has been almost entirely overlooked and perfunctorily rejected. The principal basis upon which I build this defense is Spinoza’s rich and fascinating view of essences—what I simply refer to as his <i>essentialism</i>. Spinoza’s essentialism forms the bedrock of his metaphysics and is significant not least because it underlies and informs doctrines like his necessitarianism. Spinoza’s essentialism supplies resources to answer not just interpretive problems associated with necessitarianism, but philosophical challenges to the plausibility of the doctrine. My defense of Spinoza’s necessitarianism on philosophical grounds also offers a novel way of getting past much of the current interpretive impasse among commentators by effectively undercutting the methodological motivation for the semi-necessitarian reading. In addition to my defense on the interpretive front, then, my defense on the philosophical front provides supplementary reason to <i>a fortiori</i> favor the necessitarian reading of Spinoza.</p>

[pt] Nos últimos anos, verificou-se notável crescimento do consumo da classe média brasileira que proporcionou a essa classe maior acesso na compra da casa própria. A aquisição da casa própria constitui um sonho de consumo desse extrato social e apresenta grande conotação simbólica. A construtora MRV, líder no segmento de imóveis para a classe média, com ênfase na oferta de imóveis com o perfil de primeiro apartamento do consumidor, destaca-se por suas estratégias de comunicação e por seu discurso publicitário. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar os significados que a compra da casa própria assume no discurso da construtora MRV em seus canais digitais. Para tal, analisou-se um corpus de vinte vídeos produzidos pela MRV e publicados em seu canal no YouTube entre os meses de Janeiro e Novembro de 2015. A abordagem da pesquisa foi qualitativa e exploratória, com utilização de análise textual verbal e visual do corpus, bem como de técnicas de análise de conteúdo. Os vídeos foram classificados em quatro categorias temáticas, a saber: Venda de Novos Empreendimentos, Entrega das Chaves, Histórias de vida de clientes MRV e Institucionais. O resultado do estudo apontou que no discurso analisado a casa própria assume diferentes significados, como: realização, identidade, independência, segurança e pertencimento. Com base na axiologia de valores de consumo proposta pelo semioticista J.M.Floch, tais significados revelam a prevalência de valores práticos, críticos e utópicos no discurso da construtora MRV. / [en] In recent years, there has been remarkable growth of the Brazilian middle class consumption provided to this class greater access in buying a home. The acquisition of a home is a dream of consumption of this social stratum and has great symbolic connotation. MRV construction company, leader in the real estate segment for the middle class, with an emphasis on real estate supply to the first consumer flat profile, stands out for its communication strategies and their advertising discourse. In this context, this paper aims to identify the meanings that home ownership plays in the builder MRV discourse in their digital channels. To do this, we analyzed a corpus of twenty videos produced by MRV Company and published on his YouTube channel between January and November 2015. The research approach was qualitative and exploratory, using verbal and visual textual analysis of the corpus and content analysis techniques. The videos were classified into four themes, namely: Sale of New Ventures, Delivery of the Keys, Customer Life Stories MRV and Institutional. The study results showed that in the discourse examined the house itself takes on different meanings, such as: holding, identity, independence, security and belonging. Based on the axiology of consumption values proposed by J.M.Floch semiotician such meanings reveal the prevalence of practical, critical and utopian values on the MRV discourse.

<p>T lymphocytes regulate the initiation, duration, and magnitude of adaptive immune responses and function as effector cells in cell mediated immunity. To become immunologically competent they must generate functional antigen receptors. This process takes place in the thymus and requires somatic recombination of T cell receptor (TCR) genes. It is mediated by the endonucleases recombination activating gene-1 (RAG1) and RAG2. Although the thymus regresses at puberty, T cells are present throughout life implying that other tissues must provide the proper milieu for T cell development. This thesis describes extrathymic T cell maturation in man. RAG1, RAG2, and the preTα-chain (pTα), which is exclusively utilized in developing T cells, were used as markers for TCR gene rearrangement. Two new exons (1A and 1B) encoding sequences in the 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) of mRNA were discovered in the human RAG1 gene. The previously described 5’UTR exon (renamed 1C) was located between the new exons and exon 2, the latter containing the entire coding sequence. We found that small intestinal lymphocytes of the T cell lineage expressed the new exons in three different splice forms. RAG1 mRNA containing the 1C exon was not expressed in small intestinal lymphocytes. In contrast, splice forms containing the 1A exon were not expressed in thymocytes. RAG1 and pTα mRNA expressing lymphocytes were seen both within the epithelium and in lamina propria. Thymocyte-like CD2⁺CD7⁺CD3^-, CD4⁺CD8⁺, CD1a⁺, and IL7-R+ lymphocytes were identified in the small intestinal mucosa. CD2⁺CD7⁺CD3^- cells had the highest expression levels of mRNA for RAG1 and pTα, suggesting that the small intestinal mucosa is indeed a site for T cell maturation. Small intestinal T lymphocytes were also shown to kill via the Fas/FasL pathway in a TCR/CD3 independent manner and via the perforin/granzyme pathway in a TCR/CD3 dependent manner. The Fas/FasL-mediated cytotoxicity may reflect an ongoing selection process of extrathymically maturated T cells. </p><p>The nasopharyngeal tonsil is the major inductive site for immune reactions against inhaled antigens. Previous demonstration of RAG1 expression in tonsillar B cells was interpreted as antigen driven receptor revision. The present study confirms the expression of RAG1 in B cells. We also found that RAG1, RAG2, and pTa mRNAs were expressed in lymphocytes of the T cell lineage. A small population of cells with the immature phenotype CD2+CD7+CD3- was demonstrated. This population had the highest expression levels of mRNA for RAG1, RAG2, pTα and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. All four splice-forms of RAG1 mRNA were expressed. RAG1 and pTα mRNA expressing cells were mainly located in the proximity of the surface epithelium and in the outer rim of the follicles. These results suggest that the nasopharyngeal tonsil is a site where extrathymic T cell development and antigen driven TCR revision are occurring in parallel. </p><p>Celiac disease (CD) is a small intestinal enteropathy characterized by permanent intolerance to gluten. Gluten reactive intestinal T cells are central in the pathogenesis and CD can be regarded as a failure to maintain tolerance to this food antigen. Expression of the RAG1 1A/2 splice form was significantly decreased in small intestinal T cell subsets of CD patients suggesting that impaired TCR gene rearrangement could contribute to failure of maintain tolerance in CD. </p><p>Together, these findings show that both small intestinal and nasopharyngeal tonsillar lymphocytes of T cell lineage have the molecular machinery for antigen receptor rearrangement and that thymocyte-like lymphocytes are present in both tissues. Thus these organs are likely sites of T lymphocyte ontogeny as well as for secondary T cell receptor rearrangement in man. </p>

T lymphocytes regulate the initiation, duration, and magnitude of adaptive immune responses and function as effector cells in cell mediated immunity. To become immunologically competent they must generate functional antigen receptors. This process takes place in the thymus and requires somatic recombination of T cell receptor (TCR) genes. It is mediated by the endonucleases recombination activating gene-1 (RAG1) and RAG2. Although the thymus regresses at puberty, T cells are present throughout life implying that other tissues must provide the proper milieu for T cell development. This thesis describes extrathymic T cell maturation in man. RAG1, RAG2, and the preTα-chain (pTα), which is exclusively utilized in developing T cells, were used as markers for TCR gene rearrangement. Two new exons (1A and 1B) encoding sequences in the 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) of mRNA were discovered in the human RAG1 gene. The previously described 5’UTR exon (renamed 1C) was located between the new exons and exon 2, the latter containing the entire coding sequence. We found that small intestinal lymphocytes of the T cell lineage expressed the new exons in three different splice forms. RAG1 mRNA containing the 1C exon was not expressed in small intestinal lymphocytes. In contrast, splice forms containing the 1A exon were not expressed in thymocytes. RAG1 and pTα mRNA expressing lymphocytes were seen both within the epithelium and in lamina propria. Thymocyte-like CD2+CD7+CD3-, CD4+CD8+, CD1a+, and IL7-R+ lymphocytes were identified in the small intestinal mucosa. CD2+CD7+CD3- cells had the highest expression levels of mRNA for RAG1 and pTα, suggesting that the small intestinal mucosa is indeed a site for T cell maturation. Small intestinal T lymphocytes were also shown to kill via the Fas/FasL pathway in a TCR/CD3 independent manner and via the perforin/granzyme pathway in a TCR/CD3 dependent manner. The Fas/FasL-mediated cytotoxicity may reflect an ongoing selection process of extrathymically maturated T cells. The nasopharyngeal tonsil is the major inductive site for immune reactions against inhaled antigens. Previous demonstration of RAG1 expression in tonsillar B cells was interpreted as antigen driven receptor revision. The present study confirms the expression of RAG1 in B cells. We also found that RAG1, RAG2, and pTa mRNAs were expressed in lymphocytes of the T cell lineage. A small population of cells with the immature phenotype CD2+CD7+CD3- was demonstrated. This population had the highest expression levels of mRNA for RAG1, RAG2, pTα and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. All four splice-forms of RAG1 mRNA were expressed. RAG1 and pTα mRNA expressing cells were mainly located in the proximity of the surface epithelium and in the outer rim of the follicles. These results suggest that the nasopharyngeal tonsil is a site where extrathymic T cell development and antigen driven TCR revision are occurring in parallel. Celiac disease (CD) is a small intestinal enteropathy characterized by permanent intolerance to gluten. Gluten reactive intestinal T cells are central in the pathogenesis and CD can be regarded as a failure to maintain tolerance to this food antigen. Expression of the RAG1 1A/2 splice form was significantly decreased in small intestinal T cell subsets of CD patients suggesting that impaired TCR gene rearrangement could contribute to failure of maintain tolerance in CD. Together, these findings show that both small intestinal and nasopharyngeal tonsillar lymphocytes of T cell lineage have the molecular machinery for antigen receptor rearrangement and that thymocyte-like lymphocytes are present in both tissues. Thus these organs are likely sites of T lymphocyte ontogeny as well as for secondary T cell receptor rearrangement in man.

[pt] Entender o consumo simbólico é um grande desafio, tanto para pesquisadores que estudam o tema quanto para as empresas. A sociedade, em constante mudança, se expressa simbolicamente por meio do consumo. Neste trabalho, buscou-se fazer uma análise sobre o consumo simbólico de moradia e lazer em condomínios multifamiliares do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, com embasamento nos pressupostos teóricos da CCT - Consumer Culture Theory. Os estudos baseados nesta perspectiva se iniciaram há aproximadamente 20 anos, sendo, portanto, ainda recentes e com vasto campo para sua exploração. O objeto de estudo é a moradia própria e o lazer oferecido em condomínios residenciais multifamiliares, buscando obter compreensão mais profunda da tendência, nas últimas duas décadas, de construção de prédios residenciais com opções de lazer. O sujeito da pesquisa é o consumidor de classe média emergente. Foi realizada pesquisa qualitativa, conduzindo-se entrevistas em profundidade com compradores de imóveis do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, que permitiram mapear os significados por eles atribuídos ao imóvel e às áreas de lazer. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo qualitativa como método de análise dos dados e as categorias de análise utilizadas emergiram do campo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a moradia própria tem significados de realização, passagem, independência, segurança, orgulho e de valor sagrado atribuído ao bem. Quanto ao lazer presente nos condomínios multifamiliares foram identificados significados relacionados a segurança, extensão da casa, socialização e qualidade de vida. / [en] Understanding symbolic consumption is a great challenge both for researchers studying the subject and for companies. Society, in constant change, expresses itself symbolically through consumption. In this work, an attempt was made to analyze the symbolic consumption of housing and leisure in multi-family condominiums of the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program, based on the theoretical assumptions of the CCT - Consumer Culture Theory. The studies based on this perspective started about 20 years ago, being therefore still recent and with vast field for its exploration. The object of study is the ownership of a home and the leisure offered in multifamily residential condominiums, seeking to obtain a deeper understanding of the trend, during the last two decades, of building residential buildings with leisure options in Brazil. The informants are consumers that belong to the Brazilian emerging middle class. A qualitative study was carried out, and in-depth interviews conducted with real estate buyers of the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program, which allowed the mapping of the meanings they assigned to the property and to the leisure areas. Qualitative content analysis was used as a method of data analysis and the categories of analysis used emerged from the field. The results indicate that the dwelling itself has meanings of achievement, passage, independence, security, pride and sacred value attributed to the good. Concerning leisure in multi-family condominiums, meanings related to safety, home extension, socialization and quality of life were identified.

[pt] Cada dia a operação dos sistemas elétricos de energia é mais complexo. Mantiver um correto fornecimento da energia de forma empírica é uma tarefa difícil e pouco confiável, este trabalho se realizou para ajudar a atender com maior confiabilidade este fornecimento de energia. Neste trabalho apresentam-se modelagens de fluxo de carga para obter diferentes pontos de operação. Modelou-se a regulação própria da carga e o controle carga-frequência das unidades geradoras, incluindo regulação primária e secundária. As modelagens são estendidas para a avaliação da estabilidade de tensão, inclusive considerando-se a influência da frequência. A avaliação foi feita em pontos de operação antes e após a atuação do controle carga-frequência. Em cada caso, as variações de carga ou geração das barras em análise (infinitesimais) são absorvidas pelos geradores de diferentes formas: de acordo com os fatores de proporcionalidade na regulação secundária, com as energias de regulação na regulação primária ou com a proporcionalidade das gerações das barras swing no despacho proporcional. De acordo com o apresentado neste trabalho obtêm-se pontos de operação em regime permanente, nestes pontos de operação foi onde se realizo o cálculo da estabilidade de tensão para todas as barras do sistema. Os sistemas testados tiveram 6 e 39 barras. / [en] Each day the operation of electric power system is more complex. Maintain a correct supply of energy empirically is difficult and unreliable task, this work was realized to comply with more reliably this power supply. This dissertation presents the modeling of power flow to get different steady state. The load response to frequency deviation, the primary and the secondary frequency control were models. The models are extended to the evaluation of voltage stability, even considering the frequency influence. The evaluation is done in the state before and after the response of load-frequency control. In each case, the generators units absorb the variation (infinitesimal) in the load or in the generation (bus in analysis) in different ways: according to the proportionality factor in the secondary control, the speed regulations in the primary control or the proportionality of the swing bus generation in the proportional dispatch. According to the presented in this dissertation was obtained a state in permanent regime, in this state was evaluated the voltage stability in all bus of the system. The tested system had 6 and 39 bus.