L’identification des muscles responsables des dystonies focales est un prérequis à l’instauration des traitements par toxine botulique et exercices correcteurs. A partir de deux dystonies apparemment dissemblables: la crampe de l’écrivain et la dystonie cervicale, nous avons montré que la réponse aux traitements est tributaire de la distribution des muscles impliqués. L’enregistrement des mouvements du segment tête-cou dans la dystonie cervicale , au moyen de capteurs inertiels 3-D, a montré qu’au mouvement volontaire de la tête, dans un plan, s’associent des mouvements non physiologiques dans les deux autres plans. Pour déterminer les actions musculaires en cause, nous avons réalisé une modélisation numérique du segment tête-cou permettant d’associer le muscle responsable aux déformations. Par ailleurs, sachant l’importance des phénomènes sensitifs dans le contrôle du mouvement, nous avons, au cours de tâches d’ajustement de la force musculaire, montré que ce contrôle de la force est perturbé dans chacune des deux dystonies focales étudiées.Nos résultats devraient avoir une implication dans les traitements symptomatiques de ces dystonies. / The identification of the muscles responsible for focal dystonia is a prerequisite to the introduction of botulinum toxin treatment and tailored exercises. From two apparently dissimilar dystonia: writer's cramp and cervical dystonia, we showed that the response to the treatments depends on the distribution of the muscles involved. Recording the movement of the head-neck segment in cervical dystonia, using 3-D inertial sensors, showed that voluntary head movement in a plane is associated with non-physiological movement in the two other planes. To determine the muscular actions involved, we performed a digital modeling of the head-neck segment which allows us to link the responsible muscle with abnormal postures.Therefore, knowing the importance of sensory phenomena in the control of movement, we have, during tasks of muscular force adjustment, demonstrated that force control is altered in both studied dystonia.Our results should have implications in the symptomatic treatment of these dystonias.

Le domaine de la réalité virtuelle offre de formidables opportunités tout le long de la conception d’assemblage complexe. L’un des avantages est la possibilité de mettre en situation écologique des utilisateurs dès les premières étapes de conception. Ceci est d’autant plus important dans la conception d’installation industrielle complexe. Il est possible de valider rapidement des tâches d’accessibilité, d’assemblage, de maintenance, voire de démantèlement. L’obtention de la validité écologique des études réalisées en environnement virtuel demande cependant que les interfaces homme-machine soient capables de transmettre des informations réalistes. À l’heure actuelle, les systèmes virtuels ne sont pas capables de fournir une interaction haptique complète, notamment les contacts/collisions entre l’utilisateur et les objets virtuels de l’environnement ne résultent pas en un retour haptique. Ceci peut devenir la cause de comportement inapproprié par rapport à la réalité. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un moyen de renforcer la compréhension spatiale en environnement virtuel. Plus particulièrement, nous souhaitons substituer les informations kinesthésiques par des informations tactiles pour augmenter la conscience spatiale et la cohérence visuo-proprioceptive. Nous avons développé une plateforme vibrotactile capable de fournir des informations spatiales sur l’environnement. Nous avons également commencé à interroger le rôle de la représentation du corps en environnement virtuel. Plusieurs études expérimentales ont été réalisées de manière à valider les développements que nous avons mis en avant. / The virtual reality field offers astounding opportunities throughout the design of complex assembly. One of the advantages is the possibility of immerse users in an ecological situation in the early stages of design. It’s even more important during the design of complex industrial plant. It allows to validate accessibility, assembly, maintenance or even dismantling tasks. The ecological validity of the studies carried out in a virtual environment, requires the human-machine interfaces capable of transmitting and rendering realistic information. At present, virtual systems are not capable of providing a complete haptic interaction, in particular contact/collision between the user and virtual objects in the environment do not result in haptic feedback. This can become the cause of inappropriate behavior compared to reality. The aim of this thesis is to propose a way to reinforce spatial awareness in virtual environment. More specifically, we wish to substitute kinesthetic information with tactile information to increase spatial awareness and visuo-proprioceptive consistency. We developed a vibrotactile platform capable of providing spatial information on the environment. We also studied the role of the representation of the body in a virtual environment. Several experimental studies have been carried out in order to validate the developments we proposed.

No description available.

No description available.

A Facilitação Neuromuscular Proprioceptiva (FNP) é um método de tratamento que combina padrões de movimentos em diagonal e espiral e técnicas de facilitação neuromuscular, com objetivo de melhorar o controle e a função neuromuscular. Este estudo comparou por eletromiografia de superfície (EMGs) e dinamometria a irradiação de força muscular na cintura escapular, após estimulação à distância no hemicorpo contralateral (grupo FNP) e local por Cinesioterapia Clássica (grupo CC). Participaram 113 indivíduos saudáveis. A EMGs dos músculos trapézio superior (TS), trapézio médio (TM), deltoide médio (D) e serrátil anterior (S) foi realizada antes, durante e após os protocolos. A preensão palmar, antes e após os protocolos, foi avaliada por dinamometria. Valores de RMS (Root Mean Square) e dinamometria foram submetidos a ANOVA Two Way e pós-teste de Holm-Sidack, p <0,05. No FNP, as diagonais póstero-depressão (PD) e extensão-abdução-rotação interna (EARI) aumentaram o RMS em relação às demais (F4,1180: 42,53) e os músculos TS, TM e D aumentaram o RMS em relação ao S (F3,1180: 25,73). No CC, remada alta, elevação lateral e elevação frontal do braço aumentaram o RMS em relação à rotação interna e rotação externa (F4,1180: 172,28). Músculos TS, TM e D aumentaram o RMS em relação ao S (F3,1180: 178,32). Contrações máximas iniciais e finais aos protocolos, não modificaram o RMS no CC ou FNP. Porém, TS no CC apresentou aumento inicial e final, em relação ao FNP (F1,888: 8,62). Valores da dinamometria, revelaram maior força inicial e final do membro dominante em relação ao não dominante (F3,444: 4,71), maior força no CC (F3,444: 4,71) e maior força final no CC em relação ao FNP (F3,444: 0,04). Diagonais PD e EARI são mais eficientes para irradiar força nos músculos TS, TM e D. / The Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is a method of treatment that combines diagonal movement patterns and spiral and neuromuscular facilitation techniques, in order to improve the control and neuromuscular function. This study compared by surface electromyography (sEMG) and grip strength irradiation of muscle strength in the shoulder girdle, after stimulation distance in the contralateral hemisphere (FNP group) and local by Kinesiotherapy Classic (CC group). They participated in 113 healthy subjects. The EMGs of the upper trapezius muscles (TS), middle trapezius (TM), middle deltoid (D) and serratus anterior (S) was carried out before, during and after the protocols. Grips with hands before and after the protocol was evaluated by dynamometry. RMS values (Root Mean Square) and grip strength were subjected to Two Way ANOVA and Holm-Sidack post-test, p <0.05. FNP in the posterolateral diagonal depression (PD) and extension-abduction-internal rotation (EAIR) increased RMS in relation to the other (F4,1180: 42.53) and TS muscles, TM and D increased the RMS relative S (F3,1180: 25.73). In DC, upright row, side elevation and front elevation of the arm increased RMS in relation to internal rotation and external rotation (F4,1180: 172.28). TS muscles, TM and D increased the RMS relative to S (F3,1180: 178.32). Initial maximal contractions and final protocols did not change the RMS in DC or PNF. However, the TS initial and final WC was increased, compared to PMF (F1,888: 8.62). Values of grip strength, showed greater initial force and the end of the dominant member in relation to the non-dominant (F3,444: 4.71), the largest force in the CC (F3,444: 4.71) and a higher ultimate strength in DC in relation to FNP (F3,444: 0.04). PD diagonals and EAIR are more efficient to radiate strength in muscles TS, TM and D.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different joint positions, rotator cuff muscle fatigue and experience on shoulder proprioceptive sense among male volleyball players. The participants of the study were 20 experienced (Mage= 20.7 &amp / #61617 / 2.8) and 20 inexperienced (Mage= 17.1 &amp / #61617 / 1.0) male volleyball players being members of first league volleyball teams. Measurements were made by Biodex System 3 pro (Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., New York, USA) and only dominant extremities were assessed. Shoulder proprioceptive sense was determined by measuring participant&rsquo / s perception of joint position sense with the joint at 90&amp / #61616 / abduction, external rotation and 90&amp / #61616 / abduction, neutral rotation. Participants were tested at a speed of 2 deg/s before and after exercising on an isokinetic testing machine until fatigued. Fatigue protocol was practiced at 60 deg/s and it was terminated when the internal rotation maximal peak torque decreased by 50%. There was significant difference between proprioceptive sense of inexperienced volleyball players at 10&amp / #61616 / -20&amp / #61616 / (p&lt / .01) and 15&amp / #61616 / -20&amp / #61616 / (p&lt / .05) in external rotation before fatigue. The difference between before and after fatigue proprioceptive sense of experienced volleyball players at 20&amp / #61616 / (p&lt / .05) was found statistically significant, whereas the significant difference was observed between before and after fatigue proprioceptive sense of inexperienced players at 10&amp / #61616 / (p&lt / .01) and 15&amp / #61616 / (p&lt / .05) in internal rotation. It was concluded that the effect of fatigue on proprioceptive sense is related with experience, but experience itself had no effect on proprioceptive sense.

A Facilitação Neuromuscular Proprioceptiva (FNP) é um método de tratamento que combina padrões de movimentos em diagonal e espiral e técnicas de facilitação neuromuscular, com objetivo de melhorar o controle e a função neuromuscular. Este estudo comparou por eletromiografia de superfície (EMGs) e dinamometria a irradiação de força muscular na cintura escapular, após estimulação à distância no hemicorpo contralateral (grupo FNP) e local por Cinesioterapia Clássica (grupo CC). Participaram 113 indivíduos saudáveis. A EMGs dos músculos trapézio superior (TS), trapézio médio (TM), deltoide médio (D) e serrátil anterior (S) foi realizada antes, durante e após os protocolos. A preensão palmar, antes e após os protocolos, foi avaliada por dinamometria. Valores de RMS (Root Mean Square) e dinamometria foram submetidos a ANOVA Two Way e pós-teste de Holm-Sidack, p <0,05. No FNP, as diagonais póstero-depressão (PD) e extensão-abdução-rotação interna (EARI) aumentaram o RMS em relação às demais (F4,1180: 42,53) e os músculos TS, TM e D aumentaram o RMS em relação ao S (F3,1180: 25,73). No CC, remada alta, elevação lateral e elevação frontal do braço aumentaram o RMS em relação à rotação interna e rotação externa (F4,1180: 172,28). Músculos TS, TM e D aumentaram o RMS em relação ao S (F3,1180: 178,32). Contrações máximas iniciais e finais aos protocolos, não modificaram o RMS no CC ou FNP. Porém, TS no CC apresentou aumento inicial e final, em relação ao FNP (F1,888: 8,62). Valores da dinamometria, revelaram maior força inicial e final do membro dominante em relação ao não dominante (F3,444: 4,71), maior força no CC (F3,444: 4,71) e maior força final no CC em relação ao FNP (F3,444: 0,04). Diagonais PD e EARI são mais eficientes para irradiar força nos músculos TS, TM e D. / The Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is a method of treatment that combines diagonal movement patterns and spiral and neuromuscular facilitation techniques, in order to improve the control and neuromuscular function. This study compared by surface electromyography (sEMG) and grip strength irradiation of muscle strength in the shoulder girdle, after stimulation distance in the contralateral hemisphere (FNP group) and local by Kinesiotherapy Classic (CC group). They participated in 113 healthy subjects. The EMGs of the upper trapezius muscles (TS), middle trapezius (TM), middle deltoid (D) and serratus anterior (S) was carried out before, during and after the protocols. Grips with hands before and after the protocol was evaluated by dynamometry. RMS values (Root Mean Square) and grip strength were subjected to Two Way ANOVA and Holm-Sidack post-test, p <0.05. FNP in the posterolateral diagonal depression (PD) and extension-abduction-internal rotation (EAIR) increased RMS in relation to the other (F4,1180: 42.53) and TS muscles, TM and D increased the RMS relative S (F3,1180: 25.73). In DC, upright row, side elevation and front elevation of the arm increased RMS in relation to internal rotation and external rotation (F4,1180: 172.28). TS muscles, TM and D increased the RMS relative to S (F3,1180: 178.32). Initial maximal contractions and final protocols did not change the RMS in DC or PNF. However, the TS initial and final WC was increased, compared to PMF (F1,888: 8.62). Values of grip strength, showed greater initial force and the end of the dominant member in relation to the non-dominant (F3,444: 4.71), the largest force in the CC (F3,444: 4.71) and a higher ultimate strength in DC in relation to FNP (F3,444: 0.04). PD diagonals and EAIR are more efficient to radiate strength in muscles TS, TM and D.

No description available.

No description available.

Application of pressure in the form of taping and bracing has been shown to improve proprioception, and inducing localized muscle fatigue at various musculatures has been shown to adversely affect postural control. However, the potential for pressure application to mitigate the effects of localized muscle fatigue on postural control has not yet been determined. This study investigated specifically the effects of circumferential ankle pressure (CAP) and induced ankle fatigue on postural control. Fourteen young participants (seven males and seven females) performed fatiguing sub-maximal isotonic plantar flexion exercises on an isokinetic dynamometer, in the absence and presence of a pressure cuff (60 mm Hg) used to apply CAP. Proprioceptive acuity (PA) was determined using a passive-active joint position sense test, with categorical scores (low or high PA) used as a covariate. Postural sway during quiet standing was assessed using a force platform both pre- and post-fatigue as well as in the absence and presence of CAP. Application of CAP resulted in larger postural sway in individuals with low PA, and reduced postural sway in individuals with high PA. Fatigue effects on postural sway in individuals with low PA were more substantial as compared to individuals with high PA. CAP was found to be ineffective in mitigating the effects of fatigue on postural sway in individuals with lower PA. As a whole, the results suggest a potential for CAP as an ergonomic intervention in controlling fatigue-related fall incidents, though conclusive recommendations for use are not justified. / Master of Science