Wretlind, Heden, and Wadstrom found ammonium sulfate to be inhibitory for the formation of extracellular protease in Aeromonas hydrophila grown in Brain Heart Infusion medium. They demonstrated by manipulating the iron and zinc content within their medium that it is possible to differentially affect the accumulation of hemolysin and protease by A. hydrophila grown in batch culture. Further manipulation of the composition of this medium was done in the present study to determine the effect of other components on the production of protease. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the level of A. hydrophila protease produced in a chemically defined medium.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:12:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinie.pdf: 1105289 bytes, checksum: fb4a9af7cf4012e7784dfbcf92246455 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-09 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / In the Amazon agricultural soils are found in soil called Anthropogenic Dark Earths (ADE), a soil rich in organic matter and minerals. The biodiversity is a source of very high value of non-cultivable microorganisms that can be isolated through construction of metagenomic libraries, using vectors of large fragments, with the goal of finding new biocatalytic enzymes. Enzymes widely used in the industrial market are amylase and protease, are applied in industry: chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, detergent and food industries. Amylases degrade starch into smaller units of saccharides, as proteases catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. The aim of this study was to isolate and partially characterize enzymes amylase and protease of clones isolated from a selection of functional metagenomic library of TPI in the Amazon region. In this study were isolated 1.344 clones, only 4 producing halo of starch hydrolysis and 3 proteolytic clones belonging to metagenomic library constructed with total DNA extracted from microorganisms present in soil samples of the TPI, were partially characterized the enzymes produced by 4 clones amilolytic and 1 proteolytic clone. After isolation, the clones were inoculated in culture medium Luria Bertani (LB) at 37ºC under agitation of 150 rpm and subjected to assays at pHs of 3 to 10 and temperatures ranging from 25 to 100ºC for up to 90 of incubation. Amylases had its highest production in 24 h (4.3 U/mL) and its activity was optimal at neutral pH to slightly alkaline, the clone P1C4 showed the highest production at 70°C (6.93 U/mL), since the clones P5C4 and P6C12 reported higher thermostability at 80°C, these results indicate that the gene for alpha-amylase to be cloned encoding a thermostable enzyme, such as the enzyme produced by Bacillus liqueniformis. Since the clone P3A3 produced 26.3 U/mL protease in 10 hours of production, its activity was optimal at neutral pH, and its optimum temperature at 30ºC (56.0 U/mL) and its thermostability was demonstrated in 50°C (22,0 U/mL). These features contribute to the implementation of these enzymes in industrial sectors as in food production, chemical industry and production of detergents. The enzymes isolated in this study demonstrated new features and performance when compared to enzymes described today, which proves the efficiency of the construction of metagenomic libraries for isolation of new bioproducts. / Na floresta Amazônica são encontrados solos agricultáveis denominado de solo de Terra Preta de Índio (TPI), um solo rico em matéria orgânica e em minerais. A biodiversidade da Amazônia constitui uma fonte de valor altíssimo de micro-organismos não-cultiváveis que podem ser isolados através das construções das bibliotecas metagenômicas, utilizando vetores de grandes fragmentos, com o objetivo de encontrar novas enzimas biocatalíticas. As enzimas de maior aplicação no mercado industrial são as amilases e proteases, aplicadas nas indústrias: química, farmacêutica, têxtil, de detergentes e alimentícia. As amilases são capazes de degradar o amido em unidades de sacarídeos menores, já as proteases catalisam a hidrólise de ligações peptídicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e caracterizar parcialmente enzimas amilolíticas e proteolíticas de clones isolados a partir de uma seleção funcional da biblioteca metagenômica de TPI da região Amazônica construída com DNA total extraído dos micro-organismos presentes nas amostras de solos de TPI, inseridos no vetor fosmidial (pCC1Fos ) e clonado na célula hospedeira Escherichia coli (EPI300). De 1.344 clones pertencente a biblioteca metagenômica, apenas 4 clones foram produtores de halo de hidrólise de amido e 3 clones foram proteolíticos, além disso, todas as enzimas produzidas pelos 4 clones amilolíticos e 1 clone proteolítico foram caracterizadas parcialmente. Após o isolamento, os clones foram inoculados em meio de cultura Luria Bertani (LB) a 37oC, sob agitação de 150 rpm e submetidos aos ensaios enzimáticos nos pHs de 3 a 10 e temperatura variando de 25 a 100ºC por até 90 minutos de incubação. As amilases tiveram sua maior produção em 24 horas (4,3 U/mL) e sua atividade ótima foi em pH neutro a levemente alcalino, o clone P1C4 demonstrou a maior produção a 70ºC (6,93 U/mL), já os clones P5C4 e P6C12 demonstraram a maior termoestabilidade a 80°C, tais resultados indicam que o gene de alfa-amilase clonado deve ser codificador de uma enzima termoestável, como por exemplo, a enzima produzida por Bacillus liqueniformis. Já o clone P3A3 produziu 26,3 U/mL de proteases em 10 horas de produção, sua atividade ótima foi em pH neutro, sendo sua temperatura ótima em 30ºC (56,0 U/mL) e sua termoestabilidade foi demonstrada em 50ºC (22,0 U/mL). Estas características contribuem para a aplicação destas enzimas em setores industriais como na produção de alimentos, indústria química e produção de detergentes. As enzimas isoladas neste trabalho demonstraram características e atuações novas quando comparadas a enzimas descritas atualmente, a qual comprova a eficiência da construção de bibliotecas metagenômicas para o isolamento de novos bioprodutos.

Degradation of peroral administered drugs by various enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract has proven to be troublesome for the absorption' and bioavailability of protein and peptide drugs. Mucoadhesive polymers such as poly(acrylates) have proven to inhibit protease enzymes responsible for initiating digestion of peptide drugs. Enzyme inhibitors have unique chemical properties enabling it to interact with enzymes to form complexes with such enzymes prohibiting it from functioning properly. Anionic carboxymethylated chitosan derivatives such as N,N-dicarboxymethyl chitosan and N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan display unique structural similarities to enzyme inhibitors being anionic polymers that may interact with bi-valent cations... / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharm.))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Degradation of peroral administered drugs by various enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract has proven to be troublesome for the absorption' and bioavailability of protein and peptide drugs. Mucoadhesive polymers such as poly(acrylates) have proven to inhibit protease enzymes responsible for initiating digestion of peptide drugs. Enzyme inhibitors have unique chemical properties enabling it to interact with enzymes to form complexes with such enzymes prohibiting it from functioning properly. Anionic carboxymethylated chitosan derivatives such as N,N-dicarboxymethyl chitosan and N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan display unique structural similarities to enzyme inhibitors being anionic polymers that may interact with bi-valent cations... / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharm.))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.