Protection of the appellation of origin under Czech law and international treaties This thesis deals with the topic of appellation of origin. Appellation of origin is governed by Czech law, European Union law and by international multilateral and bilateral treaties. Appellation of origin is an exceptional measure because it provides an indefinite number of users meeting prescribed conditions with protection. The paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with history and with theoretical introduction into the topic of appellations of origin. Following three chapters describe the protection in the Czech Republic, European Union and on the international level. There are examples of concrete appellations of origin at the end of each of these three chapters. The examples are used in order to better demonstrate different ways of possible use of the appellations of origin. The work uses legal enactments as well as administrative and court decisions. Specialized publications and opinions of some of the users are used as well. The core of legal regulations governing appellations of origin in many countries is formed by multilateral international treaties. This applies also in case of the Czech Republic and the European Union. Application for registration of an appellation of origin may be filled...

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Michael A. Boland / The purpose of this research was to analyze the impact of supply control variables such as market share; DO/PGI cheese hedonic quality attributes such as country of origin, type of milk, and age; and the price of a substitute artesian or farmstead cheese on the price of imported cheeses. The literature review found that the EU has been a leader in developing a process for verifying foods produced in a local geographic area. It also revealed that the ability to control supply of a differentiated product transferred consumer surplus to producer surplus. The economic theory suggests that PDO/PGI certification results in the ability of the group of producers and / or processor to control supply by effectively causing a vertical kink in the supply curve and sufficiently differentiated products have a relatively inelastic demand curve. Data was collected on 83 PDO cheeses manufactured in the EU and sold in the US. This data included market share defined as the total tons of that PDO cheese produced in that geographic region divided by the total hectares of land. Hedonic variables characterize the PDO cheeses based on aging time, type of input and country of production. The price of a competing artisan cheese similar to the PDO cheese was identified. All of these variables were used in an ordinary least squares regression model to explain the variation in the price of the imported cheese. The regression results founded that market share, country of origin (Italy and Spain), and the price of a substitute were significant in explaining the variability in imported PDO cheese prices. Market share had a greater magnitude of change suggesting that, at the margin, a small change in supply can cause a larger change in supply which was not surprising given an inelastic demand curve and a fixed supply curve. Substitutes were actually complements which at first glance appears surprising. Finally, as one might suspect, a cheese that is more mature, like wine, has a greater value.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-17T13:32:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaRA_TESE.pdf: 3574998 bytes, checksum: 51917906a5d762a17dd6aad8ed0f3124 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-26T12:14:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaRA_TESE.pdf: 3574998 bytes, checksum: 51917906a5d762a17dd6aad8ed0f3124 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-26T12:16:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaRA_TESE.pdf: 3574998 bytes, checksum: 51917906a5d762a17dd6aad8ed0f3124 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T12:18:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaRA_TESE.pdf: 3574998 bytes, checksum: 51917906a5d762a17dd6aad8ed0f3124 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to analyse certification of origin as a form to add value to artisanal cheeses, such as coalho cheese, in Brazil and Spain. For such, we analysed the formation of prices, market structure and production systems of palmero cheese, which has Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) in the Canary Islands, Spain. The study was based on interviews with PDO and non-PDO producers concerning the production systems, social issues, markets and marketing channels. In addition, we evaluated 25 PDO cheese regulations from Spain and investigated its resemblance to coalho cheese. In Brazil, we evaluated the quality of the artisanal and industrial coalho cheese marketed in the Brazilian semiarid region. For this purpose, 138 coalho cheese samples were analysed as to their physical-chemical parameters (acidity, ash, fat, moisture and pH), colour, texture; microbiological parameters (coliforms at 35°C and 45°C, coagulase positive Staphylococcus, mould and yeast and Salmonella spp.); the type of production and conservation; the presence of enterotoxigenic genes; and the antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus. We observed that the PDO palmero cheese obtained higher market price and the highest price was through the “direct to the consumer” sales channel. Furthermore, we found that both PDO and non-PDO producers were concerned with the quality of the palmero cheese and relevance of the PDO label. As to the analysis of the regulations, PDO and the other variables were classified into four different groups and there was correlation between them. Group one, had fewer PDO regulation and similarities in the historical, natural environment, agriculture and responsible authority aspects, and less so in the economic importance aspect. Group two, regulations were focused on infractions, penalties and fines, and little on the quality manual. Group three tended to have similar values for most variables. Moreover, group 4 showed similarity in the quality manual and less concern given to infractions, penalties and fines. We could observe that the coalho cheese presented some of the variables found in PDO cheeses such as reputation, cultural, historical, artisanal, economic, developmental and quality characteristics. Regarding the quality of the coalho cheese, the physical-chemical analysis, colour and texture showed statistical difference only for ashes, for the type of production. The microbiological analysis presented significant difference in production, higher amounts of coliforms in artisanal samples and as to the type of conservation, higher amounts for coliforms, yeasts, and moulds in the artisanal samples without refrigeration. Furthermore, we found the presence of Salmonella spp. in 2.17% of samples, that is, one artisanal sample and two industrial samples. As for coliforms at 45°C, we found that 25.36 and 3.95% of artisanal and industrial samples, respectively, were in disagreement with the legislation and concerning Staphylococcus positive coagulase all samples were non-compliant. In total, 67 samples were confirmed by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene for S. aureus. Of these, 12 (17.9%) amplified toxin genes. The isolates presented greater resistance to the antibiotics penicillin G, oxacillin and tetracycline. Thus, the origin certification is an important tool to enhance the value of artisanal cheeses and can be used by coalho cheese; however, producers first need to improve in quality and standardization of manufacturing / Objetivou-se analisar a certificação de origem como forma de valorização de queijos artesanais, como o queijo de coalho, no Brasil e na Espanha. Para isso, foram analisados a formação de preços, estrutura de mercado e sistemas de produção do queijo palmero que possui Denominação de Origem Protegida (DOP) nas Ilhas Canárias, Espanha. O estudo foi baseado em entrevistas com os produtores DOP e não DOP, em relação a sistemas de produção, questões sociais, de mercados e canais de comercialização. Também foram avaliados 25 regulamentos de queijos DOP oriundos da Espanha e verificada sua semelhança com o queijo de coalho do Brasil. No Brasil, foi avaliada a qualidade do queijo de coalho artesanal e industrializado, comercializados no semiárido do Brasil. Para isso, 138 amostras do queijo de coalho foram analisadas quanto aos parâmetros físico-químicos (acidez, cinzas, gordura, umidade e pH), cor, textura, microbiológicos (coliformes a 35 °C e 45 °C, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, bolores e leveduras e Salmonella spp.) quanto ao tipo de produção e conservação e ainda a presença de genes enterotoxigênicos e o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana de Staphylococcus aureus. Observou-se que o queijo palmero DOP obteve preço mais elevado no mercado, com maior preço para o canal de venda direto ao consumidor. Além disso, verificou-se que os produtores DOP e não DOP apresentaram preocupados com a qualidade e a importância do rótulo de queijo palmero DOP. Quanto a análise dos regulamentos, as DOP e as variáveis foram classificados em quatro grupos distintos e verificou-se uma correlação entre estes. O grupo um, apresentou um menor número de regulamento DOP e semelhanças quanto a parte histórica, ambiente natural, agricultura e autoridade responsável e em menor medida com a importância econômica. O grupo dois, os regulamentos mostraram-se focalizados em infrações, sanções e multas, e pouco no manual de qualidade. O grupo três, tende a ter valores semelhantes para a maioria das variáveis. Já o grupo 4, observou-se semelhança quanto ao manual de qualidade e um menor tratamento às infrações, sanções e multas. Pode-se verificar que o queijo de coalho apresenta algumas das variáveis presente nos queijos DOP, como reputação, características culturais, históricas, artesanais, econômicas, elaboração, composição e qualidade. Em relação à qualidade do queijo de coalho, as análises físico-químicas, cor e textura apresentaram diferença estatística apenas para cinzas, em relação ao tipo de produção. Quanto às análises microbiológicas, observou-se diferença significativa quanto a produção, maior valor de coliformes para amostras artesanais, e para conservação, valores mais elevados para coliformes e bolores e leveduras das amostras artesanais sem refrigeração. Além disso, foi evidenciada presença de Salmonella spp. em 2,17% amostras, sendo uma artesanal e duas industriais. Já para coliformes a 45 °C verificou-se que 25,36 e 3,95% das amostras artesanais e industriais, respectivamente, encontravam em desacordo com a legislação e para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva todas apresentaram desconforme. Um total 67 foram confirmadas pela amplificação do gene rRNA 16S para S. aureus. Destas, 12 (17,9%) amplificaram genes de toxinas. A maior resistência dos isolados foram para os antibióticos penicilina G, oxacilina e tetraciclina. Assim, a certificação de origem é uma ferramenta importante para valorizar queijos artesanais, podendo ser utilizado pelo queijo de coalho, porém este necessita de melhorias na qualidade e na padronização de fabricação / 2017-04-17

Submitted by Douglas Ken Nagai null (nagaikd@gmail.com) on 2016-07-06T14:47:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DouglasNagai_PGAD_TUPA_2016.pdf: 2021921 bytes, checksum: a3dddd71cd26beb8f0ada1f8c9e75061 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-11T13:49:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nagai_dk_me_tupa.pdf: 2021921 bytes, checksum: a3dddd71cd26beb8f0ada1f8c9e75061 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-11T13:49:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nagai_dk_me_tupa.pdf: 2021921 bytes, checksum: a3dddd71cd26beb8f0ada1f8c9e75061 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-08 / Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação (PROPG UNESP) / Em meio ao ambiente de mudanças na agricultura, no qual a abordagem produtivista e baseada em custos sofre alterações, novas visões são concebidas para determinar a competitividade e valor dos produtos agropecuários. Essas novas visões trazem valores ligados às esferas social, ambiental, gerencial e ao uso do conhecimento que propiciam um ambiente favorável ao surgimento das inovações. Tais inovações podem ainda ser impulsionadas por estratégias de negócios, como as certificações e registros, mais precisamente, as Denominações de Origem (DO -uma forma de Indicação Geográfica). Assim, este trabalho objetivou analisar o processo de inovações (tecnológica e social) para a criação de valor em denominação de origem em cafés no Brasil, especificamente, na região do Cerrado Mineiro, comparativamente à produção sem selo de origem. De modo específico, pretendeu-se identificar: a) os tipos de melhorias tecnológicas de produto, processo de produção e gerenciais realizadas pelos produtores rurais que comercializam com o registro de DO, em relação aos usuários que mantiveram a produção de café sem selo de origem; b) as fontes de informação utilizadas nesse processo, em termos de atores e redes de informação; c) os impactos ocorridos na dimensão social dos produtores rurais (fatores de condição e relação social), podendo-se avaliar se estão relacionadas às inovações sociais. Para tal, foi utilizado o estudo de múltiplos casos, no qual foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada junto aos produtores que comercializam com selo de origem e aqueles que não comercializam com selo de origem, da região do Cerrado Mineiro. Os resultados demonstraram que as unidades que utilizam a DO apresentaram um ritmo mais intenso de adoções tecnológicas em relação às unidades que não comercializam com o selo de origem. No que tange ao uso das fontes de informação, apesar de alguns produtores com DO ocuparem um papel central no uso e busca de informações, existem unidades produtoras sem o selo de origem que obtiveram maior frequência de uso de fonte de informação em relação a produtores com o selo de origem, apesar do ritmo menos intenso de adoção de inovações. No que tange aos impactos na dimensão social, as melhorias analisadas ocorreram como consequência da obtenção da DO pela região, e não anteriormente à obtenção como um processo planejado. As melhorias identificadas na análise das necessidades humanas mostraram que os fatores ligados ao relacionamento com clientes, estima e autorealização foram predominantes em relação aos fatores fisiológicos e de segurança. A pesquisa mostrou que os produtores que comercializam sua produção com a DO possuem de fato um maior nível de adoção de inovações tecnológicas comparativamente a produções que não comercializam com o selo de origem. Na esfera social, foram identificadas melhorias decorrentes da DO para os dois estratos de produtores, como a criação da cafeteria Dulcerrado e o aumento no recebimento das visitas às propriedades rurais. / Amid the environment changes in agriculture, in which the production-based approach and costs undergoes changes, new visions are designed to determine the competitiveness and value of agricultural products. These new insights bring values related to social, environmental, management and use of knowledge that provide a favorable environment for the emergence of innovations. These innovations can still be driven by business strategies, such as certifications and registrations, more precisely, the Protected designation of origin (form of Geographical Indication). Thus, this study aimed to analyze the process of innovation (technological and social) for creating value by protected designation of origin in Brazilian coffee production, specifically in the Cerrado Mineiro region, compared to production without origin label. Specifically, it aims to identify: a) the types of technological improvements of product, production process and management carried out by farmers who using PDO registration, compared to users who kept the coffee production without origin label ; b) the sources of information used in this process, in terms of actors and networks; c) the impacts occurring in the social dimension of rural producers (condition factors and social relationships), being able to assess whether they are related to social innovations. To this end, the study of multiple cases was used, and some semistructured interviews were applied with producers who trade with origin label and those who do not trade with origin label, in the Cerrado Mineiro region. The results showed that the producers using the PDO had a more intense pace of technological adoptions compared to the farmers that do not trade with origin label. Regarding the use of information sources, although some producers with PDO occupy a central role in the use and information search, there are production units without the origin label that had higher frequency of source of information use in relation to producers with origin label, despite the slower rate of adoption of innovations. With regard to the impacts on the social dimension, it was analyzed that the improvements occurred as a consequence of securing PDO in the region, and not prior to obtaining as a planned process. The improvements identified in the analysis of human needs showed that factors related to the relationship with customers, esteem and selfrealization were predominant in relation to physiological and safety factors. Research has shown that producers who market their production with the PDO in fact have a higher level of adoption of technological innovations compared to productions that do not trade with origin label. In the social sphere, improvements have been identified arising from the PDO for the two strata of producers, such as the creation of Dulcerrado cafeteria and the increase in the receipt of visits to farms. / PROPG UNESP: 806138/2014

Orientador: Giuliana Aparecida Santini Pigatto / Coorientador: Ana Elisa Bressan Smith Lourenzani / Coorientador: Nelson Russo de Moraes / Banca: Timoteo Ramos Queiroz / Banca: Sandra Mara Schiavi Bankuti / Resumo: Em meio ao ambiente de mudanças na agricultura, no qual a abordagem produtivista e baseada em custos sofre alterações, novas visões são concebidas para determinar a competitividade e valor dos produtos agropecuários. Essas novas visões trazem valores ligados às esferas social, ambiental, gerencial e ao uso do conhecimento que propiciam um ambiente favorável ao surgimento das inovações. Tais inovações podem ainda ser impulsionadas por estratégias de negócios, como as certificações e registros, mais precisamente, as Denominações de Origem (DO -uma forma de Indicação Geográfica). Assim, este trabalho objetivou analisar o processo de inovações (tecnológica e social) para a criação de valor em denominação de origem em cafés no Brasil, especificamente, na região do Cerrado Mineiro, comparativamente à produção sem selo de origem. De modo específico, pretendeu-se identificar: a) os tipos de melhorias tecnológicas de produto, processo de produção e gerenciais realizadas pelos produtores rurais que comercializam com o registro de DO, em relação aos usuários que mantiveram a produção de café sem selo de origem; b) as fontes de informação utilizadas nesse processo, em termos de atores e redes de informação; c) os impactos ocorridos na dimensão social dos produtores rurais (fatores de condição e relação social), podendo-se avaliar se estão relacionadas às inovações sociais. Para tal, foi utilizado o estudo de múltiplos casos, no qual foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada junto aos p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Amid the environment changes in agriculture, in which the production-based approach and costs undergoes changes, new visions are designed to determine the competitiveness and value of agricultural products. These new insights bring values related to social, environmental, management and use of knowledge that provide a favorable environment for the emergence of innovations. These innovations can still be driven by business strategies, such as certifications and registrations, more precisely, the Protected designation of origin (form of Geographical Indication). Thus, this study aimed to analyze the process of innovation (technological and social) for creating value by protected designation of origin in Brazilian coffee production, specifically in the Cerrado Mineiro region, compared to production without origin label. Specifically, it aims to identify: a) the types of technological improvements of product, production process and management carried out by farmers who using PDO registration, compared to users who kept the coffee production without origin label ; b) the sources of information used in this process, in terms of actors and networks; c) the impacts occurring in the social dimension of rural producers (condition factors and social relationships), being able to assess whether they are related to social innovations. To this end, the study of multiple cases was used, and some semistructured interviews were applied with producers who trade with origin label and those who ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis explores the historical evolution of the nature of the link between a product and its place of origin in the European sui generis systems of GI protection, with a specific focus on the EU Regulation 1151/2012 on Geographical Indications for the protection of agricultural products and foodstuffs. It concludes that this link has substantively changed, since the 1930s, when some early forms of sui generis GI systems were introduced in southern Europe, especially in France and Italy. While these regimes were based exclusively on the concept of terroir, a cipher for the physical link between a product and a place, an empirical analysis carried out in the present work reveals that, today, the history of the product and of its method of production is, statistically, the predominant linking factor. Furthermore, the research shows that the historical link is almost always mentioned in the specifications of EU GI products, when protected both by Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) or Protected Geographical Indications (PGI), which are the two quality schemes provided by EU Law. In particular, the terroir element, which characterises PDOs, also appears frequently in PGI specifications, where it should be superfluous, thus suggesting that the differences between these two quality schemes are unclear. Finally, the emergence of the historical element confirms that GIs can contribute to the protection of products that are linked to a geographical area not by physical and environmental factors, but by the socio-cultural traditions of a specific place. Although history can constitute a valid product/link, however, it must be used with caution, as it can be mystified and reconstructed in an arbitrary and unfounded way. This is dangerous, because it can turn GIs into a mere marketing tool, thus damaging the origin function that distinguishes them from the broad family of quality labels.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Czech lands were among the largest hop-growing regions in the world. Hop products became, in the interwar period, one of the crucial agricultural export goods of the Czechoslovak economy. This study aims to draw attention to the process of emergence of cartels in this particular branch of agricultural production. It traces the attempts to organize the industry by means of cartels from their very beginning in the late 19th century until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1938. As a point of departure, it takes the assumption shared by many theoreticians of industrial organization who argue that the given structure of the industry to some extent pre-determines the ways how the cartels emerge and the particular forms they assume. These institutions, however, might in turn reshape the structure of the industry. The analysis indicates that the cartels in the hop industry were essentially 'children of opportunity' and their emergence was rarely correlated with an economic crisis. Even though the industry gave rise also to international collusive structures, the cartels in the hop industry were essentially unstable and weak and in most cases, the attempts to create them failed. Present study challenges the belief, widely held in the scholarship on cartels in the Czech lands,...

[ES] La materia prima es un elemento clave en cualquier proceso de transformación alimentaria, ya que de su composición y cualidades dependerá el producto final. En el caso del jamón, el origen de la materia prima, puede proceder de sistemas ganaderos convencionales, donde la producción es intensiva y la alimentación está basada en piensos comerciales. En el caso de cerdos procedentes de ganadería ecológica, los animales están sujetos a las condiciones marcadas por la normativa europea de producción ecológica, donde se respeta el medio ambiente y el bienestar animal. Para el caso de figuras de calidad, las explotaciones ganaderas también deben cumplir los requisitos indicados en los pliegos de condiciones. Otro elemento que define al jamón curado es el proceso de elaboración, que se inicia con la salazón con o sin sales nítricas. El tiempo de secado-maduración, el sistema de secado (natural o con ventana abierta versus cámara con condiciones controladas) y la temperatura son elementos clave en el desarrollo de las cualidades organolépticas. El principal objetivo del presente estudio es aportar resultados sobre la evolución en la composición de la carne, a lo largo del proceso de secado-maduración, en la elaboración de jamón curado, teniendo como variables del estudio, la procedencia del pernil (de granjas ganaderas convencionales, ecológicas o de la DOP Teruel), tecnología aplicada en el proceso de secado (cumpliendo los requisitos para la certificación ecológica), así como la influencia del sistema de secado (ventana abierta o cámara), evaluando los parámetros que permiten clasificar las diferentes variables. Para ello se analizan un total de 36 jamones de cerdo blanco (convencional, ecológico y DOP Teruel), destinando 6 jamones de cada una para el secado natural y otros 6 para el secado en cámara. Los parámetros analizados son humedad, minerales totales, sodio, hierro, proteína, grasa, perfil de ácidos grasos, nitratos y nitritos, detección de antibióticos y compuestos de la fracción volátil. Los resultados indican que los parámetros de color L*, b* y C* son mayores en los jamones procedentes de sistemas de producción convencional, en particular en los jamones DOP Teruel, donde además se incluye el parámetro a*. Los jamones de sistemas de producción convencional se caracterizan por presentar valores más elevados de humedad, grasa, proteína y cenizas, así como un contenido en ácidos grasos saturados mayor. Esto repercute en los valores de los índices de calidad de la grasa, con connotaciones negativas en el índice de aterogenicidad, de trombogenicidad o en la relación ω6/ω3, sobre todo si los jamones se secan en cámara. Los jamones ecológicos presentan valores más bajos de los componentes químicos analizados y niveles superiores de AGMI y AGPI, así como índices positivos de calidad de la grasa como el de ácidos grasos buenos para la salud o la relación AGPI/AGS, especialmente si se secan al natural. Generando jamones con una mayor presencia de compuestos volátiles. La clasificación de los jamones, en función de la procedencia y el sistema de secado, se alcanza con éxito tomando los parámetros de color, ácidos grasos y los componentes terpenoides de la fracción volátil. El estudio de componentes principales permite clasificar los jamones convencionales como aquellos con mayor contenido en proteína, L*, cenizas, Fe, Na, H*, humedad, grasa, nitratos y nitritos, así como por los ácidos grasos behénico, palmítico, esteárico y mirístico. Los jamones ecológicos se caracterizarían por sus valores de a*, b* y C*, así como por la presencia de linoleico y linolénico y los jamones DOP Teruel serían aquellos con altos valores de ácidos grasos heptadecenoico, palmitoleico y oleico. / [CA] La matèria primera és un element clau en qualsevol procés de transformació alimentària, ja que de la seua composició i qualitats dependrà el producte final. En el cas del pernil, l'origen de la matèria primera, pot procedir de sistemes ramaders convencionals, on la producció és intensiva i l'alimentació està basada en pinsos comercials. En el cas de porcs procedents de ramaderia ecològica, els animals estan subjectes a les condicions marcades per la normativa europea de producció ecològica, on es respecta el medi ambient i el benestar animal. Per al cas de figures de qualitat, les explotacions ramaderes també han de complir els requisits indicats en els plecs de condicions. Un altre element que defineix al pernil curat és el procés d'elaboració, que s'inicia amb la salaó, amb o sense sals nítriques. El temps de l'assecatge-maduració on la duració, el sistema d'assecatge (natural o amb finestra oberta versus cambra amb condicions controlades) i la temperatura són elements clau en el desenvolupament de les qualitats organolèptiques. El principal objectiu del present estudi és aportar resultats sobre l'evolució en la composició de la carn, al llarg del procés d'assecatge-maduració, en l'elaboració de pernil curat, tenint com a variables de l'estudi, la procedència del pernil (de granges ramaderes convencionals, ecològiques o de la DOP Teruel), tecnologia aplicada en el procés d'assecatge (complint els requisits per a la certificació ecològica), així com la influència del sistema d'assecatge (finestra oberta o cambra), avaluant els paràmetres que permeten classificar les diferents variables. Per a això s'analitzen un total de 36 pernils de porc blanc, prenent 12 de cadascuna de les procedències objecte d'estudi (convencional, ecològic i DOP Teruel), destinant 6 pernils de cadascuna per a l'assecatge natural i altres 6 per a l'assecatge en cambra. Els paràmetres analitzats són humitat, minerals totals, sodi, ferro, proteïna, greix, perfil d'àcids grassos, nitrats i nitrits, detecció d'antibiòtics i compostos de la fracció volàtil. Els resultats indiquen que els paràmetres de color L*, b* i C* són majors en els pernils procedents de sistemes de producció convencional, en particular en els pernils DOP Teruel, on a més s'inclou el paràmetre a*. Els pernils de sistemes de producció convencional es caracteritzen per presentar valors més elevats d'humitat, greix, proteïna i cendres, així com un contingut en àcids grassos saturats major. Això repercuteix en els valors dels índexs de qualitat del greix, amb connotacions negatives en l'índex de aterogenicitat, de trombogenicitat o en la relació ω6/ω3, sobretot si els pernils s'assequen en cambra. Els pernils ecològics presenten valors més baixos dels components químics analitzats i nivells superiors de AGMI i AGPI, així com índexs positius de qualitat del greix com el d'àcids grassos bons per a la salut o la relació AGPI/AGS, especialment si s'assequen al natural. Generant pernils amb una major presència de compostos volàtils. La classificació dels pernils, en funció de la procedència i el sistema d'assecatge, s'aconsegueix amb èxit prenent els paràmetres de color, àcids grassos i els components terpenoides de la fracció volàtil. L'estudi de components principals permet classificar els pernils convencionals com aquells amb major contingut en proteïna, L*, cendres, Fe, Na, H*, humitat, greix, nitrats i nitrits, així com pels àcids grassos behénic, palmític, esteàric i mirístic. Els pernils ecològics es caracteritzarien pels seus valors de a*, b* i C*, així com per la presència de linoleic i linolènic i els pernils DOP Teruel serien aquells amb alts valors d'àcids grassos heptadecenoic, palmitoleic i oleic. / [EN] The raw material is a key element in any food transformation process, since the final product will depend on its composition and qualities. In the case of ham, the origin of the raw material can come from conventional livestock systems, where production is intensive and food is based on commercial feed. In the case of pigs from organic farming, the animals are subject to the conditions set by the European organic production regulations where the environment and animal welfare is respected. In the case of quality figures, livestock farms must also meet the requirements indicated in the specifications. Another element that defines cured ham is the production process, which begins with salting, with or without nitric salts. The duration of the drying-maturing, the drying system (natural or with an open window versus chamber with controlled conditions) and temperature are key elements in the development of organoleptic qualities. The main objective of this study is to provide results on the evolution in the composition of the meat, throughout the drying-maturation process, in the elaboration of dry-cured ham, having as variables of the study, the origin of the leg (from cattle farms conventional, ecological or of the Teruel PDO), technology applied in the drying process (meeting the requirements for ecological certification), as well as the influence of the drying system (open window or chamber), evaluating the parameters that allow classifying the different variables. For this, a total of 36 white pig hams are analyzed (conventional, organic and PDO Teruel), allocating 6 hams of each for natural drying and another 6 for drying under controlled conditions. The parameters analyzed are moisture, total minerals, sodium, iron, protein, fat, profile of fatty acids, nitrates and nitrites, detection of antibiotics and compounds of the volatile fraction. The results indicate that the color parameters L *, b * and C * are higher in hams from conventional production systems, particularly in PDO Teruel hams, where the a * parameter is also included. Hams from conventional production systems are characterized by higher moisture, fat, protein and ash values, as well as a higher saturated fatty acid content. This affects the values of the fat quality indices, with negative connotations in the atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity or in the ω6/ω3 ratio, especially if the hams dried in controlled conditions. Organic hams present lower values of the chemical components analyzed and higher levels of MUFA and PUFA, as well as positive indices of fat quality such as fatty acids good for health or the PUFA / SFA ratio, especially in natural driying. Generating hams with a greater presence of volatile compounds. The classification of hams, depending on the origin and the drying system, is successfully achieved by taking the parameters of color, fatty acids and the terpenoid components of the volatile fraction. The study of main components makes it possible to classify conventional hams as those with the highest content in protein, L *, ashes, Fe, Na, H *, moisture, fat, nitrates and nitrites, as well as by behenic, palmitic, stearic and myristic. Organic hams would be characterized by their a *, b * and C * values, as well as by the presence of linoleic and linolenic levels, and DOP Teruel hams would be those with high levels of heptadecenoic, palmitoleic and oleic fatty acids. / Domínguez Gómez, MJ. (2020). Efectos de la materia prima y el proceso secado-maduración sobre la calidad del jamón curado [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/160042

Geographical indications (GIs) are one form of protective labelling used to indicate the origin of food and alcohol products. The role of protected geographical indicators as a promising sustainable rural development tool is the basis for this research. The protection of geographical indications is a rather controversial subject and much research is still required for both sides of the debate. The research method employed for this study is qualitative critical social science. Two Case studies are used to investigate the benefits brought to rural areas through the protection of GIs. The case studies include the GIs Jersey Royal and Welsh Lamb both from the United Kingdom a member of the European Union (the EU is in favour of extended protection of GIs for all agro-food products under the 1994 WTO/TRIPS agreement on geographical indications). Twenty-five indepth interviews were conducted for this study the duration of the interviews was approximately one hour. The study identifies predominantly indirect links between GIs and sustainable rural development, through economic and social benefits bought to rural areas by the GIs investigated - less of a connection was found to ecological elements. No considerable cost for GI protection was discovered. This finding suggests that GIs are worthwhile for implementation in New Zealand as a rural development tool.