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A caricatura, uma imagem da face baseada no exagero de suas características peculiares, geralmente é reconhecida tão bem quanto a fotografia da face sem distorções. Para confecção das caricaturas, exageram-se as diferenças entre a imagem original e um protótipo (face média de um grupo de pessoas); e para confecção das anti-caricaturas essas diferenças são atenuadas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar se existe um grau de exagero ótimo para que a caricatura represente a face melhor que a fotografia original. Além disso, investigou- se o papel da percepção holística versus percepção componencial no processo de reconhecimento de faces. Foram geradas seis faces prototípicas, masculinas e femininas, de pessoas da população da região de Ribeirão Preto que se auto-declaram branca, parda e preta. A partir das faces prototípicas, foram gerados dois tipos de caricaturas e anticaricaturas: 1. holística: em que todas as diferenças entre a face original e a prototípica foram manipuladas, 2. parcial: em que somente as diferenças de alguns elementos faciais isolados ou combinados entre a face original e a prototípica foram manipuladas. No Experimento I os estímulos teste foram as caricaturas e anti-caricaturas holísticas. No Experimento II os estímulos foram as caricaturas e anti-caricaturas parciais. Em ambos experimentos as caricaturas e anti-caricaturas foram submetidas a julgamentos de similaridade com a face original previamente memorizada. Os resultados do Experimento I indicaram que a melhor representação da face é a fotografia sem distorção e que, nos casos em que a face é atípica em relação ao protótipo, as caricaturas tendem a ser representações tão fidedignas quanto as fotografias sem distorção. Os resultados do Experimento II apontam para a importância dos elementos peculiares no reconhecimento de faces. Comparando-se os resultados dos Experimentos I e II pode-se afirmar que o processamento de faces se dá predominantemente de forma holística e que a manipulação de elementos peculiares da face reduz mais a similaridade entre a face original e a caricatura (ou anti-caricatura) que a manipulação de elementos não-peculiares. / A caricature is an exaggeration of distinctive facial features and is generally recognized just as well as an undistorted photograph of a face. Caricatures can be generated by exaggerating the differences between a face and a prototypical face (average face) and an anticaricature can be generated by reducing those differences. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a degree of caricaturing that best captures facial likeness. Moreover, we investigated the role of holistic perception versus componential perception in the facial recognition process. Six prototypical faces, three male and three female, were generated by morphing photographs of Brazilian people from the region of Ribeirão Preto-SP of different races: black, white and mixed race. Two types of caricatures and anticaricatures were generated: 1, holistic: by manipulating of all the differences between a face and the prototypical faces; 2, partial: by manipulating the differences of isolated or combined features between a face and the prototypical face. The stimuli used in Experiment 1 were the holistic caricatures and anticaricatures. In Experiment 2 the stimuli were the partial caricatures and anticaricatures. In both experiments, subjects were asked to rate the similarity between the caricatures and the anticaricatures and a face previously memorized. The results of Experiment 1 provide evidence that the best representation of the face is a photograph without distortion and that, when the face is atypical, the caricatures seem to be as good as photographs without distortion. The results of Experiment 2 point to the importance of the role of distinctive features in face recognition. Comparing the results of Experiments 1 and 2, we can say that the facial recognition process is predominantly holistic but that the manipulation of distinctive facial elements reduces the similarity judgment more than the manipulation of non-distinctive features.

A caricatura, uma imagem da face baseada no exagero de suas características peculiares, geralmente é reconhecida tão bem quanto a fotografia da face sem distorções. Para confecção das caricaturas, exageram-se as diferenças entre a imagem original e um protótipo (face média de um grupo de pessoas); e para confecção das anti-caricaturas essas diferenças são atenuadas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar se existe um grau de exagero ótimo para que a caricatura represente a face melhor que a fotografia original. Além disso, investigou- se o papel da percepção holística versus percepção componencial no processo de reconhecimento de faces. Foram geradas seis faces prototípicas, masculinas e femininas, de pessoas da população da região de Ribeirão Preto que se auto-declaram branca, parda e preta. A partir das faces prototípicas, foram gerados dois tipos de caricaturas e anticaricaturas: 1. holística: em que todas as diferenças entre a face original e a prototípica foram manipuladas, 2. parcial: em que somente as diferenças de alguns elementos faciais isolados ou combinados entre a face original e a prototípica foram manipuladas. No Experimento I os estímulos teste foram as caricaturas e anti-caricaturas holísticas. No Experimento II os estímulos foram as caricaturas e anti-caricaturas parciais. Em ambos experimentos as caricaturas e anti-caricaturas foram submetidas a julgamentos de similaridade com a face original previamente memorizada. Os resultados do Experimento I indicaram que a melhor representação da face é a fotografia sem distorção e que, nos casos em que a face é atípica em relação ao protótipo, as caricaturas tendem a ser representações tão fidedignas quanto as fotografias sem distorção. Os resultados do Experimento II apontam para a importância dos elementos peculiares no reconhecimento de faces. Comparando-se os resultados dos Experimentos I e II pode-se afirmar que o processamento de faces se dá predominantemente de forma holística e que a manipulação de elementos peculiares da face reduz mais a similaridade entre a face original e a caricatura (ou anti-caricatura) que a manipulação de elementos não-peculiares. / A caricature is an exaggeration of distinctive facial features and is generally recognized just as well as an undistorted photograph of a face. Caricatures can be generated by exaggerating the differences between a face and a prototypical face (average face) and an anticaricature can be generated by reducing those differences. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a degree of caricaturing that best captures facial likeness. Moreover, we investigated the role of holistic perception versus componential perception in the facial recognition process. Six prototypical faces, three male and three female, were generated by morphing photographs of Brazilian people from the region of Ribeirão Preto-SP of different races: black, white and mixed race. Two types of caricatures and anticaricatures were generated: 1, holistic: by manipulating of all the differences between a face and the prototypical faces; 2, partial: by manipulating the differences of isolated or combined features between a face and the prototypical face. The stimuli used in Experiment 1 were the holistic caricatures and anticaricatures. In Experiment 2 the stimuli were the partial caricatures and anticaricatures. In both experiments, subjects were asked to rate the similarity between the caricatures and the anticaricatures and a face previously memorized. The results of Experiment 1 provide evidence that the best representation of the face is a photograph without distortion and that, when the face is atypical, the caricatures seem to be as good as photographs without distortion. The results of Experiment 2 point to the importance of the role of distinctive features in face recognition. Comparing the results of Experiments 1 and 2, we can say that the facial recognition process is predominantly holistic but that the manipulation of distinctive facial elements reduces the similarity judgment more than the manipulation of non-distinctive features.

Legal mandates and best practice recommendations for the education of students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) emphasize the importance of systematic, ongoing observational data collection in order to monitor progress and demonstrate accountability. The absence of such documentation in decision-making on instructional objectives indicates a weakness in bridging the research-to-practice gap in special education. Utilizing a multiple baseline design across participants, the current study evaluated the effects of a prototypical teacher training program (i.e., workshop, checklist, in-classroom training with feedback, and maintenance with a thinned schedule of feedback) on the frequency of data collection on core deficits of ASD and the use of data-based decision-making. Results indicate increases in daily mean frequency of data collection following intervention. Maintenance and generalization indicates variable responding across participants. Effect size (Cohen's d) indicates a large, clinically significant effect of the training program. Results are discussed in relation to training models, maintenance, and future research.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Nossa pesquisa està fundamentada em princÃpios metodolÃgicos do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo e nas bases teÃricas da LinguÃstica de Texto, fazendo interface com a LinguÃstica Aplicada. Tem como objetivo fundamental identificar, na tarefa de revisÃo de texto, em sala de aula, em que medida o docente explora aspectos formais do gÃnero e da sequÃncia textual prototÃpica como recursos sociocognitivos e linguageiros, utilizados para fins de interaÃÃo. Para desenvolver a investigaÃÃo em torno do objeto de estudo â revisÃo de textos do gÃnero notÃcia policial narrativa atravÃs da intervenÃÃo docente â, fez-se necessÃrio o uso de trÃs instrumentos: QuestionÃrio de Testagem, Ficha de AvaliaÃÃo e Texto dos Alunos. Assim sendo, oito sujeitos docentes investigados e mais oito auxiliares â alunos do Curso de Letras da UFC â, que cumpriam o estÃgio de docÃncia na escola, submeteram-se basicamente a quatro atividades: 1) testagem sobre o conhecimento que detinham do objeto de estudo; 2) planejamento da regÃncia de classe; 3) acompanhamento sistemÃtico, tendo em vista o desempenho docente; 4) avaliaÃÃo, considerando-se o que fora planejado e o que fora posto em execuÃÃo. Os sujeitos discentes â oito alunos de escola do ensino mÃdio, um para cada docente â vivenciaram a produÃÃo de textos do gÃnero notÃcia policial narrativa, submetendo-o a duas revisÃes. Como categoria de anÃlise do trabalho dos sujeitos com o gÃnero notÃcia policial narrativa, considerou-se, em sentido mais amplo, os aspectos pragmÃticos, textuais e linguÃsticos de superfÃcie. Os procedimentos metodolÃgicos adotados para se levar a efeito a anÃlise tiveram por base: 1) a relaÃÃo que os gÃneros travam com o mundo social e com a realidade; 2) a arquitetura interna do gÃnero e da sequÃncia textual e o papel que aà exercem os elementos da lÃngua; 3) o funcionamento das operaÃÃes psicolÃgicas e comportamentais que envolvem a produÃÃo dos gÃneros. Considerando-se a trajetÃria da pesquisa norteada pelos parÃmetros do contexto e do texto, sintetizamos os resultados atravÃs dos dados que confirmam nossa hipÃtese bÃsica, mesclada de dados das demais: quanto mais os docentes orientaram sobre a organizaÃÃo de um gÃnero textual e da estruturaÃÃo de sua sequÃncia prototÃpica, bem como sobre os aspectos pragmÃticos/enunciativos convencionados para o uso desse gÃnero, mais eles interferiram, efetivamente, nos processos de escrita, em particular no processo de revisÃo dos textos de seus alunos. Os textos, por sua vez, refletiram o trabalho docente. / Our research is based on methodological principles of Socio-discursive Interactionism and on theoretical bases of Text Linguistics, making interfacing with Applied Linguistics. It fundamentally aims to identity, in the task of text revision, in the classroom, the extent to which the teacher explores formal aspects of genre and prototypical textual sequence as sociocognitive and language resources, utilized for interaction purposes. In order to develop investigation around the study object â revision of texts of narrative police news genre through the teacher intervention â, it was necessary to use three tools: testing questionnaire, Assessment Form and Studentsâ Texts. So eight faculty subjects investigated and eight more assistants â UFC Course of Arts students â, who were completing teacher training in a school, submitted themselves to four activity, basically: 1) testing on the preconceived knowledge of the study object; 2) planning on class conducting; 3) systematic follow-up, having in mind the teacher performance; 4) assessment, considering what had been planned and put into practice. The student subjects â eight high school students, one for each teacher â experienced the production of texts of narrative police news genre, submitting themselves to two revisions. As analysis category of the subjectsâ work on the narrative police news genre, it was taken into account, in a broader sense, the aspects of the pragmatic, textual, and surface linguistics. The methodological procedures adopted for an effective analysis had as a basis: 1) the relation which the genres have with the social world and with the reality; 2) the intern architecture of genre and of the textual sequence and the role which the language elements perform in this architecture; 3) the functioning of the psychological and behavioral operations which involves the genre productions. Considering the trajectory of the research oriented by parameters of the context and text, we synthesized the results through the data which confirm our basic hypothesis, mingled with data of other hypotheses: the more the faculty oriented about the organization of a textual genre and of the structuring of its prototype sequence, as well as about the pragmatic/enunciative aspects conventionalized for the use of this genre the more they effectively interfered in the writing process, particularly in the revising process of their students texts. On the other hand, the texts reflected the faculty work. Key words: revision; narrative police report; prototypical textual sequence.

As active safety systems installed in vehicles become more common and more sophisticated, a concise method of testing them in conditions as close to real risk situations as possible becomes necessary. This study looks at the possibilities of developing use cases, using video recordings of real risk situations, obtained through naturalistic driving studies. The concept of conflicts is explored as a substitute to actual accidents. A method of finding conflicts in a large data material from looking at the acceleration signal and its derivative, referred to as jerk is also sought. These possibilities are tried on material from a previously conducted naturalistic driving study. The results are an improvement in the ability to find conflict situations automatically, and a suggestion to how use cases can be produced from video recordings of conflicts obtained through naturalistic driving studies. The DREAM framework is used and modified in order to aid with data collection and interpretation.

Coastal erosion, population decline, and economic deterioration, in the rural coastal community of Sydney Mines, Cape Breton, are concerns upon which the provincial government is focused. This thesis explores how ideas of permanence, adaptation, and sacrifice can engage the prevailing erosion of both the coastline and community, in terms of the physical cliff face, population, and economy. Articulating methods of responding to the various conditions of erosion enables an evolving and didactic architecture, which can become a catalyst to stimulate the economy and create stability for the town. Strategies of site placement, as well as technologies of geological formation, historic mining practices, and adaptation approaches, explored in this thesis, provide examples of how prototypical architecture and programmatic insertions can create a viable solution to erosion in this coastal town.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Hispanics are the fastest-growing minority group within the United States, and the present work studies the existence of intragroup biases within this community due to violations of prototypicality and the existence of colorism. The present work also explores identity denial as a possible mediator of the relationship between target prototypicality and negative social consequences. Especially, when presented with lighter-skin or darker-skin targets, Hispanic/Latinx individuals are more likely to see them as less likable, and less warm when compared to a prototypical target. There was no evidence to support that identity denial mediated this relationship. Additionally, this research extends previous literature on the content of stereotypes faced by individuals of differing skin colors and finds conflicting results using an intragroup sample. Unexpected results suggest prototypicality may trump phenotypic variations within this unique population.

The law of small numbers bias is a representativeness heuristic that often leads individuals to draw extensive conclusions from small samples while underestimating the generalizability in larger ones. This study investigated whether individuals overestimate perceived discrimination in small employment samples and underestimate it in large ones. A pre-registered scenario-based experiment was conducted, where participants (N = 874) estimated probability of discrimination versus chance in skewed hiring distributions. We manipulated employment sample size (filling four vs. 100 positions) and ethnic majority (hiring more immigrants or Swedes) using a 2x2 between-subject design. A tendency for people to overestimate perceived discrimination by underestimating the impact of chance in small employment samples was revealed. Conversely, in large employment samples, people tended to underestimate perceived discrimination by overestimating the impact of chance. Hence, results aligned with the law of small numbers. Furthermore, participants were more inclined to attribute an event as discriminatory when organizations hired more Swedes than immigrants, reflecting (accurate) prototypes of discrimination. This study's implications are discussed concerning the repercussions of underestimating and overestimating perceived discrimination in hiring situations. Future research suggestions are also provided.

In the United States, the living urban environment in the last two centuries has almost completely disappeared. Dense urban environments as viable and normal places to live have become a thing of the past. Living in the suburbs has become the trend and everyone has looked to the outskirts of the city to live. Downtown areas have become a place to work, and the suburbs a place to live. Downtowns have become ghost towns during the evenings, while little communal interaction can be found in the suburbs due to its inhuman scale and automobile dependence. Developers have marketed suburban living for their profits, offering no other alternative housing between suburban and urban living cores as they exist today. This thesis will explore an alternative prototypical housing type to promote vitality and livability in urban environments today. / Master of Architecture